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--Speech
at Council on Foreign Relations ——在美国外交关系协会的演讲
World
Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim 世界银行集团行长金墉
Washington,
DC, United States 华盛顿，美国
April
1, 2014 2014年4月1日
Thank
you, Michelle, for that kind introduction, and thanks also to our host, the
Council on Foreign Relations, for inviting me today to deliver the David A.
Morse Lecture. I am honored to be here and I’d like to use this opportunity to
talk about some fundamental issues in global development and the World Bank
Group’s role in helping countries and the private sector meet those great
challenges ahead.
谢谢米歇尔的热情介绍，也感谢我们的东道主外交关系委员会今天邀请我来戴维·莫尔斯讲座发表演讲。我很荣幸来到这里，我想利用这个机会谈谈全球发展的一些根本问题以及世界银行集团在帮助各国和私营部门迎接未来巨大挑战中的作用。
For
a very long time, the rich have known to some extent how the poor around the
world live. What’s new in today’s world is that the best-kept secret from the
poor, namely, how the rich live, is now out. Through the village television,
the Internet and hand-held instruments, which a rapidly increasing number of
the poor possess, life-styles of the rich and the middle class – about which
they earlier had only foggy ideas – retransmitted in full color to their homes
every day. And that has made all the difference.
很长一段时间，富人在一定程度上知道世界各地的穷人是如何生活的。当今世界的最新情况是，对穷人严守的最大秘密——即，有钱人是如何生活的——现在已经暴露无遗。拥有电视、互联网和各种手持仪器的穷人迅速增加，过去穷人对美欧国家富人和中产阶级的生活方式只有模糊的概念，而如今这些每天都通过彩色图像传输到他们的家里。这可是天壤之别。
The
political turbulence we’re seeing all around the world has varied proximate
causes, but a lot of it’s fundamentally rooted in this one new feature of today’s
world. The question that nearly everyone who lives in the developing world is
asking themselves is how can they and their children have the economic
opportunity that so many others in the world enjoy? Everyone knows how everyone
else lives.
我们看到世界各地发生的政治动荡有着各种直接的起因，但一个根本的原因就在于当今世界的这个新特点。生活在发展中国家的几乎每一个人都在问自己一个问题：他们和他们的子女怎样才能拥有世界上那么多人都拥有的经济机会？每个人都知道别人是如何生活的。
Last
year, when I traveled with President Evo Morales to a Bolivian village 14,000
feet above sea level, to play soccer of all things, villagers snapped pictures
on their smart phones of our arrival. When I visited a neighborhood in Uttar
Pradesh, the state in India with the highest number of poor people, I found
Indians watching Korean soap operas on their smart phones. It’s not a great mystery
why everyone wants more opportunity for themselves and especially for their
children.
我去年在玻利维亚和莫拉莱斯总统一起去了一个海拔14000英尺的村庄，去踢足球，在我们到达时，村民们都拿着智能手机对着我们拍照。我访问印度最贫困的北方邦的一个街区时，我发现印度人在智能手机上看韩国肥皂剧。为什么每个人都希望得到更多，特别是为自己的子女，这已不是未解之谜。
We
live in an unequal world. The gaps between the rich and poor are as obvious
here in Washington, D.C., as they are in any capital. Yet, those excluded from
economic progress remain largely invisible to many of us in the rich world. In
the words of Pope Francis, and I quote, “That homeless people freeze to death
on the street is not news. But a drop … in the stock market is a tragedy.”
我们生活在一个不平等的世界。贫富差距在华盛顿特区和在任何其他国家的首都一样显而易见。那些被经济进步排斥在外的人群在很大程度上仍被我们许多生活在发达国家的人视而不见。用教皇方济各的话来说：“无家可归的人冻死街头不是新闻，股市下跌10个点才是悲剧。”
While
we in the rich world may be blind to the suffering of the poor, the poor
throughout the world are very much aware of how the rich live. And they have
shown they are willing to take action.
虽然我们生活在发达国家的人可能对穷人的痛苦视而不见，但世界各地的穷人却十分了解富人的生活，而且他们已表明他们愿意采取行动。
We
must not remain voluntarily blind to the impact of economic choices on the poor
and vulnerable – not only because of the moral argument of treating your
neighbor with dignity but also because of the economic argument that when
growth includes women, young people, and the poor, we all benefit. Inequalities
hurt everyone. Women’s low economic participation creates income losses of 27
percent in the Middle East and North Africa. Inclusive growth, in contrast,
builds a stronger, more robust social contract between people and their
government – and builds stronger economies. If we raised women’s employment to
the levels of men, for instance, average income would rise by 19 percent in
South Asia and 14 percent in Latin America.
我们决不能对经济抉择给贫困和弱势人群造成的影响继续故意视而不见
——这不仅是因为从道义上我们主张应以尊严对待邻居，也因为从经济上我们主张增长应包容妇女、青年和穷人才能使人人受益。不平等使所有人受到伤害。中东北非的妇女经济参与率低造成的收入损失高达27%。与此相反，包容性增长在人民与政府之间构成更强大、更可靠的社会契约，也建立起更强大的经济。例如，如果我们将妇女就业率提高到与男性同等水平，可以使南亚的平均收入水平上升19%，拉美的平均收入水平上升14%。
One
year ago, the Governors of the World Bank Group endorsed two new goals – first,
that we will commit our energies to end extreme poverty by 2030. People in
extreme poverty live on less than a dollar and a quarter a day – less than the
coins that many of us empty from our pockets each night. And yet more than a
billion people in middle-income and poor countries today survive on less than
that.
一年前，世界银行集团理事会批准了两大新目标：第一，我们将集中精力到2030年终结极度贫困。极贫人口每天的生活费不到1.25美元，还不到我们很多人每天晚上从口袋里清出的硬币。但是目前中等收入国家和贫困国家还有10多亿人就靠这点钱挣扎求生。
The
second goal endorsed by our Governors is that we will work to ensure that the
benefits of prosperity are shared by the bottom 40 percent of people in
developing countries. But we know, that even if countries grow at the same
rates as over the past 20 years, if the income distribution remains the same,
world poverty will fall to only 7.7 percent in 2030 – from 17.7 percent
globally in 2010.* In the past 20 years, the world was able to lift roughly 35
million people out of extreme poverty each year on average. But if we are going
to reach our goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030, we need to help 50 million
people a year raise themselves out of poverty.
我们理事会批准的第二个目标是确保发展中国家底层40%的人口能够共享经济繁荣的好处。不过我们知道，即使各国以过去20年同样的速度增长，如果收入分配保持不变，到2030年世界贫困率只会从2010年的17.7％下降到7.7％。在过去的20年里，全世界实现了平均每年使3500万极贫人口脱贫。但是，如果我们想要在2030年达到终结极度贫困的目标，我们需要每年帮助5000万人脱贫。
We
know that the fundamental problems of the world today affect not millions, but
billions of us. Nearly 2 billion people
lack access to energy. An estimated two-and-a-half billion people lack access
to basic financial services. And all of us – all 7 billion of us – face an
impending disaster from climate change if we do not act today with a plan equal
to the challenge.
我们知道当今世界的根本问题影响的不是几百万人，而是几十亿人。近20亿人无法获得能源。据估计有25亿人无法获得基本的金融服务。而我们所有人——全世界70亿人口—— 都面临气候变化即将带来的灾难，除非我们今天就行动起来，拿出相应的对策。
Martin
Luther King once said, “The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends
towards justice.” Today we must ask ourselves whether we, like Dr. King did in
his life, are doing all we can to forcefully bend the arc of history toward
justice, toward helping lift more than a billion people out of the devastation of extreme poverty. I
am now 21 months into my tenure as president of the World Bank Group and I ask
myself this question every day.
马丁·路德·金曾经说过：“道德宇宙的弧线是漫长的，但它会偏向正义。”今天我们必须扪心自问，我们是否像金博士生前那样尽己所能，尽力弯曲历史的弧线使其偏向正义，使其偏向帮助10多亿人摆脱极贫的灾难。我担任世界银行集团行长21个月以来，每天都在扪心自问。
Just
three months after I started, we defined ourselves as a “Solutions Bank” that
will marshal our vast reserves of evidence and experiential knowledge and apply
them to local problems. A year into my job, the Board endorsed our twin goals,
and just six months ago, the Board endorsed our strategy, aligning our
operations to meet the goals. Since then, we have made substantial changes, and
we are well on our way to becoming the Solutions Bank we envisioned to help our
clients tackle the toughest challenges to meet the twin goals.
我上任刚三个月时，我们将自己定义为一个“解决方案银行”，利用我们大量的实证和知识经验储备，用于解决当地的问题。我上任一周年之际，执董会批准了我们的两大目标。半年前，执董会批准了我们的战略，根据这些目标调整了我们的业务。从那时以来，我们进行了实质性的变革，而且我们正在成为我们设想的“解决方案银行”，帮助我们的客户应对最严峻的挑战以实现两大目标。
You
know, I feel fortunate that I work in an institution that has so much intellectual
depth – nearly 1000 economists and 2000 PhDs …and those PhDs will have at least
4,000 points of view on any given issue.
In my time at the World Bank Group, you can imagine that I’ve had no
shortage of pointed advice from my staff.
你们知道，我感到庆幸的是我任职的机构人才济济——有将近1000名经济学家和2000名博士——而且这些博士们在任何一个问题上都至少有4000种观点。我在世界银行集团期间，你们可以想像我从来不乏来自员工的尖锐意见。
Their
passion and insight remind me on a daily basis that our people care deeply
about their mission. We recently took a survey of staff and one result was
especially encouraging: 90 percent said they were proud to work at the World
Bank Group. Now our responsibility is to build an institution that takes all
that experience, talent and knowledge and makes it user friendly to any country
or company that needs it.
他们的热情和洞察力每天都在提醒我：我们的员工十分在意自己的使命。我们最近开展了一项员工调查，其结果特别令人鼓舞：90％的员工表示他们对在世界银行集团工作感到自豪。现在我们的责任是构建一个集中全部经验、人才和知识、使其更便于任何有需求的国家或企业使用的机构。
We
need to work differently in order to reflect one of the indisputable new
realities in the world -- governments and companies can turn to many places for
financing and knowledge. Our comparative advantage has to be so clear that
countries, companies, and other partners will seek us out for the best
on-the-ground experience and advice available anywhere. We now will work more
cohesively across our institution -- so that staff in the Bank who work in the
public sector, staff in IFC, who work in the private sector, and staff in MIGA,
who provide risk insurance and guarantees, will bring their collective
experience together to better serve our clients.
我们需要改变工作方式，才能反映出世界上的一个不争的新现实——政府和企业可以从很多地方寻求融资和知识。我们的比较优势必须清晰可见，以便国家、企业和其他合作伙伴来向我们寻求世间可以找到的最佳实地经验和建议。现在我们整个机构各部门要更加紧密合作，以使从事公共部门工作的世行员工、从事私营部门工作的国际金融公司员工和提供风险保险和担保的多边投资担保机构的员工把他们的集体经验集中起来，更好地为客户服务。
We’ve
also created what we call “global practices,” which will become communities of
experts in 14 areas, such as water, health, finance, agriculture, and
energy. In the next few days, we’ll be
announcing most of the heads of these practices.
我们还建立了我们称为“全球实践”部门，这些部门将形成14个专业领域的专家团队，比如水、卫生、金融、农业和能源。在接下来的几天里，我们将宣布大部分实践部门的主管任命。
Imagine
what it would be like if I were naming you as the senior director of our water
practice. You would be responsible for designing investments in water and
sanitation so that girls, for example, aren’t walking miles every morning to
the nearest river for cooking and cleaning instead of going to school. Soon,
you would have around 200 water experts on your team. You and your management
team would look across our water projects in the world and deploy these experts
to Bangladesh, Peru, China, or Angola, for instance, making choices to move
holders of particular knowledge to specific countries to address a local
problem. Your task, more than anything
else, would be to deliver solutions. You would be expected to find the best
approaches in water and sanitation that will help millions of poor people lift
themselves out of poverty. In my opinion, you and your 200 experts would have
the best jobs in the world in your field.
想象一下，假如我任命你担任水资源实践部门的高级主管，那会是怎么样。比如，你负责设计水与环境卫生投资项目，为了让女孩子们不用每天早上走很远的路到距离最近的小河去取水做饭和洗衣服，而不是去上学。不久，你的团队里会拥有大约200名水利专家。你环顾我们在世界各地的水务项目，并开始把这些专家部署到孟加拉、秘鲁、中国或安哥拉，做出选择将拥有特定知识的人才派到特定国家去解决当地的问题。你与借款国、世行管理层和执董会合作，为水资源设定全球目标。你时刻牢记世界上还有25亿人没有适当的卫生设施。你确保不断推动具有变革潜力的项目，而且你监测项目的成功与否。你最重要的任务是提供解决方案。对你的期望是找到水与环境卫生领域的最佳模式，能够帮助亿万贫苦大众脱贫。在我看来，你和你的200名专家拥有在你的专业领域里世界上最好的工作。
Our
entire leadership at the World Bank Group, including the heads of global
practices, will be responsible for spreading knowledge and then scaling up
successful programs -- what we have called a “science of delivery.” Delivery is
about ensuring that the intended results reach the intended beneficiaries at or
near the expected cost. In order to deliver at scale, we need to curate
knowledge, excel at problem solving, deal with complex systems, address social
goals, and measure effectiveness. If we
can deliver on our promises, we will have a transformational impact on the
world.
我们世界银行集团的整个领导层，包括各全球实践部门的主管，将负责传播知识和扩大成功项目的规模，即我们所说的“交付科学”。交付就是确保以预期或接近预期的成本使预期的成果惠及预期的受益人。为了实现规模化，我们需要管理知识，擅长解决问题，对付复杂系统，推进社会目标，衡量工作成效。如果我们能够兑现承诺，就会给世界带来巨大的影响。
The
world’s development needs, of course, far outstrip the World Bank Group’s
abilities to address them. But we can do much, much more. In order to meet the
increased demand that we are expecting as we get better at delivering knowledge
and solutions to our clients, we’re strengthening our financial capability to
scale up our revenue and stretch our capital.
当然，世界的发展需求远远超出世界银行集团满足需求的能力。但我们可以做的更多更多。随着我们向客户提供知识和解决方案的水平不断提高，为了满足预期之中的需求上升，我们不断加强我们的财政能力，扩大收入规模，拓展资本来源。 |
