李克强总理：关于深化经济体制改革的若干问题（中英对照）

二、改革要有勇气和智慧

II. Reform requires both courage and wisdom

现在改革进入攻坚期和深水区，需要改的多是重大问题和敏感问题，不少触及深层次社会矛盾，涉及利益关系调整，是难啃的硬骨头，有些多年一直想改但改不动。同时，国内外环境也发生了深刻变化，许多矛盾相互交织，各种诉求相互碰撞。改革的机遇前所未有，改革的复杂性、艰巨性和风险挑战也前所未有。面对这种情况，应该怎么办？我们别无选择。因为现在遇到的深层次矛盾和问题，已成为经济社会发展的“拦路虎”，躲不开、绕不过、拖不得，不改没有出路，慢了会贻误时机，付出的代价将更大。我们必须以强烈的历史使命感和责任感，以壮士断腕的决心和勇气，坚定不移地推进改革。对不合理的既得利益，该调整的要坚决调整，该破除的要坚决破除，不能畏首畏尾。要讲究策略和方法，审时度势、通权达变、相机而动，牢牢把握主动权，打好改革攻坚战。

Now that we have entered the “deep-end” of reform, a stage in which we must tackle many difficult challenges, most of the reforms that we are left with can be described as major and highly sensitive issues. Many of these issues touch on deep-seated social problems, and resolving them will inevitably require adjustments to the current balance of interests. As extremely tough issues to tackle, some of these reforms have already been stalled for a number of years, despite our intentions to press ahead with them. At the same time, profound changes have taken place in the domestic and international environments, with numerous problems becoming intertwined as different demands collide with one another. We may say that the opportunities for reform are unprecedented, but it is also true that the complexity, difficulty, risks, and challenges of reform are unprecedented, too. Then, how should we respond to such a situation? The fact of the matter is that we have no choice. This is because the deep-seated problems we are now encountering are already posing a formidable obstacle to our economic and social development, and this obstacle cannot be evaded, circumnavigated, or ignored. If we do not implement reform, we will have no way of moving forwards; and if we are slow to act on reform, we will miss an important window of opportunity, and the price we pay in the future will be greater as a result. Therefore, with a keen awareness of our historical mission and responsibility, we must advance reform with the determination and courage to take the knife to our own flesh where necessary. Where we encounter illegitimate vested interests, we must act resolutely and without misgiving to rebalance them or root them out as necessary. Moreover, we must employ calculated strategies and approaches, read the situation as it develops, adapt to changes, wait for the right moment to act, and seize the initiative firmly in our own hands, so as to mount a successful reform campaign. 

改革要同心勠力。上下同欲者胜。大家都知道汉代名将韩信背水一战的故事。当时韩信受命进击赵国，带着一支缺乏训练的队伍，面对的是十几倍于己的强敌。为激励士气，韩信背河布阵，不留后路，使得人自为战，以一当十，最后取得大捷。这个故事说明，只有上下同心，敢拼才会赢。我们推进改革，也必须上下同心，关键是各级领导干部率先垂范、以上率下。喊破嗓子不如甩开膀子、做出样子。领导有决心，群众才有信心。各级领导干部必须以舍我其谁的担当精神、时不我待的责任意识、敢为人先的创新勇气，去谋划和推动改革。同时，要把改革的重要性、紧迫性向群众讲清楚，使大家真正认识到，这场攸关国家前途和命运的改革，与每个社会成员都休戚相关，从而使改革拥有最广泛、最深厚的社会基础。只要人民群众理解改革、支持改革、投身改革，改革就能有效推进、取得成功。

Reform requires concerted efforts. We have a saying that those who share a common desire are sure to be victorious. We are all familiar with the story of how Han Xin, the great Han Dynasty general, inspired his soldiers to fight with extra ferocity by intentionally cutting their escape route and leaving them with no choice but to fight. At that time, Han Xin had been ordered to attack the state of Zhao. But his poorly trained troops were no match for a strong enemy that outnumbered them by more than ten-to-one. To encourage his soldiers to fight to the death, Han Xin formed his ranks on the bank of a river, leaving no escape route. With no choice but to fight for their own lives, each of Han Xin’s soldiers fought with the ferocity of ten enemy soldiers. In the end, Han Xin’s army scored a major victory against the army of Zhao. This story tells us that victory will be within our reach as long as we share the same purpose and have the courage to fight. Therefore, in advancing reform, it is essential that we share a common purpose. Most importantly, leading officials at all levels are required to set an example for everybody else to follow. Talking the talk is much less desirable than walking the walk, as the people will have faith only when the leaders have resolve. Therefore, leading officials at all levels must plan and promote reform with the initiative to take charge, the sense of responsibility to seize the moment, and the courage to innovate and do what nobody else has done before. At the same time, leading officials must make the importance and urgency of reform known to the public, enabling everyone to truly understand that reform, an issue that has a bearing on China’s future and its destiny, is closely related to each and every member of society. This will help us to ensure that reform is underpinned by the widest and deepest possible social foundation. As long as the people understand, support, and devote themselves to reform, there is no doubt that we will be able to advance reform effectively and successfully.

改革要善谋善为。一个重要方面就是要坚持加强顶层设计与摸着石头过河相结合。改革到了现在这个阶段，确实需要顶层设计，以确保改革的正确方向，在重大关系和关键环节上不出大的问题。经过多年的探索实践，我们积累了较为丰富的改革经验，具备了做好顶层设计的条件。要从战略全局出发，精心进行顶层设计和整体谋划，做好不同改革措施的相互配套与衔接，全面协调推进改革。但也要看到，仅仅有顶层设计是不够的，因为中国地域广袤，各地情况千差万别，现阶段的改革又非常复杂，许多情况事先难以预料，需要摸着石头过河，以探索路径、积累经验。对那些必须取得突破但一时还把握不准的重大改革，要鼓励和支持一些具备条件的地方先行先试，或者在改革试验区进行探索。成功了就及时推广，出现问题就及时纠错，把风险和影响控制在局部范围。这样做，是积极而又稳妥推进改革顺利实施的有效方法。只有走得稳，才能走得快、走得好。我们要坚持试点先行、逐步推广，通过渐进式、累积式改革，集腋成裘、积微成著，赢得最终的成功。

Reform requires sound planning and execution. An important aspect of sound planning and execution will be maintaining a combined approach of strengthening top-level design and “feeling out the stones to cross the river.” At our current stage of reform, it is indeed true that we must engage in top-level design to ensure that reform proceeds in the right direction and that major errors are not made in key and critical areas. Having gained substantial experience through our initiatives and explorations in reform over the years, we are now in a good position to engage in top-level design. With the overall strategic picture in mind, we must meticulously carry out top-level design and overall planning, advancing reform in a comprehensive and integrated fashion by matching and linking various different reform initiatives. However, we also need to be aware that top-level design alone is not enough. This is due not only to China’s sheer size and its huge regional variation, but also to the inherent complexity of a phase of reform in which so many things are difficult to predict in advance. For this reason, we must “feel out the stones to cross the river,” building up experience as we plot the route ahead. In the case of major reforms where breakthroughs are needed but we are unsure on how to proceed for this moment, we should encourage localities with the right conditions to engage in preliminary trials, or engage in explorations in our experimental reform zones. Where successful, these reform trials should be promptly replicated on a wider scale; where problems occur, remedial action should be promptly taken to limit the resulting risks and impacts to a local scale. This constitutes an effective means of advancing reform in an active yet prudent manner. In other words, we must be able to walk steadily before we can expect to walk quickly and gracefully. Therefore, it is important that we remain committed to engaging in trials and replicating successful practices gradually; to carrying out reform in a progressive and incremental fashion; and to piecing together small initiatives into major undertakings, so as to ultimately achieve success in reform.

三、改革要让人民群众受益

III. Reform must benefit the people

全面深化改革要以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点。这是中国特色社会主义本质要求所决定，是我们党和政府的宗旨与性质所决定，也是决定改革成败的关键。如果人民群众不能从改革中受益，这样的改革就没有意义，也不会得到人民拥护。让人民群众受益，就是要促进权利公平、机会公平、规则公平，使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。

In setting out to comprehensively deepen reform, we must regard promoting social equity and justice and improving the people’s wellbeing as the fundamental purpose of our initiatives. This purpose is dictated by the inherent requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics and by the tenets and nature of the Party and the government. It is the key to whether our reforms succeed or fail. Reforms that do not allow the people to benefit are meaningless, and they will not be supported by the people. When we speak of allowing the people to benefit, what we are saying is that we must promote equal rights, equal opportunities, and fair rules, so that all people can benefit more fairly and more thoroughly from the fruits of development.

我们以往的改革能以燎原之势铺开、一步一步深入推进，根本原因就在于给人民带来实实在在的利益、带来了公平参与和发展的机会，得到了广大人民的拥护。去年以来，很多领域的改革能够顺利推进、取得成效，也是这个道理。今后改革的环境条件和重点任务会变，但让人民群众受益的要求不会变，也不能变。改革是最大的动力，也是最大的红利。我们要建立公平有效的体制机制，使改革的红利、发展的成果让人民群众共享。现在利益分配确实还有很多不合理的地方，必须进行调整。但调整利益不能只以静态的观点、在既有利益格局下切“蛋糕”，更要用动态的、发展的眼光，着眼于增量利益，在做大“蛋糕”的同时分好“蛋糕”。即使是既有利益格局调整，也不能简单地搞平均主义那一套。首先要把贫困人群和低收入者的利益保障好维护好，让他们在改革中获得更多的发展机会；要让中等收入阶层逐步扩大，使他们拥有更大的发展空间；还要保护高收入者的合法利益，为他们放开手脚、投资兴业创造更好的发展环境。要使不同社会群体各展其能、各得其所，让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本的活力竞相迸发，让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流，从而形成一个各阶层各方面广泛参与和支持改革的局面。现在我国人均GDP近6800美元，改革和发展的路子走对了，到2020年就会超过1万美元，以后还会更多。我们通过发展、通过增量来理顺利益关系、优化利益格局的余地很大，让人民群众普遍受益的空间也很大。

In the past, our reforms were able to spread like wildfire, going deeper and deeper one step at a time. Fundamentally speaking, this was possible because they presented the people with very tangible benefits, and because they brought opportunities for equal participation and development, which allowed them to win the widespread support of the people. The same may be said of the reform initiatives that we have been carrying out in various areas since last year, which have progressed smoothly and yielded sound results. While the external conditions and focal points of our reforms will change in the future, their purpose of benefiting the people will not and cannot change. Reform not only represents our most important source of impetus for development; it is also our single greatest dividend contributor. By establishing fair and effective systems and mechanisms, we will ensure that the dividends of reform and the fruits of development are shared among the people. Admittedly, there are still numerous irrationalities in the way that interests are distributed in China, and adjustments must be made in this regard. However, we cannot view this balance of interests in static terms alone, simply redistributing the “pie” we already have within the existing framework of interests; rather, we need to adopt a dynamic and developmental approach, placing our focus on creating more and making the “pie” bigger whilst trying to divide it more fairly. Even when we are making adjustments to the existing balance of interests, we cannot simply adopt the egalitarian approach of dividing everything out evenly. Firstly, we need to safeguard the interests of impoverished and low-income groups, allowing them to obtain more opportunities from reform; secondly, we must facilitate the gradual expansion of middle-income earners, giving them more space in which to develop; and thirdly, we need to protect the legitimate interests of high-income earners, providing them with a better environment for development, one in which they are given free rein to invest and launch business ventures. We must allow each group in our society to tap their full potential and find their rightful place; unleash the vitality of all labor, knowledge, technology, managerial expertise, and capital; and give full play to all sources of social wealth. By doing so, we will be able to bring about a situation in which all social strata and all interested parties participate widely in and support reform. China’s GDP per capita is currently almost US$ 6,800. With the right approach to reform and development, it will exceed US$ 10,000 by the year 2020, and will continue to grow after that. With development and growth, there is still a great deal we can do to straighten out and optimize the balance of interests. Accordingly, there is still a great deal we can do to universally benefit the people.