黄奇帆：牢牢把握全面深化改革的出发点和落脚点（中英对照）

四、保障农民平等参与分享现代化成果，需要构建新型工农城乡关系的相关制度，促进城乡发展一体化。

IV. In order to ensure that farmers can participate in modernization and share in the fruits of modernization as equals, systems are needed to underpin new relationships between industry and agriculture and between urban areas and rural areas, and to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas

新中国成立初期，我国在“一穷二白”基础上建设社会主义现代化，这种特定历史阶段，决定了实行农产品统购统销、城乡户籍分类管理等制度，通过农业为工业提供积累，有其历史必然性。在取得一定成果的同时，这些制度也导致并固化了较为严重的城乡分割。改革开放后，农村实行家庭承包经营制度，改革农产品购销制度，支持农村发展乡镇企业和个体私营经济，鼓励农村劳动力转移就业，城乡分割的坚冰被逐步打破。进入新世纪后，国家实行一系列强农惠农富农政策，如取消农业税、放开粮食购销、实行农业补贴、建立农村社保制度等，极大促进了工农城乡协调发展。但城乡基础设施、基本公共服务以及居民收入水平仍存在较大差距，制约城乡发展一体化的体制机制尚未根除。为此，《决定》提出，“必须健全体制机制，形成以工促农、以城带乡、工农互惠、城乡一体的新型工农城乡关系”，为推动工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化同步发展奠定了制度基础。

In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, a society that was both poor and backward constituted the foundation on which China would attempt to carry out socialist modernization. Under such particular historical conditions, it was necessary for China to create systems that would allow it to accumulate capital for industry through agriculture, such as a system for the state purchase and distribution of farm products, and a system for the separate registration and management of urban and rural households. While these systems were successful to a certain extent, they also caused and solidified a serious urban and rural divide. Following the launch of the reform and opening up drive, a household contracting system for farmland was instituted in rural areas. At the same time, the system for the purchase and distribution of farm products was revamped, the development of town and township enterprises and private businesses was supported, and rural workers were encouraged to shift to non-farming jobs. Owing to these reform measures, the barriers that divided urban and rural areas were gradually broken. Since the beginning of the new century, the government has adopted a series of policies aimed at strengthening agriculture and raising the incomes of farmers, such as rescinding agricultural tax, lifting controls over the purchase and sale of grain, subsidizing agriculture, and establishing a social security system for rural residents. Though those policies have done a great deal to balance development between industry and agriculture and between urban and rural areas, considerable disparities still exist between urban and rural areas with regard to infrastructure, basic public services, and incomes, while the systems and mechanisms that are hindering the integrated development of urban and rural areas are yet to be fundamentally removed. For this reason, the Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform provides that efforts must be made to “improve systems and mechanisms so as to establish a new type of relationship between industry and agriculture and between urban areas and rural areas in which industry promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, industry and agriculture reinforce each other, and urban development and rural development are integrated.” These guidelines have provided us with an institutional foundation on which efforts can be made to promote the synchronization of industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization, and the widespread application of IT.

推动城乡发展一体化，关键要建立城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置的体制机制。《决定》提出：“在符合规划和用途管制前提下，允许农村集体经营性建设用地出让、租赁、入股，实行与国有土地同等入市、同权同价”；“建立兼顾国家、集体、个人的土地增值收益分配机制，合理提高个人收益”。这些新的制度化安排，破除了建设用地市场城乡分割的体制，赋予城乡建设用地同等权益，可大幅增加农民财产性收入。《决定》还提出：“在坚持和完善最严格的耕地保护制度前提下，赋予农民对承包地占有、使用、收益、流转及承包经营权抵押、担保功能，允许农民以承包经营权入股发展农业产业化经营”，“赋予农民对集体资产股份占有、收益、有偿退出及抵押、担保、继承权”，“慎重稳妥推进农民住房财产权抵押、担保、转让”等。这些重大制度创新，一是将农村土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权视作财产权，明确了产权归属，为广大农民融入城乡统一市场提供了制度保障；二是农民以产权为依托，可在继续增加经营收入、务工收入、转移支付收入的同时，大幅提高财产性收入占比，优化农村居民收入结构；三是为农村产权抵质押融资打开了通道，将对农户家庭经营的信用缺失、金融缺失起到重要补位作用，活跃农村金融。《决定》要求，“推进农业转移人口市民化，逐步把符合条件的农业转移人口转为城镇居民”，并对进城落户农民住房、医疗和社会保障等基本公共服务都形成了一系列新的制度。这将成为破除城乡二元结构的重要突破口，有利于维护农业转移人口权益，帮助他们尽快融入城镇，充分释放城镇化红利。

In promoting the integrated development of urban and rural areas, it is essential that we create systems and mechanisms to ensure the equal exchange of factors of production and to balance the allocation of public resources between urban and rural areas. According to the Decision, “collectively-owned land for construction and commercial purposes in rural areas will be allowed to be transferred, leased, and contributed in exchange for shares, provided that plans and usage restrictions for the land in question are adhered to, so as to ensure that rural construction land for commercial purposes can enjoy the same market access, the same rights, and the same prices as state-owned land.” The Decision also states that “mechanisms for the distribution of land value gains that take into account the state, collectives, and individuals will be formulated, under which the proportion of land value gains that goes to individuals will be significantly increased.” These new regulations have eliminated the urban-rural divide in the construction land market. By granting rural construction land the same rights that are afforded to urban construction land, we will be able to significantly increase the income that farmers derive from property. The Decision also includes the following statements: “On the condition that the strictest possible system for the protection of arable land is adhered to and improved, farmers will be endowed the rights to possess, use, profit from, and transfer their contracted land, and to use it as collateral or guarantee, and they will be allowed to contribute their contracted land-use rights in exchange for shares in industrialized agricultural ventures”; “Farmers will be granted the rights to possess, profit from, sell, and inherit shares of collective assets, or to use them as collateral or guarantee”; and “Steady yet prudent progress will be made in allowing rural residential property rights to be transferred or used as collateral or guarantee.” The creation of these major new systems and mechanisms will produce a number of effects. First, by regarding rural contracted land-use rights and rural residential land-use rights as property rights, and clearly defining the ownership of these rights, these measures have provided an institutional foundation for rural residents to become part of a unified market that covers both urban and rural areas. Second, by making use of such property rights, farmers will be able to achieve a significant increase in the proportion of their income that comes from property whilst continuing to receive income from other sources such as business, non-farming jobs, and transfer payments. This will improve their income mix. And third, by opening up a new channel for mortgaging or pledging of rural property rights, these systems and mechanisms will help to address the lack of options that rural households face in obtaining credit and finance for their household business operations, which in turn will invigorate the rural financial market. The Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform requires that we “promote the integration of rural migrant workers into cities as permanent urban residents, and allow eligible rural migrant workers to become urban residents on a step-by-step basis.” According to the Decision, a number of new systems with regard to housing, healthcare, and social security will be created for rural workers who have settled in cities. These provisions will serve as a major breakthrough point for the dismantling of the urban-rural divide. By protecting the rights and interests of rural migrant workers and enabling them to integrate into cities as quickly as possible, we will be able to fully reap the dividends that urbanization generates.

五、构建全方位的开放型经济新体制，有助于促进协调均衡发展，缩小区域发展差距。

V. The creation of a fully open economy will help to promote coordinated and balanced development and narrow the development gap between different regions

改革开放以来，我国从建立经济特区，到沿江、沿边、内陆渐次开放，已形成全方位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放格局，有力推动了经济社会发展。特别是加入WTO，使我们最大程度地学习和运用国际通行规则，大大增强了我国配置利用全球资源的能力，快速提升了国际竞争力。《决定》提出：“必须推动对内对外开放相互促进、引进来和走出去更好结合，促进国际国内要素有序自由流动、资源高效配置、市场深度融合，加快培育参与和引领国际经济合作竞争新优势，以开放促改革。”这充分体现了我国更加积极主动的开放战略，为我们紧紧抓住并充分利用重要战略机遇期、提升开放型经济发展质量和水平指明了方向。

Since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, China has gradually opened itself up to the outside world in all directions, on multiple levels, and across a broad range of fields, beginning with the establishment of Special Economic Zones and moving on to the opening up of river-belt regions, border areas, and inland regions. These efforts have greatly spurred economic and social development in China. In particular, China’s accession to the WTO has enabled the country to study and make use of common international rules to the greatest possible extent, significantly improved China’s capacity to allocate and make use of global resources, and rapidly raised the country’s international competitiveness. The Decision states, “We must work to ensure that opening up domestically and opening to the outside world reinforce each other; better integrate the ‘bring in’ and ‘go global’ strategies; and promote the orderly and free flow of international and domestic factors of production, the highly efficient allocation of domestic and international resources, and the in-depth integration of domestic and international markets. By doing so, we will step up efforts to foster new advantages in participating in and leading international economic cooperation and competition, with a view to promoting reform through opening up.” This statement fully demonstrates a more proactive strategy of opening up. It has set a clear direction for our efforts to seize on an important period of strategic opportunity and raise both the quality and level of China’s open economy. 

转变对外经济发展方式，需要在拓展开放型经济深度和广度上做文章。自由贸易区代表了我国开放型经济发展的深度。《决定》要求，加快建立符合国际化、法治化要求的跨境投资贸易规则体系，推进市场准入和口岸管理体制改革，形成面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络。这将极大促进国际投资便利化和服务贸易大发展，增强我国的国际竞争力。内陆开放体现了我国开放型经济发展的广度。我国东中西部地区发展还很不平衡，这在很大程度上体现为内陆和沿海开放不协调。内陆地区进出口贸易和外资利用在全国的占比目前还不到两成，这种畸重畸轻的格局已影响到我国对外开放大局和长远后劲。为此，《决定》把扩大内陆沿边开放摆到了更加突出的位置，提出要“推动内陆贸易、投资、技术创新协调发展”、“创新加工贸易模式，形成有利于推动内陆产业集群发展的体制机制”。这将对内陆地区抓住全球产业重新布局的机遇加快发展，缩小东中西部地区差距形成强力推动。《决定》要求“形成横贯东中西、联结南北方对外经济走廊”，内陆地区就可以依托中国东盟大通道、渝新欧国际铁路联运大通道等，加强与周边、沿线国家和地区的联动。与之配套，“推动内陆同沿海沿边通关协作，实现口岸管理相关部门信息互换、监管互认、执法互助”。这种机制，符合国际惯例，能有效消除内陆出口通关的制度化障碍，形成分工协作、优势互补、均衡协调的开放新格局。这些重大改革，必将进一步释放内陆地区开放潜力，缩小内陆与沿海开放方面的差距，使广袤的内陆地区成为开放的战略腹地和新的经济增长点。

In order to transform the way that China achieves outward-oriented economic growth, we must work to expand the depth and breadth of China’s open economy. Free trade zones represent the depth of China’s open economy. The Decision requires that we step up efforts to create a set of cross-border investment and trade rules that are oriented towards international practices and based on law, press ahead with the reform of institutions concerning market access and port management, and work to establish a high-standard network of free trade zones that is geared towards international needs. All this will greatly facilitate international investment, promote the robust development of trade in services, and increase China’s international competitiveness. The openness of China’s inland regions represents the breadth of the country’s open economy. Development is still highly unbalanced between China’s eastern region and its central and western regions, and to a large extent this imbalance is manifested in the uneven opening up of China’s inland areas and its coastal areas. At present, the volume of exports and imports and the rate of foreign capital utilization in inland China account for less than 20% of respective national totals. This lopsided layout has already had an adverse effect on China’s overall opening up and on the momentum of its opening up over the long term. In a bid to address this problem, the Decision has given higher priority to the opening up of inland and border areas. It provides that efforts will be made to “promote the coordinated development of trade, investment, and technological innovation in inland areas,” and also that efforts will be made to “establish innovative models for the processing trade and create systems and mechanisms that are conducive to the development of inland industry clusters.” By giving inland regions a strong impetus to seize on the opportunities presented by a new round of global industrial restructuring, these provisions will help us to increase the pace of development in inland areas and narrow the gap between China’s eastern region and its central and western regions. The Decision further requires that efforts be made to “build a corridor of the outward-oriented economy that traverses eastern, central and western China and links together southern and northern China.” This will allow inland China to increase interaction with neighboring countries and regions along the corridor via the China-ASEAN gateway and the Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe International Railway. As a supporting mechanism, the Decision also states that efforts will be made to “promote cooperation in customs clearance between inland areas and coastal and border areas, so as to realize exchanges of information, mutual recognition of supervision, and mutual assistance in law enforcement between port management departments in all areas.” This mechanism, which conforms to international practices, will be effective in removing the institutional barriers that obstruct the customs clearance of inland exports. In doing so, it will help to create a new national layout for our open economy under which various regions each assume their own tasks and work in collaboration with one another, draw on each other’s strengths, and develop in a balanced and coordinated manner. These major reforms are certain to further unleash the potential for the opening up of inland areas, narrow the gap in the openness between inland and coastal areas, and allow our vast inland areas to become a strategic hinterland of openness and a new driver of economic growth in China.

六、深化各项社会事业改革，为保障和改善民生，使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全民提供了制度保障。

VI. Deepening the reform of various social programs will provide an institutional guarantee for our efforts to safeguard and improve the public wellbeing and allow all people to benefit from the fruits of development more fairly and more thoroughly

着力解决关系人民群众切身利益的生活、生产问题，保障人民群众的经济、政治、文化和社会权益，努力实现人的全面发展，是我们党和国家一切工作的出发点和落脚点。改革开放以来，我国社会事业有了很大发展，城乡居民生活水平得到了很大提高。但与经济快速发展相比，社会建设仍然滞后，涉及群众切身利益的教育、就业、社保、医疗、住房、生态环境、食品药品安全、安全生产、社会治安、执法司法等方面，都存在许多亟待解决的问题。为此，《决定》提出：“必须加快社会事业改革，解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，努力为社会提供多样化服务，更好满足人民需求。”这一要求充分体现了以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观，充分体现了发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。

Solving problems that concern the immediate interests of the people in work and everyday life, safeguarding the economic, social, cultural, and social rights and interests of the people, and striving to achieve all-round personal development constitute the fundamental purpose of all the initiatives of the Party and the government. Since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, China’s social programs have witnessed considerable development, and the living standards of urban and rural residents have improved significantly. Despite this, however, the development of social causes has still lagged behind in contrast to the rapid pace of our economic development. There are still urgent issues to be resolved in a range of areas that have a very direct bearing on the interests of the people, such as education, employment, social security, medical care, housing, the environment, the safety of food and drugs, production safety, public security, law enforcement, and justice administration. In a bid to address these problems, the Decision states, “We must accelerate the reform of social programs, find effective solutions to issues that people are most concerned about and that affect them most directly in their everyday lives, strive to provide the public with diversified services, and do a better job of satisfying the demands of the people.” This requirement fully embodies the Scientific Outlook on Development, which puts people first and seeks to promote comprehensive, balanced, and sustainable development. It also fully demonstrates the principle that development is for the people, dependent on the people, and beneficial to all the people.

《决定》落实党的十八大“建立权利公平、机会公平、规则公平为主要内容的社会公平保障体系”的要求，提出了推进考试招生制度改革、消除一切影响平等就业的制度障碍和就业歧视、提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重、实现基础养老金全国统筹以及统筹推进医疗保障、医疗服务、公共卫生、药品供应、监管体制综合改革等一系列改革举措。可以预期，随着这些改革措施的推进，人们所追求的平等教育机会、稳定就业岗位、公正收入机制、完善社会保障、健康生活状态、安定社会环境等美好愿景将加速实现，全体人民的各种社会权益将得到进一步的保障，全体人民各尽所能、各得其所、和谐相处的局面将进一步形成，人们的积极性、主动性、创造性将得到充分发挥，中国特色社会主义的伟大事业将形成万众一心的生机与活力。

The Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform sets out a series of reform measures in order to meet the requirement of establishing a “framework of measures to guarantee social fairness, the core aspects of which include equal rights, equal opportunities, and fair rules for all,” which was proposed at the Eighteenth National Congress of the Party. These reform measures include promoting the reform of the examination and enrollment system for entrance into universities; removing all institutional barriers that undermine equal employment and rooting out employment discrimination; increasing the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution; pooling basic old-age pension funds at the national level; and advancing the comprehensive reform of health care, medical services, public health, and the pharmaceutical supply and regulatory system. It is foreseeable that as these reform measures are carried out, the equal educational opportunities, stable employment, fair income mechanisms, strong social safety nets, healthy living conditions, and peaceful social environment that the people long for will materialize more quickly. It can also be foreseen that the rights and interests of all people will be further safeguarded; that a harmonious society in which all people can give rein to their talents and find their proper place will be built; that people’s enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity will be fully leveraged; and that the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics will continue to show great vitality as it brings the people together in one heart and one mind.

改革牵动整个社会，连着民心，关系每一个公民。只要我们紧密团结在以习近平同志为总书记的党中央周围，牢牢把握“促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉”这个新一轮改革的出发点和落脚点，凝心聚力，锐意进取，就能谱写出全面深化改革新的华章，中国特色社会主义伟大事业的前景广阔而光明！

Reform has a bearing on society as a whole, on the sentiment of the public, and on the interests of every single citizen. As long as we rally closely behind the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as General Secretary, remain committed to the fundamental goal of promoting social equity and justice and improving public wellbeing in our new round of reform, unite minds and forge strength, and press forward in a determined manner, we will be able to write a new chapter in comprehensively deepening reform. We have great confidence that the prospects for the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics are broad and bright!

（作者：重庆市人民政府市长）

(Author: Mayor of the Chongqing Municipal People’s Government, the People’s Republic of China)