陕西省首届军事英语翻译竞赛参考译文

英译汉

信息，战争中日益凸显的角色

“制信息权”的含义是什么？将两者拆开来讲，“信息”和“控制”这两个术语似乎不难定义。但将其合二为一，这两个术语却构成了一个复杂概念，因为后者意指一种敌对的相互作用。在敌我对垒情形之下，“制信息权”最简单而又最准确的定义包含对敌情了如指掌，而同时使敌方对我情难得其详。“控制”这个概念还包含了信息控制优势的“重要性”和信息控制优势在削弱敌方力量的同时显著增强己方力量的作用。

主要的战略思想家对信息的重要性看法不一。孙子认为[制信息权]是实现出其不意，攻其无备赢得战争突袭[的先决条件]，而克劳塞维茨则认为“摩擦”和“战争迷雾”令信息优势所产生的影响微不足道。两种观点争论至今，在国内外乃至军种内外均不乏支持者。

古代和现代的史料对以上两种观点均提供了佐证。例如，在第二次不匿战争中，汉尼拔巧妙使用了信号镜，使他对罗马军队的机动情况了如指掌，从而能够对敌军不间断地发起决定性的战术奇袭。然而，色诺芬在其编年史中也记载了一支希腊雇佣军的传奇故事。这支雇佣军部队当时深陷波斯帝国腹地，群龙无首，只知道黑海在当地遥远的西北方。但是尽管如此，这支雇佣军部队还是奋力摆脱了困境。及至当代，在“不列颠战役”中，火力处于劣势的英国皇家空军战胜德国空军的战绩应主要归功于皇家空军对德国空军的信息优势。然而，在越南战争中，大量敌军虽然在信息方面更胜一筹，但美国地面部队与其交战时却每每取得战术胜利。

为什么信息在战争中的角色会如此复杂呢？这是因为纵观历史，虽然了解更多信息往往能为取得骄人战绩创造必要条件，但是单靠制信息权却难以产生赢得胜利的充分条件。因此，将敌人团团围住的波斯部队虽有数量之众，却难敌色诺芬的重甲步兵，因为面对希腊方阵波斯部队无计可施。

如上述战例所示，制信息权在某种程度上仅仅扮演了在战争舞台的边边角角上跑龙套的角色。最新种种迹象却表明，制信息权将登台在形成未来战争的进程和确定未来战争的胜负中担任主角儿。这种突破性的进展源自于扩大了的战场作战幅员。扩大了的战场作战幅员是提高武器装备远程精准度和毁损力，生成远程协调与控制各种错综复杂机动行动的能力，以及实施远程后勤支援的结果。正如数千年前书面传达命令这一形式的引入扩大了指挥员实施战役和战斗的手段而改 变了战争一样，计算机化对信息处理与精确制导武器所产生的影响将势必引发战争新的变革。实际上，新型作战样式表明制信息权将赢得战争，而闭目塞聪将丧失的就是作战能力。最近的海湾战争会被证明正是这种战争样式的先声。

在解放科威特战争中，美军几乎占尽了制信息权之利，“控制战”这种形式应运而生。从战术层面上讲，伊拉克人几乎不知道对自己实施攻击部队的国籍或兵力。从战役层面上讲，地面战役发起数小时后，伊拉克人几乎没有能力实施大部队的有序机动和作战。没有遵循传统的“闪电战”中沿着被利德尔·哈特称之为“奔腾扩张激流”的战线实施突破和侧翼攻击的作战原则，在解放科威特战役中，美军“迂回避绕了”整个敌野战集团。与1940年导致法国沦陷那场战役所遵循的战法相比，这场战役遵循的战法更贴近发生在13世纪历次经典的蒙古战役所遵循的战法。用科林·鲍威尔上将的话说，伊拉克军队被“切割宰杀”。他的话让我们看到他把伊军视为一个“活生生”的体系。

综上所述，制信息权一直“非常重要”，然而，现在多种因素共同作用实现制信息权的潜能使之能在战时发挥其至关重要作用。最后，尤其重要的是在危机和战争中实施制信息权的能力将依赖于和平时期对这种能力和资源的发展和保持。与先前使用和加强海空力量一样，制信息权必须实施且不断加强。正像皇家海军为确保19世纪本国统治下的和平而常备不懈一样，那些许许多多致力于制信息权的军地人员也必须在和平时期始终“警惕地注视”着多种潜在威胁，以便必要时审慎而有效地使用武力。

    即使充分了解了制信息权这一概念，仍需以最有效的方式将制信息权制付诸实施。有鉴于此，发展把潜在敌人视为“系统”的理念是有益的，其作用在于把从实施制信息权中所获得的洞察与能量集中起来。若能如此，一旦将这种新型信息力量用于由系统分析方法所确定的“重心”时，则几乎没有什么对手会拥有足够资力与美国斡旋或武力相抗衡。无论平时还是战时，概莫能外。

汉译英

The Army (PLAA), an important part of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), is mainly responsible for ground operations. The PLAA consists of such arms as infantry (motorized and mechanized), armored (tank) component, artillery, air defense, army aviation, engineering, nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) defense, and signal components, and of enlisted specialists in the fields of electronic countermeasure (ECM), reconnaissance, and surveying and mapping. In terms of tasks and missions, the army units fall into field mobile forces, costal and defense forces, and garrisons.

In the early period of People’s Republic of China (PRC), infantry was the main body of the PLAA. After decades of development, arms and units such as artillery, armored, engineering, and signal components have been founded in succession and gradually strengthened. When the combined corps were formed in 1958, all parts of armored units, the majority of artillery and air defense units and part of engineering units were incorporated into the organization structure of the combined corps. It was the first time that personnel from other arms outnumbered infantry in a combined corps. There are tens of technical arms and over one hundred specialties in each combined corps. Units of specialists account for 80 percent of all the units in a combined corps and technical officers and men account for 70 percent of the total number of personnel in the corps. The firepower, assault capability, maneuverability, self-defense and rapid response of a combined corps are greatly improved, enabling the corps to accomplish operational tasks, independently or within an upper echelon.

In May 1987, the Central Military Commission (CMC) decided to establish the army aviation. As a result, a new arm of PLA was brought into being and was incorporated into the organization structure of the PLAA. Today, the army aviation has been equipped with many types and models of aircraft. More than 70 percent of its pilots are either highly-skilled special-class pilots or all-weather pilots who are well-qualified for day and night flights in both simple and complicated weather conditions. All this indicates that the PLAA is expanding its operational sphere from the ground to the air and is adapting itself from single dimension operations to multiple dimension operations.

The PLAA of the 21 century is making great progress in informationization while further strengthening its mechanization. Improvements of its electronic information equipment have been achieved in the fields of digitization, incorporation, integration, security and anti-jamming measures. The PLAA’s capability to utilize and control the electromagnetic spectrum and provide various e-information supports in a timely and precise way has been enhanced.