张高丽：大力推进生态文明　努力建设美丽中国（中英对照）

三、推进生态文明建设的基本思路和主要任务

III. Basic approaches and major tasks in promoting ecological progress  

党中央、国务院高度重视生态文明建设，对推进生态文明建设作出了一系列重要部署。党的十八届三中全会对深化生态文明体制改革提出了明确要求，强调必须建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系，健全自然资源资产产权制度和用途管制制度，划定生态保护红线，实行资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度，改革生态环境保护管理体制，必将为加强生态文明建设提供强大动力。我们要认真学习、深刻领会，以抓铁有痕、踏石留印的作风，坚定信心，求真务实，真抓实干，务必抓出成效。

The CPC Central Committee and State Council attach a high level of priority to promoting ecological progress, and have made a series of important arrangements with a view to furthering initiatives in this regard. The Third Plenary Session set forth clear requirements for the deepening of institutional reforms regarding ecological progress. These requirements lay emphasis on the following: establishing a complete framework of systems to underpin ecological progress; improving systems regarding the ownership of natural resource assets as well as the control of their use; drawing red lines in ecological protection; implementing systems for the paid use of natural resources and for the provision of environmental compensation; and restructuring administrative systems for the protection of ecological environments. The laying out of these new requirements is certain to provide us with a strong motive force as we work to promote ecological progress. Keeping our feet firmly on the ground, we must proceed with confidence, work in a realistic and pragmatic manner, take on the tasks at hand, and strive to achieve real results.

推进生态文明建设，总体上要把握六个重要原则：一是坚持把改革创新作为推进生态文明建设的基本动力。健全国土空间开发、资源节约利用、生态环境保护的体制机制，以最严格的制度、最严密的法制，为生态文明建设提供可靠保障。二是坚持尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的基本理念。始终牢记破坏自然就是损害人类自己，保护自然就是保护人类自己。把人类活动控制在自然能够承载的限度内，实现人与自然和谐发展。三是坚持在发展中保护、在保护中发展的基本要求。发展是解决我国所有问题的关键，保护则是实现可持续发展的关键，两者同等重要、不可偏废，要走出一条经济发展与生态保护“双赢”的道路。四是坚持节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主的基本方针。在资源利用上把节约放在首位，在环境改善上把保护放在首位，在生态建设上以自然恢复为主，从源头上扭转生态环境恶化趋势。五是坚持绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展的基本路径。把推动绿色、循环、低碳发展作为转方式、调结构、上水平的重要抓手，加快形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式，全面增强可持续发展能力。六是坚持政府主导、企业主体、多方参与、全民行动的基本工作格局。政府要发挥引导、支持和监督作用，企业要积极承担重要责任和义务，每个人都要养成自觉保护生态环境的良好习惯。

Speaking in overall terms, there are six important principles that we must grasp in working to promote ecological progress. First, we must continue to regard reform and innovation as the basic driving forces behind ecological progress. This means that we must improve systems and mechanisms pertaining to the planning of land spaces, the economical utilization of resources, and the protection of ecological environments, so as to provide a solid guarantee for ecological progress with the most rigorous systems and laws. Second, we must remain committed to the basic principles of respecting, accommodating to, and protecting nature. By harming nature we are actually harming ourselves, and by protecting nature we are in fact protecting ourselves—this is something that we must never forget. In order to achieve harmony between humans and nature, we must ensure that human activities do not exceed the carrying capacity of nature. Third, we must adhere to the basic requirements of pursuing protection amidst development and development amidst protection. Whereas development holds the key to the resolution of all of China’s problems, environmental protection represents the key to achieving sustainable development; the two are equally important, meaning that one cannot be favored at the expense of the other. Therefore, we need to pave a path that allows for the achievement of both economic development and environmental protection. Fourth, we must remain committed to a basic approach that lays emphasis on conservation, protection, and natural restoration. Conservation must be our number one priority in the exploitation of resources; protection must be our number one priority in the improvement of environments; and natural restoration must be the focus of our efforts to promote ecological progress. Through these efforts, we must strive to reverse the worsening of ecological environments at the source. Fifth, we must remain committed to a basic path of green, circular, and low-carbon development. We should regard the promotion of green, circular, and low-carbon development as an important part of our efforts to transform our mode of development, restructure our economy, and achieve higher-quality development. In order to boost our capacity for sustainable development across the board, we need to accelerate our efforts to establish resource-efficient and environmentally friendly spatial layouts, industrial structures, modes of production, and ways of living. Sixth, we must adhere to a basic working approach in which the government plays a guiding role, enterprises assume the main responsibility, various parties participate, and the entire public is involved. The government should guide, support, and monitor efforts to promote ecological progress; enterprises should actively fulfill their responsibilities and obligations; and each individual should become accustomed to protecting ecological environments conscientiously.  

推进生态文明建设，在工作安排上要坚持“两手抓”，一手抓节能降耗和当前群众反映强烈的大气、水及土壤等污染治理，加大工作力度，制定和实施治理行动计划，成熟一个、推出一个、落实一个，不断取得成效；一手抓生态文明制度建设，着眼全局，加强顶层设计和总体规划，形成有利于资源节约和环境保护的制度安排和利益导向，确保完成“十二五”生态文明建设各项指标，到2020年初步形成与全面建成小康社会相适应的生态文明。

We must adhere to a “two-pronged” approach in our efforts to promote ecological progress. On the one hand, we must devote major efforts to conserving energy, lowering consumption, and tackling problems of major public concern at present, such as air, water, and soil pollution. This must be done by stepping up efforts, formulating and initiating action plans, and introducing and implementing new schemes as they are ready, so as to achieve constant results. On the other hand, we must also devote major efforts to the development of systems to underpin ecological progress. By adopting an overall perspective, we need to enhance top-level design and overall planning, and work to establish institutional arrangements and incentives that are conducive to the conservation of resources and the protection of environments. Through these efforts, we will guarantee the completion of the targets on ecological progress that have been set out in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, ensuring that by the year 2020 we can achieve an initial state of ecological progress that corresponds to China’s goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

（一）以主体功能定位为依据，加快优化国土空间开发格局

1. Optimizing our spatial planning on the basis of functional zones

国土是生态文明建设的空间载体。要根据我国国土空间多样性、非均衡性、脆弱性特征，按照人口资源环境相均衡、经济社会生态效益相统一的原则，统筹人口、经济、国土资源、生态环境，科学谋划开发格局，促进生产空间集约高效、生活空间宜居适度、生态空间山清水秀。

Land spaces represent the basic spatial medium for ecological progress. Taking into account the diversity, imbalances, and fragility that characterize China’s land spaces, and in accordance with the principles of seeking balance between populations, resources, and environments and unity between economic, social, and ecological benefits, we need to make overall plans concerning populations, economies, land resources, and ecological environments, and scientifically determine the geographical layout of our development. In doing so, we will strive to make our production spaces intensive and efficient, our living spaces agreeable and reasonable, and our ecological environments beautiful and pristine. 

一是坚定不移实施主体功能区战略。严格按照主体功能区定位推动发展，完善与主体功能区规划相配套的法规和政策，加强规划实施监督，在推动科学发展中形成各功能区的区域特色和竞争的比较优势。

Firstly, we must remain firmly committed to our strategy of functional zoning. We must promote development in strict accordance with the positioning of functional zones, improve laws and policies that complement functional zoning plans, enhance efforts to monitor the implementation of plans, and allow each functional zone to form its own regional features and competitive advantages during the course of scientific development.

二是大力提高城镇化集约智能绿色低碳水平。城镇化蕴含着巨大的需求潜力，只要规划好、布局好、建设好，就可以有效促进集约开发、均衡协调发展。但城镇也是消耗能源资源、排放温室气体的主体，未来我国将有一亿以上的农村人口逐步定居城镇，能源资源保障和生态环境保护压力很大。因此，从编制规划到建设管理的全过程、各方面，都要融入生态文明理念，积极推广绿色建筑标准、设计、建设，大力发展绿色交通，注意适当添绿留白，同时实施严格的用地、用水、用能节约管理，加强环境污染防治。

Secondly, we must devote major efforts to making our urbanization more intensive, intelligent, green, and low-carbon. The potential demand that may be released through urbanization is staggering. As long as we make sound plans, establish sound layouts, and engage in sound development initiatives, we will be able to effectively promote the intensive development of land as well as the balanced and coordinated development of different areas. However, urban areas are also responsible for the bulk of energy use, resource consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. In the years ahead, more than 100 million people are expected to leave the countryside and take up residence in urban areas. This means that we will come under serious pressure in our efforts to ensure the supply of energy and resources and to protect ecological environments. Therefore, it is important that we incorporate the notion of ecological progress into all aspects of our work, from the formulation of plans down to the administration of development initiatives. We must actively promote the widespread adoption of green building standards and the design and construction of green buildings, devote major efforts to the development of environmentally friendly transport, and pay attention to the establishment of green areas and developmental buffer zones. At the same time, we need to implement strict managerial requirements regarding the conservation of land, water, and energy, and enhance our efforts to prevent and rectify environmental pollution.

三是大力建设海洋强国。我国是海洋大国，保护海洋、经略海洋不仅涉及我国发展空间，也涉及国家战略安全。要确定和守住不再破坏生态平衡、不再影响生态功能、不再改变基本属性、已受损的生态系统不再退化的“四不”开发底线。沿海地区不能仅向海洋索取，更要加强海洋生态环境保护。要实施最严格的围填海管理和控制政策，对已遭到破坏的海洋区域进行生态整治和修复，努力使海洋生态环境逐步得到改善。

Thirdly, we must strive to establish China as a leading maritime nation. China is a major maritime nation. For this reason, the protection and management of ocean environments has a bearing not only on China’s development, but also on its national security. We must establish and stick to four “red lines” in the development of ocean areas: no longer damaging ecological balance; no longer undermining ecological functions; no longer changing basic properties; and ensuring that no further deterioration occurs to ecosystems that have already been damaged. Coastal areas cannot simply take from the ocean, but must also enhance their protection of ocean ecologies. In an effort to bring about the gradual improvement of ocean ecologies, we must enforce the strictest possible administration and control policies on coastal reclamation whilst rectifying and repairing ocean areas that have already been damaged.  

（二）以调整优化产业结构为抓手，有效减轻经济活动对资源环境带来的压力

2. Effectively reducing the pressure of economic activities on resources and environments through efforts to adjust and optimize industrial structures

从源头上缓解经济增长与资源环境之间的矛盾，必须抓好转方式、调结构、促转型，加快形成有利于生态文明建设的现代产业体系。

In order to mitigate the conflicts that exist between economic growth and the conservation of resources and environments at the source, we must focus our efforts on transforming our mode of development, restructuring our economy, and promoting the transformation of our industries, thereby accelerating the formation of a modern industrial structure that is conducive to ecological progress.  

一是下大决心化解产能过剩。要严控增量，各级政府和主管部门必须按中央要求，严禁核准产能严重过剩行业新增产能项目，违规项目尚未开工建设的不准开工，正在建设的项目一律停工。要逐步消化存量，有压减的指标和时间表，按照尊重规律、分业施策、多管齐下、标本兼治的原则，消化一批，转移一批，整合一批，淘汰一批，充分发挥市场机制作用和政府引导作用，逐步化解产能过剩矛盾。

Firstly, we must make a strong commitment to dissolving excess production capacity. We must impose rigorous controls on increases in our production capacity. Acting in line with the requirements of the central government, governments and pertinent authorities at all levels must strictly prohibit the approval of new projects that will increase production capacity in industries where there is serious excess production capacity. At the same time, with regard to projects that violate regulations, those yet to be launched should not be granted permission to begin construction, while those that have already begun construction must be stopped without exception. Gradual efforts must be made to digest the production capacity that we already have. Working in accordance with the principles of respecting objective laws, formulating policies on a per industry basis, taking multiple factors into account, and addressing both symptoms and root causes, we must digest, transfer, consolidate, and eliminate excess production capacity as needed in line with prescribed targets and timetables. During this process, we must fully exert market mechanisms and the guiding role of the government, so as to gradually resolve the problem of excess production capacity.

二是加快推进产业转型升级。既要有压，也得有增，在压增中转型升级，培育新的经济增长点。要大力发展战略性新兴产业、先进制造业，改造提升传统产业，推动服务业特别是现代服务业发展壮大。节能环保产业是重要的战略性新兴产业，是我国经济新的增长点，发展空间巨大。要通过深化改革，探索新机制、新方法，在更大范围、更广领域吸引更多社会资本参与到节能环保领域中。

Secondly, we must accelerate the transformation and upgrading of our industries. While some sectors should be suppressed, others should be allowed to grow. Therefore, we must strive to achieve the transformation and upgrading of our industries through policies that suppress growth in some areas while encouraging it in others, so as to cultivate new avenues of economic growth. To do this, we must make major efforts to develop strategic emerging industries and modern manufacturing industries; overhaul and upgrade traditional industries; and promote the development and strengthening of service industries, especially modern service industries. The energy conservation and environmental protection industries constitute important strategic emerging industries. As new growth drivers for China’s economy, they boast enormous potential for development. Through the deepening of reform, we need to explore new mechanisms and develop new approaches so that capital from a wider range of sources and sectors can enter the energy conservation and environmental protection sectors.   

三是充分发挥科技创新对生态文明建设的支撑作用。科技创新具有特别重要的意义，要坚持实施创新驱动发展战略，推动我国经济发展更多依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高和管理创新，减轻对生态环境的压力。积极运用高技术对农业、工业、服务业进行生态化改造，通过清洁生产实现资源节约、环境保护。加大技术研发力度，努力攻克大气污染控制、水体污染治理、废弃物资源化利用等关键技术，支撑生态文明建设，培育产业竞争新优势。

Thirdly, we must fully exert the underpinning role that scientific and technological innovation plays in the promotion of ecological progress. Bearing in mind the particular significance of scientific and technological innovation, we must remain committed to a strategy of driving development through innovation, and do more to establish China’s economic development on the basis of scientific and technological advances, improvements in the quality of the workforce, and innovation in management, so as to reduce the pressure that development exerts on ecological environments. We must actively apply advanced technologies to carry out the ecological transformation of our agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, and work to realize resource conservation and environmental protection through the application of clean production methods. At the same time, by devoting greater efforts to research and development, we should strive to make key technological breakthroughs with regard to controlling atmospheric pollution, treating pollution in water bodies, and utilizing waste as resources. Such technological advances will underpin our efforts to promote ecological progress while allowing us to foster new competitive advantages in industry.

四是大力发展循环经济。循环经济是对“大量生产、大量消费、大量废弃”传统增长方式和消费模式的根本变革，能够实现资源永续利用，源头预防环境污染，有效改善生态环境，促进经济发展与资源、环境相协调。要按照“减量化、再利用、资源化，减量化优先”的原则，以提高资源产出率为目标，推进生产、流通、消费各环节循环经济发展，加快构建覆盖全社会的资源循环利用体系。实施好循环经济“十百千”示范行动，建设一批资源综合利用、产业园区循环化改造、再生资源回收体系、“城市矿产”基地、再制造产业化等循环经济示范工程，加大推广力度，推动资源循环利用产业做大做强。

Fourthly, we must devote major efforts to the development of circular economies. Circular economies represent a fundamental departure from traditional modes of growth and consumption, which have typically been characterized by large-scale production, consumption, and waste. Circular economies allow for the sustainable utilization of resources, the prevention of pollution at the source, and the effective improvement of ecological environments, thereby promoting balance between economic development, resources, and environments. In promoting the development of circular economies, we must proceed in line with the principles of reduction, reutilization, and recovery, with the emphasis being placed on reduction. In line with the target of raising resource productivity, we should promote the development of circular economies in production, distribution, and consumption, and work faster to build a framework for the circular utilization of resources that covers society as a whole. In addition, we must ensure the sound implementation of the “Ten-Hundred-Thousand” scheme to showcase circular economies. To do this, we must proceed with a series of demonstration projects, including schemes for the comprehensive utilization of resources, initiatives to overhaul industrial parks with circular processes, systems for the retrieval of renewable resources, centers for recovering mineral resources from city wastes and schemes for the industrialization of remanufacturing. By stepping up our efforts to spread circular economies, we will promote the development of a larger and stronger sector for the circular utilization of resources.