李伟：坚定不移地走中国特色改革道路（中英对照）

中文版：坚定不移地走中国特色改革道路.doc

英文版：Adhering to a Distinctively Chinese Approach to Reform.doc

坚定不移地走中国特色改革道路

Adhering to a Distinctively Chinese Approach to Reform

 

李伟

Li Wei

 

党的十八届三中全会通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》），顺应了世界发展潮流，掀开了中国改革开放新的篇章，标志着中国已进入全面深化改革的历史新阶段，对于全面建成小康社会、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦具有重大深远的指导意义。我们必须以《决定》为指导，进一步丰富中国特色改革道路的内涵，把中国特色社会主义伟大事业推向新阶段。

 

The recently held Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) saw the passage of the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform (hereinafter the Decision). Conforming to major trends in global development, the adoption of the Decision marks the beginning of a new chapter in China’s reform and opening up drive, signaling that China has already entered a historic new phase of efforts to comprehensively deepen reform. The Decision will play an instrumental role in guiding China’s long-term efforts to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and to realize the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation. With the Decision as our guide, we must continue to develop a distinctively Chinese approach to reform as we work to take the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new phase.

 

一、中国特色改革道路的巨大优势

I. The enormous superiorities of China’s distinctive approach to reform

 

人类社会文明历史，就是一部革故鼎新的变革史。新中国成立之后，在以毛泽东同志为核心的党的第一代中央领导集体带领下，全国人民披荆斩棘、筚路蓝缕，为中华民族伟大复兴开辟了探索之路，积累了必要的物质基础。但由于党在社会主义建设方面经验不足，国民经济发展遭遇了严重挫折。是以邓小平同志为代表的中国共产党人勇敢地举起了改革开放的大旗，坚定探索发展新途径。35年来，在历届党中央带领下，我们走出了一条中国特色的改革道路，极大地增强了中国的综合国力，有力地巩固了社会主义制度，向全人类清晰地展现了社会文明进步的一种新形态。这是一条优势巨大、值得全体中国人民倍加珍惜的改革之路。

 

The history of human civilization can be described as one of change, with social progress taking place amidst the discarding of the old in favor of the new. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the people of China, guided by the Party’s first generation of central leadership with Mao Zedong at its core, set out to explore a path that would lead to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Through their bitter efforts, they succeeded in laying down the material foundations that would be essential for the realization of this goal. However, owing to the Party’s lack of experience in developing socialism, major setbacks were encountered in the development of the country’s economy. It was under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping that Chinese Communists courageously raised the banner of reform and opening up, committing themselves to the exploration of a new developmental path. Working under the leadership of successive central committees of the CPC, we have succeeded in paving a distinctively Chinese approach to reform over the past 35 years, which has allowed us to achieve a remarkable increase in China’s overall strength, bolster the socialist system, and show the world a new state of social progress. Characterized by the huge superiorities it possesses, China’s approach to reform is something that all Chinese people should cherish dearly. 

 

中国特色改革道路内涵丰富。实践告诉我们，成功的改革，需要正确的方向和可行的方法。中国特色的改革道路，以“三个有利于”为标准，既坚持了正确的方向，又找到了可行的方法。

 

[注：本段无参考译文。]

 

坚持原则而又不失变通。邓小平同志曾明确告诫：“四项基本原则”一百年不变。这就是说，中国的改革必须以巩固而不是削弱、发展而不是放弃社会主义制度为出发点。另一方面，当今中国的发展面临着社会主义运动史上从未遇到的问题，面临着发达国家发展进程中从未遇到的挑战，中国的改革既不能照搬“本本”，也不能照抄他国经验，必须从现实国情出发，创造性地解决经济社会发展中的突出矛盾和问题。中国改革在坚持四项基本原则的前提下，为制度创新留下了广阔的空间：我们把社会主义国体与市场经济有机地结合起来，建立了公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，形成了按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，构筑了政府和市场各展所长、各彰其力的经济调控制度。

 

1. Sticking to our principles whilst maintaining flexibility

 

Deng Xiaoping once told us that the Four Cardinal Principles would need to be upheld for a hundred years. That is to say, the purpose of China’s reforms must be to consolidate and develop socialism, and not to undermine or discard it. Despite this, however, we also need to realize that China is not only facing problems that have never been seen before in the history of the socialist movement, but also challenges that developed countries did not encounter during the course of their development. In light of this situation, we can neither stick rigidly to dogma, nor can we draw directly from the experiences of other countries. Rather, proceeding on the basis of our national conditions, we must act creatively to resolve prominent issues in our economic and social development. Under the conditions of adhering to the Four Cardinal Principles, we have been able to find ample room for institutional innovation during the course of our reforms. We have combined socialism with the market economy to establish a basic economic system in which the public sector is the main form of ownership and multiple forms of ownership can develop side by side; we have implemented an income distribution system in which distribution according to work is the main form of distribution and multiple forms of distribution coexist; and we have developed a system for the regulation of the economy that gives full play to the roles of both the government and the market.

 

渐进而又不失时机。习近平总书记在今年的亚太经合组织工商领导人峰会上明确指出，中国是一个大国，决不能在根本问题上出现颠覆性错误。中国的改革，与实行“休克疗法”的俄罗斯等国家不同，总体表现为渐进的特征：改革由易到难，从局部到整体，先增量后存量，先农村后城市。渐进式改革可以避免因剧烈的体制变革所带来的社会矛盾和冲突的激化，使改革的成本保持在社会可承受的范围之内，并且不至于犯颠覆性错误。但这并不意味着，中国的改革徘徊迟疑，裹足不前。对于那些看准了的改革，中国领导人抓住机遇，当机立断、雷厉风行。上世纪90年代推行的财税体制改革、国有企业改革等就是经典案例。

 

. Implementing reform gradually while being sure not to miss out on opportunities

 

At the APEC CEO Summit 2013, President Xi Jinping stated that China, as a large country, could not afford to trip up on issues of fundamental importance. Unlike countries such as Russia, which opted for “shock therapy” reform, China has adopted a more gradual approach to reform. This approach can be summarized as follows: starting with easy reforms before tackling more difficult ones; launching reforms in certain sectors before carrying out reform as a whole; adding new practices before changing existing ones; and launching reform in the countryside before moving on to the cities. This gradual approach to reform has helped us to avoid the intensification of social conflicts that can result from drastic institutional change. Not only does it better equip society to cope with reform, but it also helps to prevent the occurrence of serious mistakes. However, this does not mean that we are hesitant to push reform forward. On the contrary, once a commitment to reform has been made, China’s leaders seize the moment, act with strong resolve, and take rapid action to ensure that reforms are successful. The reform of the fiscal and taxation system and the revamping of state-owned enterprises in the 1990s are typical examples of this active approach to reform.

 

统筹协调而又不失激励探索。中国的改革涉及政治、经济、社会和文化等领域，利益关系调整艰难复杂，需要统一部署、协同推进。改革开放以来的历届中央委员会，都在其召开的三中全会上讨论改革议题，这次十八届三中全会又通过了关于全面深化改革的决定。各部门各地区的改革都是在这些纲领性文件指导下进行的。但由于中国是一个大国，不同地区所处的发展阶段、所面临的实际问题不同甚至相差甚远，改革需要各地在中央的统一部署下，进行积极地探索。发改革先声的“农村家庭联产承包责任制”就是基层改革探索的成功典型，深圳特区、浦东新区等一系列改革试验区的设立，也是为了激励改革探索，积累改革经验。

 

3. Emphasizing overall coordination whilst encouraging individual explorations

 

China’s reforms cover a number of fields—political, economic, social, and cultural. Given the high level of complexity that is involved in balancing out different interests, overall planning is required to coordinate reforms in different fields. Since the launch of the reform and opening up drive, successive central committees of the CPC have addressed the subject of reform at their third plenary sessions. At the recently held Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the CPC, the Party decided on a plan to comprehensively deepen reform in China. The reform initiatives of various different departments and regions across the country are carried out under the guidance of framework documents such as these. However, given China’s considerable size, it should be noted that different parts of the country are currently undergoing different stages of development and facing different problems. In some cases, these differences can be considerable. Therefore, various regions need to actively explore their own way forward in reform whilst adhering to the overall planning of the central government. For instance, the institution of the household contracting system for farmland in rural areas, which sounded off the beginning of China’s reform and opening up drive, was a successful reform endeavor at the local level. In addition, the establishment of experimental areas for reform, such as the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and the Pudong New Area, can be seen as an initiative to encourage exploration and gain experience in reform.

 

坚持开放而又不失提升自我。以开放促改革是中国改革的一个重要特点。对外开放不仅为中国发展开辟了市场空间，带来了所需的资本、技术和管理经验，而且促进了中国在宏观经济和微观经济领域的改革。2001年加入世界贸易组织对中国宏观经济调控方式和企业治理模式产生了深远影响。然而，中国的开放是以维护国家主权、安全和发展利益为出发点进行的自主开放。这种开放是全方位的，而又是有助于提高中国在国际上地位的；是深入的，而又是与中国所处发展阶段、所具备的全球市场竞争能力相适应的。

 

4. Maintaining a commitment to opening up to the outside world whilst seeking to better ourselves

 

Driving reform through opening up is an important feature of China’s reform. Our opening up to the outside world has not only opened up markets and helped us to acquire the capital, technology, and managerial experience that we need, but has also promoted macro-economic and micro-economic reforms in China. China’s accession to the WTO in 2001 has had a profound influence on the way that we conduct macro-economic regulation and the way that enterprises are run. However, it should be noted that China’s policy of opening up is an independent policy, one that is carried out in accordance with the principles of safeguarding the country’s sovereignty, security, and developmental interests. This approach to opening up is not only comprehensive in scope, but also conducive to enhancing China’s international standing; it is not only carried out in depth, but also well geared to China’s stage of development and competitiveness in the global market.

 

实践证明，中国特色改革道路优势巨大。正是这样一条道路，极大地解放和发展了社会生产力，有效提升了物质和精神财富的增长，尽可能地使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，有力地巩固和发展了社会主义制度。

 

Experience has demonstrated the enormous superiorities of China’s distinctive approach to reform. It was this approach that led to the immense liberation and development of productive forces in China, allowing the level of material and non-material wealth in the country to grow rapidly. Moreover, by ensuring that all people can benefit more fairly and more thoroughly from the fruits of development, this approach has also done a great deal to consolidate and develop the socialist system.

 

改革有效地调动了社会各方面的积极性和创造性，促进了物质财富的巨大增长，大幅地提高了中国的国际地位。改革极大地解放了生产力，激发了广大人民的劳动热情，释放了企业家的创新活力，提高了劳动生产率，形成了多元主体参与市场竞争的格局，促进了经济高速增长。1979—2012年，中国国内生产总值年均增长9.8%,创造了现代经济增长史上的奇迹。现在，中国已成为世界第二大经济体、第一制造业大国及第一出口大国，已成为人均国内生产总值超6000美元的上中等收入国家，彻底甩掉了戴在中国人民头上的贫穷落后的帽子。

 

By effectively leveraging the enthusiasm and creativity of all sectors of society, reform has spurred on massive increases in material wealth whilst raising China’s international status by a significant margin. Reform has brought about the immense liberation of productive forces, stimulated the enthusiasm of the people, and unleashed the innovativeness of entrepreneurs. It has raised labor productivity, brought diversity to market competition, and stimulated rapid economic growth. In what can be described as a miracle of economic growth in modern history, China’s GDP grew at an average rate of 9.8% per year between the years 1979 and 2012. Today, China is the world’s second largest economy and the largest manufacturer and exporter. With a per capita GDP in excess of US$ 6,000, China can no longer be labeled as a poor or undeveloped country.

 

改革在促进快速发展的同时，保持了社会大局的稳定。中国的改革从一开始就注重让改革带来的发展成果尽可能地惠及全体人民。改革开放以来，中国的各地区，无论是城市还是乡村，无论是东部、中部还是西部，都实现了明显快于改革开放之前的经济增长；中国的社会各阶层，无论是工人、农民、知识分子，还是其他社会阶层，都明显地改善了自己的生活。1978—2012年，中国城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入从343元增长到24565元，农村居民家庭人均纯收入从134元增长到7917元。在改革进程中，中国妥善处理了改革、发展和稳定的关系。对于每一项重大改革政策的出台，都既注重把握时机、节奏，又充分考虑社会可接受程度，有效地避免了一些转型国家曾经出现的经济严重衰退和社会剧烈震荡。

 

In addition to promoting rapid development, reform has also helped us to maintain the overall stability of society. From the very outset of China’s reforms, an emphasis has been placed on ensuring that all people can benefit from the fruits of development. Since the institution of the reform and opening up drive, all regions of China—urban, rural, eastern, central, and western regions alike—have experienced significantly faster economic growth than they did prior to the reform and opening up drive. At the same time, the living standards of all social strata in China, including workers, farmers and intellectuals, have also improved significantly. From 1978 to 2012, the per capita disposable income of urban households increased from 343 yuan to 24,565 yuan, while the per capita net income of rural households increased from 134 yuan to 7,917 yuan. During the process of reform, China has properly balanced the relationships between reform, development, and stability. Prior to the introduction of major reform policies, we have not only afforded consideration to the timing and pace of reform, but also to the capacity of society to cope. This has helped us to avoid the serious economic recessions and social unrest that some countries experienced during the course of their transformation.

 

改革巩固了社会主义制度，探索了人类社会在不同国体下不同的成功发展道路。进入上世纪80年代，改革浪潮几乎席卷了所有的社会主义国家。然而，在改革过程中，第一个社会主义国家苏联骤然解体，东欧诸国也纷纷改旗易帜。社会主义制度还能否存在以及还能存在多久，成为国际社会普遍关注的重大问题。1989年，日裔美国政治学家福山甚至抛出了所谓“历史终结论”，认为共产主义即将终结，历史的发展只有一条路，即西方的市场经济和民主政治。然而，中国的改革，在高度集中的计划经济和自由市场经济之间，成功走出了中国特色的社会主义市场经济之路，并在这条道路上实现了经济腾飞和社会的和谐。福山也在2009年承认，“历史终结论有待进一步推敲和完善，人类思想宝库需要为中国传统留有一席之地”。

 

China’s reforms have also consolidated the socialist system by exploring an alternative path to development that has found success under a different state system. In the 1980s, a wave of reform swept across almost all of the world’s socialist countries. The Soviet Union—the world’s first socialist country—suddenly collapsed during the course of reform, while socialist countries in Eastern Europe changed their colors in rapid succession. The question of whether or not socialism would survive and for how long became a major topic of international interest. In 1989, Francis Fukuyama, an American political scientist of Japanese descent, proposed his so-called “end of history” theory, predicting that communism was about to come to an end and that the sole path for the progression of history would be Western democracy and the market economy. However, by implementing reform, China has succeeded in introducing a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, paving a path between a highly planned economy and a free market economy. This path has allowed China to realize highly rapid economic growth and social harmony. In 2009, Fukuyama himself admitted that his “end of history” theory required further thought and improvement, saying that a place for Chinese tradition needed to be left in the treasure chest of human thinking.