英语口译、笔译资料下载 The World Bank Group Strategy: A
Path to End Poverty 世界银行集团的战略:终结贫困之路
--Speech at George Washington
University 在乔治•华盛顿大学的演讲
World Bank Group President Jim
Yong Kim 世界银行集团行长金墉
October 1, 2013 2013年10月1日
President
Knapp, Dean Brown, distinguished faculty, students, and guests,
史蒂文·纳普校长、布朗院长、尊敬的各位老师、同学们、各位来宾:
Thank you for hosting me here
today. It is a privilege to be with you to talk about the challenges before us
in the world – and how the World Bank Group is working to become as effective
as possible in improving the lives of the poor and vulnerable.
感谢各位今天的接待。我很荣幸来到这里,谈一谈我们在世界上面临的挑战,以及世界银行集团如何竭尽全力有效地改善贫困和弱势人群的生活。
When we look across the world
today and think about the most pressing issues, the ongoing fiscal uncertainty
in the United States greatly concerns us. Our hope is that policymakers resolve
these issues soon. This uncertainty, combined with other sources of volatility
in the global economy, could do great damage to emerging markets and developing
countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that have lifted millions of
people out of poverty in recent years.
今天,当我们纵观世界、思考最重要的议题时,围绕美国财政形势的不确定性让我们非常关注。我们希望政策制订者们能够尽快解决这个问题。非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲的新兴市场和发展中国家近年有千百万人摆脱了贫困,但美国财政形势的不确定性以及导致全球经济波动的其他一些因素可能给它们带来损害。
We also can’t help but focus on
the upheaval that is taking place in the Middle East. Syria is now in its 30th
month of war and the toll has been horrific. More than 100,000 people have been
killed, 4 million people have been displaced and another 2 million Syrians have
fled and become refugees in neighboring countries, adding great burdens to
Jordan and Lebanon in particular. The fighting continues within Syria, and the
impact of broken lives and broken economies only grows by the day.
我们也无法不关注中东正在发生的动乱。叙利亚目前已进入战争的第30个月,造成的伤亡损失令人惊惧。在战乱中10多万人被杀,400万人流离失所,还有200万叙利亚人逃离家园,成为邻国的难民,尤其是给约旦和黎巴嫩带来了沉重的负担。叙利亚境内战乱还在继续,对生活和经济造成的破坏日甚一日。
We should not avert our gaze from
the Middle East. The World Bank Group has been playing several roles. At times,
we are in the backrooms with diplomats and at others we are on the frontlines
with humanitarian aid workers. Always, we are working with governments, or
companies, or civil society groups to help build strong and sustainable
foundations for development. This supports the livelihoods of millions of
people in the Middle East, and billions more around the world, who aspire to
good jobs, a good education, and access to quality health care.
我们不应对中东局势视而不见。世界银行集团中东发挥着多种作用。有时候,我们同外交官和其他人商谈于密室,有时候我们同人道主义援助人员战斗在前线。我们总是在和政府、或者和企业、或者和民间团体协力合作,为发展事业建造牢固和可持续的基础。这些工作支持着中东千百万人民乃至全世界数十亿人的生计——他们都希望有良好的工作、良好的教育和优质的医疗保健。
A critical part of our work is in
countries emerging from conflict, affected by conflict, or stuck in a
persistent state of fragility. As we know all too well, when a country remains
in a long state of fragility, conflict often erupts. The World Bank Group and the wider global
community need to confront the complex institutional and social challenges in
these fragile states, because the cost of inaction is high and the reward of
well-designed interventions is great. When we have the opportunity to build
institutions, infrastructure, and human capacity in fragile states, or when we
can put together a deal that brings in desperately needed private sector
investment, we must seize it. When we fail to help countries develop in a way
that is inclusive or fail to help countries build strong governance, we are all
affected by the result, which is often a country engulfed in flames, as is
Syria today.
我们工作中非常重要的一部分是在刚结束冲突、受冲突影响或者长期陷于脆弱状况的国家。众所周知,当一个国家长期处于脆弱状况时,冲突往往一触即发。世界银行集团乃至国际社会需要在这些脆弱国家直面复杂的制度和社会挑战,原因是无所事事的代价高昂,而设计周密的干预措施则收效巨大。当我们有机会在脆弱国家进行制度、基础设施和能力建设时,或者当我们能够达成一项协议引进急需的私营部门投资时,我们必须抓住机遇。当我们未能帮助国家实现包容性发展时,或者未能帮助国家建立强有力的治理结构时,其后果会影响所有人——往往是一个国家陷入战火,就像今天的叙利亚。
Drivers
of conflict 冲突的驱动因素
In the Middle East, most of the
countries experienced relatively strong growth of 4 to 5 percent a year in the
decade before the Arab Spring. Yet serious problems were lurking below the
surface. An increasingly educated young middle class was frustrated that the
few available jobs were reserved for those with more connections than talent.
The private sector operated by earning privileges from the state, leading to a
form of crony capitalism that only helped a few, and undermined exports and
jobs.
在中东,大多数国家在阿拉伯之春之前的10年都经历过4%或5%的相对强劲增长。然而,外表下隐藏着严重的问题。年轻的中间阶层受教育程度越来越高,令他们沮丧的是稀少的就业机会都留给了那些有关系而不是有才能的人。私营部门的运作要依靠政府提供的特权,形成一种只有利于少数人的裙带资本主义,对出口和就业造成破坏。
The inequities – and the anger –
filtered even to the very young. When a million people poured into Tahrir
Square in Cairo in 2011 to protest their government, the children of the
protesters held protests of their own in classrooms. They demanded better
instruction. This is what happens when prosperity is reserved for a select few. All of those left out feel deeply, the burn
of inequity.
不平等和愤怒甚至渗透到少年儿童中。2011年当100万人涌入开罗的解放广场抗议政府的时候,抗议者的孩子们也在他们自己的教室举行抗议活动。他们要求改进教学。当繁荣有选择地保留给少数人,这就是结果。所有那些被遗漏的人都深感到不公平的伤害。
The ongoing crises have left many
Middle Eastern countries with a triple challenge. First is restoring
macroeconomic stability; second is reforming their economies to meet the high
expectations of the people who marched in the streets; and third is managing
the transition to new constitutions and more open, contested, multiparty
elections. These challenges would be daunting for any single country. But they
have all come together in one region.
That makes it all the more important for the international community to
marshal its resources to support those brave women and men who risked their
lives to demand the basic human dignity that is their due.
目前的危机令众多中东国家面临三重挑战。第一是恢复宏观经济稳定;第二是改革经济以满足上街抗议的人民的期望;第三是管理好向新宪法和更公开的、有争议的、多党制的选举过渡。这些挑战对于任何一个国家都是巨大的,但三重挑战同时降临一个地区,就使得国际社会集结资源来援助这些冒着生命危险要求得到应得的基本人类尊严的勇敢男女们显得愈发重要。
That also makes it important to
come to the aid of Jordan and Lebanon today.
The World Bank provided $150 million in emergency aid to Jordan just a
few months ago, and we just completed a comprehensive economic and social
impact assessment of Lebanon that found the country has lost billions of
dollars due to the war in Syria.
这也使得今天对约旦和黎巴嫩伸出援助之手十分重要。世界银行几个月前向约旦提供了1.5亿美元的紧急援助,我们也刚刚完成了对黎巴嫩的全面的经济和社会影响评估,发现叙利亚内战导致黎巴嫩损失了数十亿美元。
Lebanon now hosts more than
760,000 Syrian refugees, which could be likened to 56 million refugees entering
the United States, 45 million of which would have entered since this January
alone. Think of the disruption. Last
week, I attended the UN General Assembly meeting of the International Support
Group for Lebanon. Donors pledged some funds for the country, but we need to do
much more or we risk catastrophe in Lebanon.
黎巴嫩目前接待了超过76万叙利亚难民,按人口比例来说,这相当于美国涌入5600万难民,而且仅仅从今年1月以后来到的就有 4500万人。想想这会带来什么样的混乱。上周,我们出席了联合国大会的黎巴嫩国际援助小组会议。各援助方承诺为黎巴嫩提供一些资金,但我们还需要做得更多,否则黎巴嫩可能会发生巨大的灾难。
Our two goals 我们的两大目标
Just six months ago, our board
endorsed the two goals of the World Bank Group: the first is to end extreme
poverty by 2030; the second is to boost shared prosperity by promoting real
income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population.
仅仅半年前,我们的董事会批准了世界银行集团的两大目标:第一个目标是到2030年终结极度贫困;第二个目标是促进收入最低的40%的人口实际收入的增长,推动共享繁荣。
How does this relate to the
situation on the ground in the Middle East and in other poor countries? The goal of ending extreme poverty stands on
its own as the moral underpinning of all that we do. The fact that more than a
billion people live on less than a dollar, 25 a day in 2013 is a stain on our
moral conscience. We must help lift
people out of poverty without delay, without prejudice, no matter the
circumstance, no matter the locale.
怎样把这两个目标与中东及其他贫困国家的现实情况联系起来?终结极度贫困的目标本身就是我们所做的一切工作的道德基础。在2013年的今天还有10多亿人每天生活费不到1.25美元,这是我们道德良心上的一个耻辱。我们必须帮助人民摆脱贫困,一刻不能耽搁,不带任何成见,不管是何种情况、什么地方。
Our second goal of boosting
shared prosperity is more complex, but relevant to the entire world. The protests during the Arab Spring, and the
more recent ones in Turkey, Brazil, and South Africa were rooted in the
universal desire to participate in the global middle class.
我们促进共享繁荣的第二个目标更为复杂,但也与全世界都直接相关。阿拉伯之春期间的抗议活动,以及最近在土耳其、巴西和南非发生的抗议活动,都植根于一种跻身全球中产阶级的普遍愿望。
Today, leaders around the world
realize that boosting shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent is becoming
more and more critical to ensure stability. It used to be that much of this
discontent boiled under the surface. But
social media has created an enormous “virtual middle class,” as Thomas Friedman
has called it, who will continue to knock on, and then break down, the door of
opportunity.
今天,世界各国的领导人都意识到,促进底层40%的人口共享繁荣对于确保稳定变得日益重要。在过去,许多不满情绪在社会表层下沸腾。但社交媒体创造了一个巨大的、被托马斯·弗里德曼称为“虚拟的中间阶层”的群体,这个阶层会继续叩响然后打破机遇之门。
The lesson is that we should pay
much more attention to whether growth reaches all the population, and not just
the elite. One way to do so is by looking beyond the overall GDP growth; we
need to directly monitor income gains among the bottom 40 percent. Economic progress must also be
environmentally and financially sustainable over generations.
一个教训是我们应当更多地关注增长是否惠及全体人民而不仅仅是特权阶层。要做到这一点,一个办法就是不能只看总体的GDP增长指标;我们需要直接监测底层40%的收入增长。经济进步还需要在环境上和财政上具有可持续性,延续到子孙后代。
So how can incomes of the less
fortunate increase in a sustained way?
There is more than one path to shared prosperity. One path is through
increased opportunities driven by greater economic growth. Another is through a
stable social contract, which focuses on raising the living standards of the
poor and the disadvantaged. Both paths can lead to improved opportunities for
citizens if societies can become more dynamic and productive with greater room
for social mobility.
那么怎样才能以持续的方式增加贫困人口的收入呢?通向共同繁荣的路不止一条。一条路是通过经济增长创造更多机会。另一条路是通过稳定的社会契约,重点提高贫困弱势人群的生活水平。如果社会更有活力,有更高的生产力,为社会流动性提供更大空间,那么这两种道路就都能为公民带来更多更好的机会。
Reaching our first goal of ending
extreme poverty by 2030 will not only be historic. It will be extraordinarily
difficult. Today, our economists
estimate that the number of poor people hovers at just over one billion people,
or 150 million fewer than in 2010.
达到我们的第一项目标——到2030年终结极度贫困——不仅仅是具有历史意义的,而且是异常困难的。今天,我们的经济学家估计贫困人口的人数徘徊在略稍高于10亿,比2010年少1.5亿。
We are making progress, but
nothing is assured in this battle, and it will get much tougher the closer we
get to the goal. Global growth could be slower than historic trends. Disasters
driven by a changing climate could reverse years of development success.
Investors could become even more skittish. Long-term financing for much needed
infrastructure – already scarce – could dry up.
我们正在取得进步,但在这场斗争中没有什么是确定无疑的,而且我们越是接近目标,困难也会越大。全球增长速度可能会低于历史趋势。气候变化造成的灾害可能扭转多年的发展成果。投资者有可能会变得胆小。基础设施建设急需的长期融资已很稀缺,还有可能枯竭。
At the World Bank Group, our two
goals require us to deliver results for people. As Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
once said, our goals must be “transformed from thin paper to thick action.”
What will we do—all of us—to translate our plans into effective action to end
poverty?
在世界银行集团,这两大目标要求我们为人们取得切实成效。马丁·路德·金博士曾经说过,我们的目标必须“从一页薄纸变为脚踏实地的行动”。我们将如何将计划转化为终结贫困的有效行动呢? |
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