李克强总理答中外记者问（中英对照）

《第一财经日报》记者：我们注意到您多次强调大众创业、万众创新，认为这是中国经济的新引擎。但是，也有人说，创业是老百姓自己的事，是市场的行为，那么我们的政府为什么还要操这么大的心、用这么大的力呢？

China Business News: Mr. Premier, you have stressed the importance of mass entrepreneurship and innovation on many occasions, and see it as a new engine fueling China’s economic growth. But some people say that it is a personal decision to start a business and it is a market behavior. So why should the government spend so much time and energy on this?

李克强：谢谢你的好意，让我们少操心。但是不能不多操心啊，因为大众创业、万众创新，实际上是一种改革，这也是历史的启示。回想30多年前，正是因为承包制政策的实施，调动了亿万农民生产和经营的积极性，也因为允许人口流动，亿万农民工进城，创造了中国经济的奇迹。

Li Keqiang: I appreciate your good intention of saving the government time and energy, but this is something the government must do. Mass entrepreneurship and innovation is in itself a reform endeavor. This reform is inspired by the experience we have drawn from the past. Over the past more than 30 years, it is the introduction of household contract responsibility system that has brought into full play the initiative of the vast number of Chinese farmers. It is because our people could move freely across provinces and cities that several hundred million farmers have migrated into cities to find jobs. This has created the miracle of China’s economic development.

我想起去年在我们推进简政放权、商事制度改革的时候，我去一个地方的企业登记场所，遇到一位已经退休的妇女。因为我们取消了注册资本的实缴制，她的热情来了，说要办一个婚庆公司，而且她说：“我知道这个地方办婚礼的老礼数，有些家庭希望这么办，我没有读过很多书，但这是我的核心竞争力。”我还到访过一些咖啡屋、众创空间，看到那里年轻人有许多奇思妙想，他们研发的产品可以说能够带动市场的需求。真是高手在民间啊，破茧就可以成蝶。

Last year when the government launched the reform of the business system to streamline its administration, I recall that I paid a visit to one of the local venues for business registration where I talked with a woman who has retired. As you may know, the government has replaced the paid-in capital registration requirement with subscribed capital registration. This has boosted our people’s enthusiasm to start their own businesses. This woman is one of them. She told me that she wanted to register a wedding service company because she was well-versed in the local traditional wedding customs. She told me that some couples wanted to have a traditional wedding, so she believed that though she had not attended university, she had a competitive edge in providing such services. I also visited some ventures cafes and makerspaces where I see that the young people there all have brilliant ideas. When their ideas are put into practice and produce actual products, they are boosting market demand. I believe there are a large number of such people with outstanding talent in China. We must lift all the restrictions so that they can put their talent to best use.

市场活力的激发需要政府去清障搭台，今年我们要继续在这方面做更多的事。要进一步放宽市场准入，实行“三证合一”，让服务业领域的一些企业注册登记别再那么费劲了。要为创业搭台，对企业特别是创业型小微企业，我们要更多地提供租金低廉的创业空间，给创业插上翅膀，还要通过政府引导资金来吸引更多的种子基金。同时，还要进一步减税降费，让这些企业轻装前进。

To boost market vitality, the government must eliminate road blocks and pave the way for people to tap their entrepreneurship. The government plans to do more in this regard this year. Market access will be further relaxed. Business license and all the required certificates will be integrated into one. It would no longer take one so much trouble to register a business in some areas of the services sector. The government also needs to foster more favorable conditions for business start-up. There needs to be low-rent makerspaces to add wings to the entrepreneurship of our people. The government will also fully leverage the national guidance fund to encourage more seed capital to pitch in. Taxes and fees will be further reduced to ensure that all businesses get to forge ahead with a light pack.

国家的繁荣在于人民创造力的发挥，经济的活力也来自就业、创业和消费的多样性。我们推动“双创”，就是要让更多的人富起来，让更多的人实现人生价值。这有助于调整收入分配结构，促进社会公平，也会让更多的年轻人，尤其是贫困家庭的孩子有更多的上升通道。

A country could achieve prosperity when its people’s initiative is brought into full play. There will be much economic vitality when there are ample business opportunities and choices for consumers. By encouraging mass entrepreneurship and innovation, we want to help more people become better off and enable more to achieve their full potential in life. This will also help us adjust the income distribution structure and promote social fairness. In particular, we want to ensure that young people, especially children from poor families, will have equal access to opportunities for upward mobility.

美国《赫芬顿邮报》记者：中石化、中石油这两个央企一直在妨碍环保政策的制定和执行，尤其是汽油质量标准的确定和天然气的推行。您认为这两个央企真的在阻碍环保政策的落实吗？如果这样的话，中央政府会怎么冲破这种阻力？

Huffington Post: Big oil companies like Sinopec and PetroChina have been an obstacle to formulating and implementing the policies on environmental protection, especially in setting the quality standards of gasoline and promoting wider use of natural gas. Is it true that these companies are posing an obstacle to carrying out environmental protection policies? If so, what steps will the Chinese government take to remove such an obstacle?

李克强：我理解你刚才一连串的发问，问的是人们包括在座各位普遍关注的雾霾等环境污染这个焦点问题。可以说，政府在治理雾霾等环境污染方面决心是坚定的，也下了很大的气力，但取得的成效与人们的期待还有比较大的差距。我在去年《政府工作报告》中说，要向雾霾等污染“宣战”，不达目的决不“停战”。

Li Keqiang: I understand the focus of all your questions is about tackling environmental pollution, especially smog, a concern that is uppermost on all people’s minds. I want to tell you that the Chinese government is determined to tackle smog and environmental pollution as a whole, and tremendous efforts have been made in this regard. But the progress achieved still falls far short of the expectation of our people. Last year, I said that the Chinese government would declare war against environmental pollution. We are determined to carry forward our efforts until we achieve our goal.

治理环境污染要抓住关键，今年的要害就是要严格执行新出台的环境保护法。对违法违规排放的企业，不论是什么样的企业，坚决依法追究，甚至要让那些偷排偷放的企业承受付不起的代价。对环保执法部门要加大支持力度，包括能力建设，不允许有对执法的干扰和法外施权。环保等执法部门也要敢于担当，承担责任。对工作不到位、工作不力的也要问责，渎职失职的要依法追究。环保法的执行不是“棉花棒”，是“杀手锏”。

We must get the focus of our efforts right. This year, our focus will be to ensure full implementation of the newly revised environmental protection law. All acts of illegal production and emissions will be brought to account. We will make the cost for doing so too high to bear. More support will be given to the law enforcement departments, such as in capacity building. No one must use his power to meddle with law enforcement. The law enforcement departments also need to have the courage to take charge and fulfill their due responsibilities. Laxity in law enforcement will be dealt with and dereliction of duties or abuse of office will be handled in accordance with the law. We must make sure that the law will work as a powerful and effective tool in fighting pollution instead of being as soft as cotton candy.

当然，治理环境污染是一个系统工程。我前些天看到有个别媒体报道说，今年《政府工作报告》关于雾霾等环境污染治理的表述放在比较靠后的位置。我想说明，今年报告有很大的变化，就是我们把节能减排的指标和主要经济社会发展指标排列在一起，放在了很靠前的位置。报告从调结构到提高油品生产和使用的质量等，都和治理雾霾等环境污染相关联，这是一个需要全社会人人有责的治理行动。当然，治理要有个过程，如果说人一时难以改变自己所处的自然环境，但是可以改变自己的行为方式。

To tackle environmental pollution is a systemic project that involves a lot of efforts across areas. A few days ago I came across a media report which said that in this year’s government work report, the paragraph addressing environmental treatment came quite in the back. But I want to draw your attention to one big difference in this year’s government work report. That is our targets for energy conservation and emission reduction are put together with all the major targets of economic and social development and they are together put in the front part of the report. Actually, many parts of the report, be it adjusting economic structure or improving the quality of fuel, all have something to do with environmental treatment. To tackle pollution takes a process and requires the joint efforts of the whole of society. It may be difficult for one to change the natural environment he lives in anytime soon, but one can always change the way he behaves.

中央电视台记者：中国经济进入新常态之后，人口规模和人口结构怎样与之相适应、相匹配？去年出台实施了“单独二孩”政策后，社会上又出现了要求全面放开二孩的声音，这在今年两会上也是一个热点话题。请问总理，全面放开二孩会是国家生育政策调整完善未来一个确定的方向吗？如果是的话，有没有具体的时间表？

CCTV: As China’s economic development enters a new normal, people are also thinking how we can bring our demographic scale and structure compatible with the new normal. Last year, married couples can have a second child if one of the parents is a single child. During this year’s two sessions, many people are calling for fully lifting the second-child restrictions and this is also a hot topic during the two sessions. I would like to ask if this is one of the goals on the government’s agenda in reforming its family planning policy. If so, is there a time table for that to happen?

李克强：你谈到人口政策，去年我们已经开始实施“单独二孩”政策，现在正在推进，也正在进行全面的评估。我们会根据评估的结果，也考虑中国经济社会发展和人口结构变化的情况，权衡利弊，依照法律程序适时调整和完善人口政策。

Li Keqiang: About China’s population policy, as you said, from last year married couples can have a second child if one of the parents is a single child. Currently we are conducting a comprehensive review of how this policy has been implemented. Based on the outcome of this review and taking into account China’s economic and social development and changes in our demographic structure, we will weight both the pros and cons, and make improvements and adjustments to our policy in accordance with legal procedures.

日本《朝日新闻》记者：今年是战后70周年，我想了解总理的历史观。另外到日本的中国游客现在有所增加，在日本购买很多东西，但是到中国的日本游客比以前减少，日本的对华投资也减少，您怎么分析这种现象？如何看待中国有关70周年的纪念活动，包括大阅兵给日本国民的对华感情带来的影响？

Asahi Shimbun: This year marks the 70th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. I would like to ask your outlook on history, Mr. Premier. We have also seen that more Chinese tourists have traveled to Japan and bought a lot of things there, but the number of Japanese tourists visiting China as well as Japanese investment in China have both declined. How do you see such a situation? How do you view the possible impact of China’s planned commemoration activities, including the military parade, on the sentiments of the Japanese people?

李克强：今年是中国人民抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年，不仅中国，世界上许多国家都要开展多种形式的纪念活动，目的是要牢记这一惨痛的历史悲剧，不让历史重演，维护二战胜利成果和战后国际秩序及一系列国际法，以维系人类持久和平。

Li Keqiang: This year marks the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. Not only China but also many countries in the world have planned to hold diverse forms of commemoration activities. The purpose of these activities is to firmly bear in mind the hard lessons gained from the past and ensure that that kind of history will never repeat itself. The purpose is to uphold the outcomes of the Second World War and the post-war international order and international laws so as to uphold enduring peace of mankind.

当前，中日关系的确比较困难，根子还是在于对那场战争、对历史的认识，并能否始终保持正确的认识。坚持正确的历史观，就是要以史为鉴、面向未来。对于一个国家的领导人来说，不仅要继承前人所创造的成就，也应该担负起前人罪行所带来的历史责任。当年，日本军国主义强加给中国人民的那场侵略战争，给我们带来了巨大的灾难，最终日本民众也是受害者。在今年这样一个重要的时刻，我认为对中日关系既是检验，也是机遇。如果日本领导人正视历史，并且保持一贯，改善和发展中日关系就有新的契机，也自然会给中日经贸关系的发展创造良好的条件。

It is true that the current China-Japan relationship is in difficulty. The crux of the issue is how that war and that part of history are viewed. One needs to hold a right outlook on history, meaning one needs to take history as a mirror and look to the future. For leaders of a country, while inheriting the historical achievements made by their predecessors, they also need to shoulder the historical responsibilities for crimes committed by past generations. The war of aggression imposed on the Chinese people by the Japanese militarists brought untold sufferings, and the average people in Japan were also victims of that war. At such a critical moment this year, China-Japan relationship faces both a test and an opportunity. If leaders of Japan can face history squarely and maintain consistency in how they view that part of history, there will be a new opportunity for improvement and growth of China-Japan relations. It will also create favorable conditions for the growth of business relationship between the two countries.

新华社记者：去年以来银行不良贷款在持续攀升，影子银行风险事件时有发生，同时一些地方陆续出现了还债高峰。一方面我们经济下行的压力在加大，另一方面金融风险也在累积。请问您对此怎么看？

Xinhua News Agency: Since the beginning of last year, the banks’ NPL ratio has been increasing and cases of financial risks of shadow banking have occurred from time to time. Soon many local governments will see their debt come due. As the downward pressure on China’s economy grows, how do you see the growing financial risks?

李克强：刚才同时站起来两个人，你提了两个以上的问题，集中是在金融风险上。中国的确存在着个案性的金融风险，但是我们完全可以守住不发生系统性、区域性金融风险。这是因为中国的经济还处于合理区间，而且我们的储蓄率比较高，地方政府性债务70%以上是投资性的，是有收益的，而且我们也正在规范债务平台，堵后门、开正门。就银行来说，资本充足率较高，拨备覆盖面也较广。虽然不良贷款也略有上升，但是在世界上仍处于比较低的水平。

Li Keqiang: I see financial risks are the focus of your questions. It’s true that there have been individual cases of financial risks in China, but we are fully capable of forestalling systemic and regional financial risks. China’s economy continues to operate within the proper range and there is a fairly high savings rate in China. Moreover, 70% of local government debts are in the form of investment which boasts quite good prospect for yielding returns. We are also regulating the local government financing vehicles to ensure that we will keep front doors open and block back doors. Chinese banks have a fairly high capital adequacy ratio and ample provisions. It’s true that there are non-performing loans and the NPL ratio has risen somewhat. Still, the level is quite low internationally.

这里我要表明，我们允许个案性金融风险的发生，按市场化的原则进行清算，这是为了防止道德风险，也能增强人们的风险意识。今年，我们就要出台存款保险制度，而且要进一步发展多层次的资本市场，降低企业的资金杠杆率，使金融更好地为实体经济服务。

Let me make clear here: Individual cases of financial risks will be allowed. We encourage the practice of balancing one’s book in a market-based way to guard against moral hazard and raise people’s awareness of financial risks. This year, we will set up the deposit insurance system and continue to develop multi-tiered capital markets to lower corporate leverage ratio. All these efforts will help ensure that financial services can better serve the real economy.