马凯副总理：坚定不移推进生态文明建设（中英对照）

三、推进生态文明建设的基本原则和重点任务

III. Priority tasks in promoting the development of an ecological civilization

党的十八大对生态文明建设作出了全面部署，明确要求要把生态文明融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程，加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，努力建设美丽中国，实现中华民族永续发展，并为全球生态安全作出贡献。

A comprehensive plan for the promotion of ecological progress was outlined in the political report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the CPC. The report clearly states that we must incorporate the idea of ecological civilization into every aspect of economic, political, cultural, and social progress; step up efforts to develop a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society; and strive to build a beautiful China, so as to realize lasting and sustainable development for the Chinese nation and make due contributions to global ecological security.

建设生态文明必须坚持以科学发展观为指导，遵循以下重要原则。一是坚持把尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然作为本质要求，着力提高资源利用效率和生态环境质量，形成人与自然和谐发展的现代化建设新格局。二是坚持把节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主作为基本方针，着力推进绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展，形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式。三是坚持把以人为本、可持续地满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化需要作为出发点和落脚点，坚持生态文明建设为了人民，生态文明建设依靠人民，为人民创造良好生产生活环境，为子孙后代留下天蓝、地绿、水净的美好家园。四是坚持把改革开放和科技创新作为根本动力，建立和完善生态文明制度体系，形成生态文明建设长效机制。当前和今后一个时期，推进生态文明建设必须突出抓好重点工作。

In order to promote ecological progress, we must observe the following important principles whilst taking the Scientific Outlook on Development as our guide. First, we must continue to regard respecting, accommodating to, and protecting nature as essential requirements, work to use resources in a more efficient way, and improve the quality of our ecological environments, thereby achieving a new approach to modernization that is characterized by the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. Second, adhering to the fundamental principles of giving priority to conservation, protection, and natural restoration, we should strive to achieve green, circular, and low-carbon development. In doing so, we need to develop China’s geographical space, industrial structures, and modes of production and living that are conducive to the conservation of resources and the protection of the environment. Third, continuing to put people first, we must regard meeting the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people in a sustainable manner as the purpose and ultimate goal of our initiatives. On that basis, we must ensure that our efforts to achieve ecological progress are made for the people, and dependent on the people. We need to create sound working and living environments for the people, and leave to our future generations a beautiful homeland with green fields, clean waters and blue skies. Fourth, we must continue to draw on reform and opening up, and scientific innovation as fundamental driving forces, establish a sound framework of institutions with regard to ecological progress, and develop a long-term mechanism to ensure the progression of ecological civilization. At present, and for a period of time to come, we must lay emphasis on the following key initiatives as we work to promote ecological progress.

切实推进主体功能区战略实施，优化国土空间开发格局。国务院已颁布《全国主体功能区规划》，实施好这一规划，有利于整体把握和系统推进生态文明建设。当前要加强顶层设计，逐步建立和完善与之相配套的法律法规和政策，加快形成人口、资源、环境相协调的国土空间开发格局。一是加强规划实施监督。推动各地区按照主体功能定位完善区域规划，厘清中央、省、市、县各自的责任。国务院各部门根据规划精神落实相关工作，加强规划实施的监督检查，进一步统筹人口分布、经济布局、国土利用，使规划落到实处。二是完善政策保障。加快落实促进主体功能区建设的财税、投资、产业、土地等政策，中央要加大对农产品主产区、中西部地区、贫困地区、重点生态功能区、自然保护区等的均衡性转移支付力度，增强限制开发和禁止开发区域的政府公共服务保障能力，促进区域协调发展。三是构建科学合理的“三大战略格局”。把生态文明建设融入新型城镇化发展的全过程，形成功能定位明晰、产业布局合理、体现区位优势特色，与资源环境承载能力相适应的城镇化格局。促进农业区域化布局、专业化生产和规模化经营，保障全国耕地数量、质量和农产品供给，形成既体现我国主要农产品向优势产区集中的新变化，又结合我国农业自然资源现实状况和特点的农业发展格局。切实保护好关系国家生态安全的区域，恢复和提升重点生态功能区的生态功能，形成以森林植被为主体、林草结合的国土生态安全格局。四是坚持陆海统筹协调。强化海洋大国意识，把握好陆地空间与海洋国土空间统一性，以及海洋系统的相对独立性，处理好陆地开发与海洋开发以及海岸带保护的关系。加快发展现代海洋产业，不断壮大海洋经济实力，保护好海洋生态环境，增强多样化海洋生态产品供给能力，坚决维护国家海洋权益，建设海洋强国。

1. We need to effectively promote the implementation of our strategy of development priority zones and optimize our country’s developmental layout. The State Council has promulgated the National Plan for Developing Priority Zones. The sound implementation of this plan will allow us to approach ecological progress in a comprehensive and systematic manner, thereby ensuring that our national development is characterized by coordination between population, resources, and the environment. First, we need to strengthen supervision over the implementation of the plan. We need to ensure that local authorities make the appropriate regional plans in accordance with the strategy of development priority zones, and we also need to clearly define the respective responsibilities of the central government and governments at the provincial, municipal, and county levels. The departments of the State Council need to carry out their respective initiatives under the guidance of the plan, strengthen their supervision and inspection of the plan’s implementation, and coordinate overall considerations concerning population distribution, economic layout, and land use in order to fully implement the plan. Second, we need to provide stronger policy assurances. We need to accelerate the implementation of fiscal and tax, investment, industrial, and land policies that facilitate the development of priority zones. The central government needs to increase transfer payments designed to equalize access to basic public services in major agricultural production areas, central and western regions, poverty-stricken areas, key ecological function areas, and nature reserves. In addition, it also needs to enhance the capacity of governments to provide public services in areas where development activities are prohibited or limited, with a view to promoting balanced development between regions. Third, we need to create a scientific and rational framework of urbanization, agricultural development, and ecological security strategies. By integrating the notion of ecological progress throughout our new approach to urbanization, we need to pursue a mode of urbanization that is characterized by clearly defined functions, the rational distribution of industries, prominent regional advantages and features, and accommodation to the capacity of resources and the environment. We need to promote regionalization, specialized production, and large-scale operation in agriculture. In addition, we need to maintain the quantity and the quality of farmland in our country, and ensure adequate supply of agricultural products. By doing so, China’s agricultural development will not only demonstrate the new trend of centralizing the farming of major agricultural products in areas where they are ideally suited, but will also reflect the actual state and features of our natural agricultural resources. In addition to the above, we need to effectively protect areas that have a bearing on national ecological security, restore and enhance the ecological functions of key ecological function areas, and form an ecological security layout that is comprised primarily of forest vegetation, and also includes grasslands. Fourth, we need to make overall plans for land and sea development. Based on a stronger awareness that we are a major maritime nation, we must attach equal importance to our terrestrial territory and territorial sea while bearing in mind the relatively independent nature of the maritime system, and strike a balance between land exploitation, maritime exploitation, and the protection of coastal belt. We also need to step up the development of modern marine industries, make constant efforts to boost the marine economy, protect the marine ecological environment, enhance our capacity to provide diversified marine ecological products, and resolutely safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests, with a view to establishing China as a leading maritime nation.

加快转变经济发展方式，促进生产方式转型。只有加快转变发展方式，才能从源头上减少资源消耗过度和污染排放问题，从根本上缓解经济增长与资源、环境之间的矛盾。一是调整产业结构。大力发展服务业和战略性新兴产业，提高其在国民经济中的比重。坚决抑制高耗能、高排放行业过快增长，加快淘汰落后产能，促进产业向优势企业集中，推动过剩产能向海外有序转移。二是节约集约利用资源。从破解资源约束出发，加强全方位全过程资源节约和综合利用，大幅降低能源、水、土地消耗强度，有效控制用水总量，合理开发矿产资源，严格管制土地用途。推动能源生产和消费革命，大力发展新能源和可再生能源，控制能源消费总量，保障国家能源安全。三是推行绿色循环低碳的生产方式。各行各业都要按照节约资源、保护环境的要求实现生产方式的根本转变，工业生产要彻底抛弃高投入、高污染的粗放式增长模式，持续推动节能减排，按照减量化、再利用、资源化的原则，推行清洁生产，发展循环经济。农业生产要积极发展生态农业和有机农业，稳定提高农业综合生产能力，保障粮食安全。大幅度降低农药、化肥使用量，改善农业生态环境。

2. We need to accelerate the change of our growth model and promote the transformation of modes of production. Only by accelerating the transformation of our growth model will we be able to address the root cause of excessive resource consumption and the discharge of pollutants, and fundamentally mitigate the conflicts that exist between economic growth, the conservation of natural resources, and the protection of the environment. First, we need to adjust our industrial structure. We need to make major efforts to develop service industries and strategic emerging industries so as to raise their share in the national economy. At the same time, we must work faster to eliminate backward production capacity, center industries around competitive enterprises, and encourage the overseas relocation of surplus production capacity in an orderly manner. Second, we must use resources economically and intensively. In a bid to overcome resource constraints, we need to step up the conservation and comprehensive utilization of resources in all regards, significantly lower the intensity of our energy, water, and land consumption, effectively cap our total water usage, exploit mineral resources in a rational manner, and strictly control the use of land. At the same time, we need to revolutionize the way that we produce and consume energy, devote major efforts to the development of new and renewable energies, and cap our overall energy consumption, with a view to guaranteeing China’s energy security. Third, we need to promote green, circular, and low-carbon modes of production. All industries are expected to make fundamental changes to their modes of production in line with the requirements of conserving resources and protecting the environment. In industrial production, we need to completely discard an extensive growth model that is characterized by high input and heavy pollution, and make constant efforts to promote energy conservation and emissions reduction. At the same time, in accordance with the principles of reducing waste and resource consumption, reusing resources, and recycling waste, we need to promote clean production and develop a circular economy. In agricultural production, we need to actively develop ecological agriculture and organic agriculture, and steadily enhance our overall agricultural production capacity in order to guarantee food security. Moreover, we need to drastically reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers with a view to improving agricultural ecologies.

合理引导消费行为，形成文明生活方式。消费行为和生活方式看似小事，实则是全社会的大问题，每时每刻都会对资源环境产生直接影响，同时也会间接影响生产方式。我们每个人都要从自己做起，从一点一滴做起。一是树立健康的消费理念。持续开展资源短缺、环境脆弱的国情宣传和深度教育，强化全体国民的环保理念和生态意识，引导人们自觉节约每一滴水、每一度电、每一张纸、每一粒粮，在全社会形成节约光荣、浪费可耻的新风尚，使节约资源和保护环境成为13亿中国人的主流价值观。二是形成合理的消费行为。倡导绿色消费、集约消费，引导人们理性消费、科学消费，形成节俭办事、减少污染、有益健康的生活方式。加强城乡公共服务能力建设，运用价格手段调节引导居民绿色居住和出行，扩大节能、低碳、环保的绿色产品消费。执行强制性的节能标准，推进可再生能源、环保材料的广泛应用。加强绿色低碳社区建设，鼓励个人、家庭和单位遏制浪费现象和不文明行为。三是创造整洁的生活环境。大力扶持绿色交通，推广天然气、沼气、太阳能、风能等清洁能源，减少机动车尾气、工业排放和建筑扬尘，推行垃圾分类回收和循环利用，改造地下排污管网，提高危险废弃物集中处理能力，绿化、美化、净化生活环境。特别要加强农村环境治理，实施乡村清洁工程，推行“户集、村收、镇运、集中处理”的垃圾处理方式，深入实施秸秆禁烧和综合利用，建设“居住集中化、环境生态化、服务功能化”的农村新社区。

3. We need to urge rational consumption habits in order to foster civilized lifestyles. Though consumption habits and lifestyles may appear to be trivial, they are in fact significant social issues, not only having a direct impact on resources and the environment at all times, but also having an indirect bearing on modes of production. Therefore, each and every one of us needs to make an effort in this regard, bearing in mind that every little thing counts. First, we need to establish sound consumer attitudes. By carrying out publicity and educational initiatives, we must ensure that China’s resource shortages and fragile environments are known to the people. This will help us to raise public awareness with regard to environmental protection and ecological issues. With that as a basis, we must urge the people to save every drop of water, every unit of electricity, every piece of paper, and every grain of rice. By fostering a social atmosphere in which frugality is applauded and wastefulness is looked down upon, we will strive to make resource conservation and environmental protection a mainstream value for 1.3 billion Chinese people. Second, we need to develop rational consumer habits. Advocating green and resource-conserving modes of consumption, we must urge people to consume in a way that is both rational and scientific, so as to bring about healthy and frugal lifestyles that are conducive to the reduction of pollution. At the same time, we need to improve the capacity of urban and rural areas to provide public services, use price leverage to encourage people to adopt green lifestyles and commuting in an environmentally friendly way, and boost the consumption of energy-conserving, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly products. Moreover, we need to enforce mandatory standards on energy saving, and promote the wide use of renewable energies and environmentally friendly materials. We also need to step up our efforts to develop green and low-carbon communities, and encourage individuals, households, and enterprises to curb waste and uncivilized behavior. Third, we need to create clean living environments. In order to make our living environments greener, cleaner, and more beautiful, we should engage in major efforts to support green transportation; widen the use of clean energy sources such as natural gas, methane, solar energy, and wind power; reduce vehicle exhaust emissions, industrial discharges, and wind-borne dust from construction sites; promote the sorting and recycling of garbage; and strengthen the concentrated disposal of hazardous waste. A particular emphasis should be placed on the rectification of rural environments. We will carry out rural cleanup projects, and adopt a garbage disposal mode in which domestic waste is gathered on a per household basis, collected by village authorities, and transported by town level authorities for concentrated disposal. These efforts will allow us to create new rural communities characterized by centralized residence, sound ecological environments, and function-based public services.

着力加强生态保护与修复，营造良好生态环境。生态既要保护又要修复，要加大对已遭到破坏生态的修复和对生态脆弱地区的投入，促进形成自然生态和人居环境的良性循环。一是加强监测预防。加大环境监测力度，实行严格的环境质量控制标准，强化监督手段，为污染防治奠定基础。加强气象、地质、地震灾害监测预警预报和信息发布系统建设，完善防灾减灾体系，提高防御能力。二是加强自然生态系统保护。推进天然林资源保护，巩固和扩大退耕还林还草、退牧还草等成果，保护好林草植被和河湖、湿地，加强野生动植物和生物多样性保护。加强水源地保护，加快病险水库水闸除险加固、农田水利等重点工程建设，加快实施搬迁避让。扎实推进城乡造林绿化工作，构建重要生态屏障，提高生态系统稳定性。三是实施重大生态修复工程。加快解决损害群众健康的水、土壤、大气污染等突出环境问题。推进荒漠化、石漠化、水土流失综合治理。加强重点流域和区域水污染防治、生态脆弱河湖和地区水生态修复与治理。加大治理重金属污染和土壤污染的力度。通过多种手段有效控制温室气体排放。四是增强生态产品生产供给能力。生态产品直接惠及百姓，要大力加强林地、水源、湿地、草原等绿色生态资源的保护，增强生态产品供给能力。

4. We need to strengthen ecological protection and restoration in order to create a sound ecological environment. We need to lay emphasis on both protection and restoration, do more to repair ecological damage, devote more resources to ecologically fragile areas, and work to achieve a sound balance between natural ecosystems and human habitations. First, we need to strengthen the monitoring of the environment and the prevention of natural disasters. In strengthening our monitoring of the environment, we need to impose strict standards on environmental quality control, and improve the means by which we conduct monitoring in order to lay down foundations for the prevention and control of pollution. We also need to strengthen the development of monitoring, early warning, and information release systems for meteorological, geological, and seismic disasters. By improving measures for the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters, we will be better able to respond to such adversities. Second, we need to strengthen the protection of ecosystems. Particular emphasis should be given to the protection of natural forests, and to building upon advances that have already been made in the restoration of forests and grasslands from farmland and the restoration of grasslands from grazing land. At the same time, we also need to give particular emphasis to the protection of forest and grass vegetation, rivers, lakes, and wetlands, and to safeguarding wildlife and biodiversity. We need to strengthen our protection of water sources, and take steps to accelerate the reinforcement of aging reservoirs and sluices, the implementation of key projects for farmland irrigation, and the relocation of people in disaster-prone areas. Moreover, solid steps should be taken to promote urban and rural afforestation and develop major ecological screens, in order to make ecosystems more stable. Third, we need to carry out major ecological restoration projects, and step up efforts to resolve outstanding environmental problems that are detrimental to public health, such as water, soil, and air pollution. At the same time, we need to take comprehensive steps to control desertification, rocky desertification and soil erosion; work harder to prevent and control water pollution in key watersheds and areas; make efforts to restore and improve the water ecosystems of ecologically fragile rivers, lakes, and areas; and intensify our efforts to control heavy metal pollution and soil pollution. By adopting a range of measures, we also need to effectively control greenhouse gas emissions. Fourth, we need to enhance our capacity to produce and supply ecological products. Considering that ecological products are of direct benefit to the general public, we need to intensify our protection of ecological resources, such as forests, water sources, wetlands, and grasslands, and by doing so enhance our capacity to supply ecological products.

大力推进科技进步，支撑生态文明建设。解决资源环境面临的问题，归根结底要靠科技进步，不断提高资源利用效率、污染物排放的控制能力和废弃物的资源化利用能力。一是加快重点技术创新。在跟踪国际新技术新进展的基础上，加强基础研究和应用研究，重点在节能技术、清洁能源技术、循环经济技术方面取得突破，力争抢占国际新技术竞争的制高点。积极发展先进煤电、核电等重大装备制造核心技术，主要耗能领域的节能关键技术、重污染行业清洁生产集成技术等，使主要工业产品单位能耗指标和排放指标达到或接近世界先进水平。适应国际发展潮流，突破城市群大气污染控制、非常规污染物控制、废弃物等资源化利用的关键技术，减少排放并节约排放空间。二是加大先进技术推广应用。加强技术创新和应用推广的有机衔接，建立以企业为主体的产学研合作机制。制定配套政策，促进太阳能、风能、生物质能源等可再生能源低成本、规模化开发利用。运用价格调节、加速折旧、财政补贴等措施加快落后产能技术的淘汰更新，促进节能产业、资源循环利用产业、环保产业、可再生能源产业等绿色产业发展，使企业从技术的转化和应用中获利，使人们广泛享受到科技进步带来的生态效益。

5. We need to devote major efforts to promoting progress of science and technology in order to underpin ecological progress. Above all else, we will need to rely on progress of science and technology to resolve the problems that we face with regard to resources and the environment. Progress of science and technology will allow us to constantly enhance our capacity to use resources efficiently, control pollutant discharge, and recycle waste. First, we need to accelerate innovation with regard to key technologies. Keeping pace with new technological advances around the world, we need to strengthen basic research and applied research, and place an emphasis on making key breakthroughs in regard to energy conservation, clean energy, and circular economies, so as to gain the edge in international new technological competition. We need to make active efforts to develop technologies in several areas, such as core technologies with regard to the manufacturing of major equipment for advanced coal-fired power plants and nuclear power plants, key energy-conserving technologies in major energy-intensive industries, and integrated technologies for clean production in heavy-polluting sectors, in order to ensure that our energy consumption and pollutant discharge per unit of GDP in the manufacturing of major industrial products reaches or comes close to world-class standards. In response to new trends in international development, we need to make breakthroughs in key technologies with regard to air pollution control in city clusters, non-conventional pollutant control, and waste recycling, thereby reducing pollutant emissions and leaving China with more room to maneuver in cutting carbon emissions. Second, we need to promote the widespread use of advanced technologies, establish closer links between innovation, application, and promotion, and establish a mechanism for collaboration between enterprises, universities and research institutes, with enterprises playing the dominant role. We need to formulate supporting policies to promote the low-cost and large-scale exploitation and utilization of renewable energies such as solar power, wind power, and bioenergy. By employing measures such as pricing, accelerated depreciation, and government subsidization, we need to step up our efforts to eliminate or upgrade backward production capacity and backward technologies, and promote the development of green industries such as the energy conservation industry, resource recycling industry, environmental protection industry, and renewable energy industry. Through these efforts, we will ensure that enterprises are able to benefit from the industrial application of new technological advances, and that people are able to widely enjoy the ecological benefits brought about by progress of science and technology.

不断创新体制机制，完善生态文明制度。推进生态文明建设是个长期的过程，依赖于一个规范的、长期的、稳定的制度环境，形成“硬约束”的长效机制。一是深化资源性产品价格改革。合理调整资源性产品价格，引导资源节约利用。创新资源性产品价格形成机制，优化水电、核电及可再生能源发电定价机制，完善居民阶梯电价改革方案，有序推进竞价上网和输配电价改革。继续探索价格形成机制改革试点，完善政府、企业、消费者共同参与协商的定价机制。二是加大资源环境税费改革。按照价、税、费、租联动机制，适当提高资源税税负，加快开征环境税，完善计征方式。积极探索运用税费手段提高环境污染成本，降低污染排放。三是健全资源补偿和交易制度。按照谁开发谁保护、谁受益谁补偿的原则，加快建立生态补偿机制，研究设立国家生态补偿专项资金，推行资源型企业可持续发展准备金制度。培育节能量和碳排放量第三方核证机构，鼓励企业积极参与节能量交易和碳交易。健全水权制度，开展水权交易，规范水权转让。深化排污权有偿使用和交易制度改革。四是完善统计评价体系。建立体现生态文明要求的目标体系，把资源消耗、环境损害、生态效益纳入经济社会发展评价体系。强化领导干部的生态文明意识，根据主体功能区定位探索设立不同的考核目标，增加生态文明相关指标权重，逐步完善干部考核任用制度。五是加强法律法规建设。健全生态环境保护责任追究制度和环境损害赔偿制度。加强环境监管，完善信息公开与公众参与制度，健全最严格的环境执法体系，提高环境违法成本，依靠强有力的法制调节和规范社会行为。

6. We need to continue to make innovations with regard to institutions and mechanisms in order to improve the institutional framework of ecological civilization. The promotion of ecological civilization is a lengthy process, one which requires a standardized, permanent, and stable institutional environment that can give rise to binding long-term mechanisms. First, we need to deepen pricing reform for resource products. We need to make appropriate adjustments to the prices of resource products in order to encourage the economical use of resources. In working to renew mechanisms for the pricing of resource products, we need to optimize mechanisms for the pricing of electricity from hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy sources; improve reform schemes for the tier-based pricing of household electricity; take steady steps to promote public bidding among power plants for the right to supply electricity to power grids; and proceed with price reforms for electricity transmission in an orderly manner. In addition, we also need to continue with trials for pricing reforms, thereby improving a mechanism whereby prices are determined through consultation between the government, enterprises, and consumers. Second, we need to intensify the reform of resource and environment taxes and fees. Taking into consideration the interrelated relationship between prices, taxes, fees, and rent, we need to appropriately raise resource tax, promptly introduce environmental taxes, and improve the means by which these taxes are calculated. In addition, we need to actively explore ways of increasing the cost of environmental pollution through the collection of taxes and fees, with a view to reducing the discharge of pollutants. Third, we need to improve resource compensation and trading systems. On the basis of having project developers take responsibility for environmental protection while end-users assume responsibility for compensation, we need to step up efforts to establish an ecological compensation mechanism, look into setting up a dedicated national fund for ecological compensation, and promote the establishment of a reserve fund system for the sustainable development of resource-based enterprises. We need to develop third-party agencies to verify energy savings and carbon emissions, and encourage enterprises to actively participate in energy efficiency trading and carbon emission trading. We also need to improve the water rights system, launch water rights trading, and standardize the transfer of water rights. In addition, we need to deepen the reform of a cap-and-trade system for pollutant discharge rights. Fourth, we need to establish a sound statistical evaluation system. We need to establish a system of goals that demonstrate the requirements of an ecological civilization, and integrate resource consumption, environmental damage, and ecological benefits as criteria in our systems for the appraisal of economic and social development. We also need to raise awareness of ecological civilization among leading officials, look into setting different evaluation goals for different priority zones, attach more weight to ecological performance indexes in appraisals, and gradually improve systems for the performance assessment and appointment of officials. Fifth, we need to strengthen relevant laws and regulations. We need to improve the system of accountability for ecological and environmental protection and the system of compensation for environmental damage. Moreover, we need to strengthen environmental monitoring, improve systems for information release and public participation, establish the strictest possible system for environmental law enforcement, and increase the cost of violating environmental law, thereby regulating social behavior on the basis of a strong legal system.