李克强总理：关于深化经济体制改革的若干问题（中英对照）

八、注重依靠改革推进结构调整

VIII. A focus needs to be placed on promoting economic restructuring through reform

我国已进入只有调整经济结构、转变发展方式才能持续发展的关键时期。推进结构调整，必须也只能依靠改革，从一定意义上说本身也是改革。我国经济结构不合理问题，症结在于不合理的体制机制导致的资源配置扭曲和僵化。调整经济结构，要从实施结构改革入手，改变不合理的体制机制，让市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，才能釜底抽薪，真正收到成效。否则再用老办法，主要运用行政手段，结果只能是调不动、调得慢、调不好，甚至出现反复，这已经为实践所证明。当前和今后一个时期，推进结构调整，要着力在推进市场化改革上下功夫，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，创新体制机制，加强政策引导，推动发展从粗放型向集约型转变，从国际产业分工中低端向中高端提升，从城乡区域不平衡向均衡协调迈进，实现更有效率、更加公平、更可持续的发展。要在结构调整的各个领域、各个环节，推出有针对性的改革举措和差别化促进政策，使结构调整更多依靠改革创新来驱动。

China has now entered a critical stage of development in which the continuation of economic development will only be possible through economic restructuring and the transformation of the country’s economic growth model. To promote the restructuring of our economy, we must and can only rely on reform. In fact, in a certain sense, relying on reform to achieve economic restructuring is in itself a kind of reform. The problem with China’s economic structure lies in the distorted and rigid allocation of resources as a result of irrational systems and mechanisms. Therefore, in carrying out economic restructuring, our focus must be placed on reforming irrational structures within our economy. Only by reforming irrational systems and mechanisms and allowing the market to play the decisive role in resource allocation will we be able to fundamentally address the problems in our economic structure and gain genuine results in reform. If we continue to rely on old methods, that is, to promote restructuring primarily through administrative means, our economic restructuring is sure to be arduous, slow, and poor in effect, and may even see progress being gained and lost in a repeated fashion. This has already been demonstrated by our experiences in the past. Going forwards, the focus of our efforts to promote economic restructuring must be placed on market-based reform. Specifically, by allowing the market to play the decisive role in the allocation of resources, enabling the government to play its role more effectively, developing new systems and mechanisms, and enhancing policy guidance, we will make the transition from extensive to intensive growth, climb towards the middle and high-end of the international division of labor, and make progress towards achieving balanced development between urban and rural areas and among different regions, so as to realize development that is more efficient, more equitable, and more sustainable. In order to ensure that economic restructuring is driven predominantly by reform and innovation, we should introduce specifically tailored reform measures and differentiated policies for each respective area and aspect of restructuring. 

第一，构建扩大内需长效机制。我们要实现持续发展，最大的潜力在内需。要坚持把扩大内需作为经济发展的主要引擎，这也是重大的结构调整。要发挥好消费的基础作用和投资的关键作用，不断增强内需的拉动力。要把促进消费特别是居民消费作为扩大内需的着力点，既要深化收入分配制度改革、多措并举促进城乡居民收入增长、解决没钱花的问题，也要完善社会保障制度、解决有钱不敢花的问题，还要改善消费环境、培育新的消费增长点，解决有钱不愿花、没处花的问题，释放有效需求。要大力促进服务消费发展，鼓励社会力量办医办学办养老等，提供多样化的产品和服务。要推进国内贸易流通体制改革，清除抑制消费的各种不合理规章制度，整顿和规范市场秩序、严厉打击制售假冒伪劣商品行为，建设法制化的营商环境。要支持发展网络销售等新业态，这方面潜力巨大。同时，要继续创新投融资体制机制，推动投资主体多元化，加快实行统一的市场准入制度，进一步释放民间投资潜力，促进固定资产合理增长。

First, we need to establish long-term mechanisms to promote the growth of domestic demand. China’s greatest source of untapped potential for the realization of sustainable development lies in domestic demand. Thus, our commitment to making domestic demand the primary engine for economic growth reflects a major structural readjustment in itself. In a bid to constantly boost domestic demand as a driving force for growth, we need to give full play to the fundamental role of consumption and fully exert the crucial role of investment. We need to make promoting consumption, especially consumer spending, the focus of our efforts to boost domestic demand. In doing so, we should exert ourselves in three areas: first, we must deepen the reform of income distribution and adopt multiple measures to promote the growth of incomes in urban and rural areas, so as to address the lack of disposable income among consumers; second, we must make further improvements to our social safety nets, so as to address the worries that consumers have with regard to spending their disposable income; and third, we must create a better environment for consumption and foster new growth areas in consumption, so as to address the unwillingness of consumers to spend their disposable income and the lack of opportunities to spend. Through these efforts, we will release more effective demand. We need to vigorously promote the development of service-related consumption, encourage non-government investment in health care, education, and care for the elderly, and facilitate the provision of a wider range of products and services. We need to advance the reform of systems for the domestic circulation of goods, abolish various unreasonable regulations and systems that hinder consumption, rectify and standardize market practices, crack down on the production and sale of counterfeit, fake, and shoddy goods, and establish a legally-regulated environment for business. At the same time, we also need to develop new forms of commerce that boast huge potential for development, such as the sale of goods and services over the Internet. In addition to the above, we must continue to develop new and innovative systems and mechanisms for investment and financing, promote greater diversity in investors, and accelerate the implementation of uniform market access requirements, so as to further unleash the potential of non-government investment and promote the reasonable growth of fixed assets.

第二，统筹推进城乡一体化改革。城乡二元结构是不合理经济结构的突出表现和重要根源。改变城乡二元结构，必须建立城乡一体化发展体制机制。为此，要进一步放活农民，放手让农民去闯市场，形成农业现代化和新型城镇化相辅相成的局面。在推进现代农业制度建设方面，主要是坚持和完善农村基本经营制度，加快实施承包地确权登记颁证，鼓励土地经营权流转，发展适度规模经营；完善农产品价格形成机制，启动大豆、棉花目标价格补贴试点；完善农业补贴等政策，促进农业集约化和可持续发展。在推进新型城镇化体制机制建设方面，主要是加快户籍制度改革，出台差别化落户政策；实施流动人口居住证制度，建立与居住年限相挂钩的基本公共服务提供机制；围绕农业转移人口市民化成本分担机制、多元化可持续城镇化的投融资机制等，组织开展新型城镇化改革试点。

Second, we need to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas under coordinated planning. The dualistic urban-rural structure is both a key manifestation and an important cause of China’s irrational economic structure. In setting out to address the dualistic urban-rural structure, it is essential that we establish a range of systems and mechanisms to facilitate the integrated development of urban and rural areas. In doing so, we need to allow farmers to realize their potential by giving them free rein to enter the market, so as to create a new situation in which the modernization of agriculture and our new type of urbanization complement and reinforce each other. With regard to promoting the development of systems for modern agriculture, we mainly need to take the following steps: first, on the basis of upholding and improving our basic rural operational system, we must accelerate our initiatives to determine, register, and certify rights to contracted farmland, encourage the transfer of the rights to use contracted land, and develop agricultural operations of a moderate scale; second, we need to improve mechanisms for the pricing of farm products, and launch trials for the target price subsidization of soybeans and cotton; and third, we need to improve policies on agricultural subsidies and promote the intensive and sustainable development of agriculture. With regard to promoting the development of systems and mechanisms for a new type of urbanization, we mainly need to take the following steps: first, we need to accelerate the reform of our household registration system and introduce differentiated polices on the integration of rural migrant workers into cities as permanent urban residents; second, we need to introduce residency permits for the floating population and establish mechanisms to tie the provision of basic public services to permit holders’ length of residence; and third, we need to carry out reform trials pertaining to various aspects of our new type of urbanization, such as cost-sharing mechanisms for the integration of rural residents into cities as permanent urban residents and diverse investment and financing mechanisms to support urbanization on a sustainable basis.

第三，探索建立区域均衡发展机制。解决区域发展不平衡问题，既是结构调整的重大任务，也是激发巨大发展潜力的重要途径，关键要建立有效的促进机制。要在实施好西部大开发、东北振兴、中部崛起、东部率先这一区域发展战略部署的基础上，谋划区域发展大棋局，由东向西、由沿海向内地，依托大江大河和陆路交通干线，培育新的区域经济支撑带，形成新的增长极，构建我国梯度发展新格局，促进区域均衡、协调发展。要依托长江建设经济增长新支撑带，同时加快其他新支撑带建设的研究规划。推进长三角地区经济一体化，深化泛珠三角区域经济合作，加强环渤海及京津冀地区协同发展。为此，要着力消除市场分割、地区封锁和行政性垄断，依靠市场力量和区域差别化政策引导，促进统一市场形成，开展公平竞争。建立多元的投融资机制，支持发展跨区域大交通、大流通，构建基础设施互联互通新体系。要针对跨区域、次区域和经济新支撑带发展，提高区域差别化政策的精准性，促进区域基本公共服务均等化。

Third, we need to establish mechanisms to promote balanced regional development. Addressing the problem of imbalanced regional development not only represents one of our major goals in economic restructuring, but also constitutes a major approach to unleashing our huge potential for development. The key to addressing unbalanced regional development lies in the establishment of effective growth-promotion mechanisms. Working on the basis of our existing regional development strategy, which consists of vigorously developing western China, revitalizing the old industrial bases of northeast China, spurring the rise of central China, and supporting the spearhead development of eastern China, we need to plot out an overall layout for China’s regional development that extends from eastern regions to western regions and from coastal regions to inland regions. Specifically, by fostering new regional economic development belts and new growth poles along the routes of major rivers and land transportation arteries, we will establish a new layout for China’s economic development that stretches from east to west in a cascade fashion. This will help us to achieve balanced and coordinated development across different regions. We also need to establish a new economic development belt along the Yangtze River, and accelerate the planning of other new economic development belts. We need to promote economic integration in the Yangtze River Delta, deepen regional economic cooperation in the Pan-Pearl River Delta, and enhance coordinated development in the Bohai Rim and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. To achieve this, we must eliminate market barriers, local blockades, and administrative monopolies, and rely on both market forces and differentiated regional policies to promote the formation of a unified market in which fair competition can take place. In addition, we need to establish diverse mechanisms for investment and financing, support the development of large scale transit and circulation across regions, and develop a new inter-linking network of infrastructure. With regard to development across regions, within subregions, and in new economic development belts, we need to enhance the precision of our differentiated policies and promote the achievement of universal standards in the provision of basic public services.

第四，以创新驱动产业结构优化升级。调整产业结构，原动力在创新。要依靠创新驱动，辅之以差别化产业政策引导，促进产业有进有退，由全球价值链中低端向中高端跃升。坚持通过市场竞争实现优胜劣汰，鼓励企业兼并重组，强化环保、安全、能耗、用地等标准，清理各种优惠政策，促进落后、过剩产能退出，严控新上增量。推进企业加快技术改造，促进传统产业升级。建设创新平台，开展区域集聚试点，推动战略性新兴产业发展。服务业是我国产业结构中的“短板”，要依靠改革推动和开放倒逼加快发展，重点是将增值税覆盖至生产和服务的全部环节，推进金融、教育、文化、体育、医疗、养老等服务业领域有序开放，放宽外资准入限制。科技进步对产业发展和结构调整的支撑和引领作用日益凸显，要建立有效机制，强化企业在技术创新中的主体地位，调动科研人员积极性，使科技与产业紧密结合。坚持以不断深化改革，推动转方式调结构，促进中国经济提质增效升级。

Fourth, we need to drive the optimization and upgrading of our industrial structure through innovation. The impetus for the restructuring of our industries will come from innovation. By taking innovation as a driving force and supporting it with differentiated industrial policies, we will promote the advance of certain industries while urging the withdrawal of others, so as to push China towards the middle and the high-end of the international value chain. We will continue to draw on market competition to encourage the survival of the fittest, facilitate companies in engaging in mergers and reorganizations, and enhance standards pertaining to environmental protection, safety, energy consumption, and land use. We will straighten out various preferential policies, urge the exit of backward and excess production capacity, and impose strict controls on the increase of such production capacity. We will urge companies to accelerate their technological upgrading, and promote the upgrading of our traditional industries. At the same time, we need to establish new platforms for innovation, launch trials for regional clustering of specific industries, and promote the development of emerging industries of strategic significance. The service sector represents a weak area in China’s industrial structure. For this reason, we must promote the accelerated development of our service sector directly through reform and indirectly through opening up. In doing so, our key areas of focus will be extending the coverage of VAT to cover all aspects of production and services; promoting the orderly opening up of service industries such as finance, education, culture, sports, health care, and elderly care; and easing restrictions on the entry of foreign capital into these industries. The role of technological advances as both a supporting foundation and driving force for the development and restructuring of industry is becoming increasingly evident. Therefore, through the establishment of effective mechanisms, we must boost the core role of enterprises in technological innovation, fully motivate those engaged in scientific research, and forge close ties between technology and industry. With a commitment to constantly deepening reform, we will drive the transformation of China’s economic growth model, promote the restructuring of its economy, and raise the quality and efficiency of its economic development.

推进经济体制改革，意义重大，任务艰巨。我们要紧密团结在以习近平同志为总书记的党中央周围，高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，锐意进取，攻坚克难，努力做好深化经济体制改革的各项工作，促进经济社会持续健康发展，为全面建成小康社会、建设富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而奋斗！

Economic reform is an arduous yet hugely significant task. Rallying closely around the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as General Secretary, we must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development as our guide, forge ahead with determination, tackle challenges head-on, commit ourselves to our various tasks in deepening economic reform, and promote the sustained and healthy development of our economy and society. In doing so, we will work tirelessly to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, establish a modern socialist country that is strong, prosperous, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious, and realize the Chinese Dream – the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.