Labor 劳动
Let me now turn to my second “L”
this morning, to what comes after learning—labor. Letting women flourish and
achieve their true potential in the world of work.
我现在来谈谈我今天上午想说的第二个“L”——学习之后，是劳动。让女性在工作中蓬勃发展，实现她们真正的潜力。
Women represent half of the world’s
population. Yet they represent far less than half of measured economic
activity.
女性占世界人口的一半。但是，在可统计的经济活动中，她们所占比例远远不到一半。
Today, there are about 865
million women around the world who have the potential to contribute more
fully—almost a “blocked billion”.
今天，世界各地大约8.65亿女性尚未充分参与劳动——几乎可以说是“被封闭的十亿人”。
Everywhere around the world, men
participate more than women. These gender gaps range from 12 percent in the
OECD economies to 50 percent in the Middle East and North Africa.
在世界各地，男性的劳动参与度都大于女性。这种性别差距在经合组织国家是12%，在中东和北非是50%。
When women do participate, they
tend to be stuck in low-paying, low-status jobs. Globally, women earn only
three-quarters as much as men—this is true even with the same level of
education, and in the same occupation. Surely one of the most basic norms of
justice is “equal pay for equal work”?
即使女性能够参与，她们也往往被困在低工资、低地位的工作岗位。从全球看，女性的收入仅为男性的四分之三——即使是同等教育程度、同样的职业，也是如此。显然，公平的最基本准则之一是“同工同酬”。
Women are also over-represented
in the informal sector of the economy—unprotected, in unskilled work, with
unstable earnings.
另外，在经济中的非正规部门，女性所占比例过高——得不到就业保护，从事低技能工作，收入不稳定。
Too often, they carry the burden
of work that is unpaid, unseen, unreported—and underappreciated. Globally,
women spend twice as much time on household chores as men, and four times as
much time on childcare.
她们经常承担没有报酬的、不被注意的、未被报告的、没有得到充分尊重的工作。从全球看，女性花在家务上的时间是男性的两倍，花在照顾孩子上的时间是男性的四倍。
With this stark reality, it is
not surprising that girls and women are the main victims of extreme poverty in
the world today. They make up 70 percent of the billion people trying to eke
out an existence on less than a dollar a day. They are the first to be
submerged by economic crisis.
在这个严峻的现实下，女孩和妇女是当今世界极度贫困的主要受害者，便不足为奇。全球有十亿人每天靠不足一美元维生，其中女性占70%。经济危机袭来时，她们首当其冲。
We must do better than this. Too
many women are unaccounted for, underutilized, and over-exploited. It is a
moral imperative, but it is also an economic imperative. The evidence is
plain—when women contribute more, the economy does better.
我们必须做得比这更好。太多的妇女不被认可、没有充分释放潜力、被过度剥削。从道义上，从经济上，都应如此。证据再清楚不过——当女性更多参与时，经济就会更好。
We have done research on this at
the IMF. We know that eliminating gender gaps in economic participation can
lead to big jumps in income per capita, our crucial measure of economic
wellbeing. These gains are visible everywhere, but they are especially large in
regions like the Middle East and North Africa—27 percent—and South Asia—23
percent.
基金组织对此做了研究。我们发现，消除经济参与的性别差距能够极大地提高人均收入，而人均收入是我们衡量经济福利的重要指标。世界各地都可因此获益，但在中东和北非地区以及南亚地区尤为显著，分别达到27%和23%。
Remember, women control the purse
strings. They account for over 70 percent of global consumer spending. So if we
want more spending and more economic growth, then we need to empower more women
as agents of aggregate demand.
请记住，女人控制钱袋。她们在全球消费支出中占70%以上。所以，如果我们想要更多的支出、更多的经济增长，我们需要通过赋权于更多女性来促进总需求。
How can we get women to
participate more? Sometimes it is about changing laws—for example, to make sure
that property and inheritance laws do not discriminate against women.
我们怎么能让女性更多参与？有时需要改变法律——例如，要确保财产和继承法不歧视妇女。
Economic policy can also be a
forceful agent of change. In developing countries, the uplifting of women
begins with better access to healthcare—and yes—to education and training. It
means getting women greater access to credit, so that they can free themselves
from dependency, and sow and harvest the seeds of a brighter future.
经济政策也能是强有力的改变手段。在发展中国家，为了提升妇女地位，首先要改善她们获得医疗保健的渠道，改善她们接受教育和培训的渠道。这还意味着，要让妇女有更多机会获得信贷，从而使她们摆脱对别人的依赖，播下希望的种子，收获更美好未来。
We take this seriously at the
IMF. In our programs today, all across the world, we emphasize protecting
social safety nets—even in tough times. We have evidence showing that, among
developing countries, spending on health and education rises faster in
countries with programs we support.
基金组织非常重视这一问题。我们在各国实施的规划都强调保护社会安全网——即使是在困难时期也应力保。有证据表明，在实施基金组织支持规划的发展中国家，医疗卫生和教育支出增长得更快。
We are also doing work on the
economics of inequality and exclusion—and it is usually women who are left out.
I have just come from a conference in Amman on the Arab transition countries,
where a big takeaway was that the region needs more of an inclusive economy.
Again, I want to commend the great work that Aswat Nisaa—our award winner
today—is doing to empower women across this region.
我们还在研究那些不平等和不包容情况较为严重的经济体——妇女总是被排斥在外。我刚刚参加了在安曼举行的关于阿拉伯转型国家的会议，一个主要收获是，该地区需要更大程度的“包容型经济”。我想再次对我们今天的获奖组织“女性的声音”在该地区女性权利方面所开展的杰出工作表示赞赏。
Richer countries also have work
to do to level the playing field of labor. They need more pro-women, pro-family,
policies. Policies like publicly-funded parental leave schemes; quality,
affordable, childcare; individual instead of family income taxation; tax
credits or benefits for low-wage workers.
在创造公平的劳动环境方面，富裕国家也有工作要做。它们需要实施更有利于妇女、有利于家庭的政策。这些政策包括：有公共资金支持的育婴假；高质量、可负担的托儿服务；按个人而非家庭征收所得税；对低工资工人的税收减免或福利。
For its part, the IMF has
recommended policies to increase female labor participation in countries like
Japan and Korea, where women could be more visible in the workplace.
基金组织已经建议采取有关政策，提高日本和韩国等国的女性劳动力参与程度。在这些国家的劳动队伍中，应当更多地看到妇女的身影。
We know that these kinds of
policies can work. Just look at Brazil: thanks to pro-family and pro-poor
policies, it managed to boost women’s participation from 45 percent to 60
percent in two decades. Just look at Sweden: it has one of the highest female
participation rates in the world, in large part because it invests heavily in
childcare and early education, and puts a premium on flexible work arrangements
and parental leave policies.
我们知道，这类政策是有效的。看一看巴西：由于实施了有利于家庭、有利于贫困人口的政策，女性参与率在二十年的时间里从45%上升到60%。看一看瑞典：它是女性参与率最高的国家之一，主要是因为大量投资于儿童保育和早期教育，并且非常重视灵活的工作安排和育婴假政策。
It is not just about policies, of
course. It is also about culture, changing the way we work, and sweeping aside
the macho mentality that still pervades the workplace.
当然，不仅仅是政策。还有文化——我们需要改变我们工作的方式，摒弃工作中依然盛行的大男子主义思维方式。
In what she calls the “last
chapter” of gender convergence, Claudia Goldin argues that the gender pay gap
might go away if firms stopped insisting on people working excessively long
hours. In other words, if they value creative time more than face time. This is
already happening in areas like science and technology, but fields like law and
finance—two professions I have seen firsthand—are still too wedded to old
habits.
克劳迪娅·戈尔丁在她所称的性别趋同事业的“最后一章”中指出，如果公司不再坚持让员工长时间加班，换句话说，如果公司更看重创造性时间，而不是实际在办公室的时间，那么性别工资差距就可能消失。科学技术领域已经出现了改观，但法律、金融等领域（我亲身了解的两个职业）还是太拘泥于老习惯。
It is time to complete that last
chapter. We must not rest until we have achieved gender equality in the
workplace. It is within our grasp, if we reach out to all men and women of good
will.
现在是完成这最后一章的时候了。我们不能停下休息，我们要一直坚持到实现工作中的性别平等。如果我们向所有有良好愿望的男人和女人发出呼吁，我们就能够做到这点。
Leadership 领导地位
This brings me to my third ‘L”
today. I have talked about learning and labor—the final link in the chain is
leadership, letting women rise to the top on their strength of their innate
abilities and talents.
我下面就谈谈今天的第三个“L”。我已经讲了学习和劳动。这个链条中的最后一环是领导地位：让女性凭着她们天生的能力和才华，升到最高处。
We all know the problem—across
all fields of work, the higher you climb, the fewer women you see.
我们都知道问题所在——在所有工作领域，你的位置升得越高，看到的女性就越少。
The evidence is painfully
obvious. Look at the world of business—only 4 percent of CEOs in the Standard
and Poor’s 500 company list are women. Plus, as this Institute has documented,
only a fifth of parliamentary seats across the world are held by women. Less
than 10 percent of countries have female leaders.
证据太明显了。看一看企业界——标准普尔500强公司的首席执行官只有4%是女性。另外，正如美国国际民主研究院记录的，全球议会席位只有五分之一由女性担任。拥有女性领导人的国家不到10%。
Here is the irony, though: when
women get the chance to lead, they actually lead better. We have ample evidence
of this. For example, one study shows that the Fortune 500 firms with the best
track record in raising women to prominent positions are 18-69 percent more
profitable than median firms in their area.
但具有讽刺意味的是，当女性得到领导机会时，她们事实上领导得更好。我们有充分的证据来证明这一点。例如，我们的研究显示，在提拔女性到重要岗位方面做得最好的财富500强公司，比其所在行业的平均盈利能力高18-69%。
Women are also far less likely to
engage in the kind of reckless risk-taking behavior that sparked the global
financial crisis. For example, an experiment from the investment community in
the 1990s shows that men trade 45 percent more than women, and are more likely
to lose big.
女性也不太可能从事那种引发了国际金融危机的不计后果的冒险行为。例如，上世纪90年代投资界的一项实验显示，男性的交易量比女性多45%，并且更有可能遭受巨大损失。
Is it really any coincidence
that, while the men were cheerleading, it was the women who were worrying most
about financial sector excess and misbehavior before the crisis? I am thinking
of women like Sheila Bair, Brooksley Born, Janet Yellen, and Elizabeth Warren.
Too often, they were ignored and dismissed—but they were proven right.
在男人带领大家欢呼喝彩时，女人对危机前金融部门的过度现象和不当行为忧心忡忡。这真的是一种巧合吗？我想到了希拉·拜尔、布鲁克斯利·伯恩、珍妮特·耶伦、伊丽莎白·沃伦等女性。很多时候，她们被忽视、不被接受，但后来证明她们的观点是正确的。
We also know that women are good
managers and good crisis leaders. For example, a study of over 7000 leaders
showed that women fared better in 12 of 16 competencies in 12 of 15 sectors.
Another recent study shows that women are often parachuted in to save companies
in deep trouble—although they are also more likely to be fired from these
positions, allegedly because of the risk taken in hiring them.
我们还知道，女人是优秀的管理者、优秀的危机领导者。例如，一项针对7000名领导者的研究显示，在15个行业中的12个，在16项资格能力中的12项上，女性做得更好。另一项研究显示，女人经常临危受命来拯救深陷困境的公司——而她们也更有可能从这些职位上被解雇，据说是因为在聘用她们的时候就承担了不少风险。
None of this will surprise you.
It certainly does not surprise me. We know that women are more inclined to make
decisions based on consensus-building, inclusion, compassion, and focus on
long-term sustainability. They draw from deep wells of wisdom, from the
tenacity taken from a lifetime of tempests and tribulations.
这些事实不会让你吃惊，当然，也不会让我吃惊。我们知道，女性更倾向于本着以下原则做出决定：建立共识、体现包容、富于同情、着眼于长期可持续性。她们具有深刻的智慧，以及从一生的动荡和磨难中所获得的坚韧精神。
As one of my personal heroes, Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi, put it: the empowerment of women “cannot fail to result in a
more caring, tolerant, just and peaceful life for all”.
正如我个人心中的英雄昂山素季说的：赋权于女性“势必给所有人带来更有爱心、更宽容、更公平、更和平的生活”。
Once again, real change must
begin with changing attitudes. We need to put an end to the idea that toughness
flows from testosterone, and that toughness is top.
因此我们需要再次疾呼，真正的改变必须从转变态度开始。我们需要摒弃“男人才是坚强的，坚强是最重要的”这样一种看法。
Often, it all boils down to
confidence. What holds women back is not competence, which they usually have;
but confidence, which they often lack. While underqualified and underprepared
men leap forward, overqualified and overprepared women hide in the shadows,
doubting their abilities, holding themselves to an impossible standard of
perfection.
这一切往往归结到信心。阻碍女性的不是能力，她们通常具备能力；阻碍她们的是信心，她们往往缺乏信心。在资质不够、准备不足的男人大步跃进时，具备足够资格、准备充分的女人却躲在影子里，怀疑自己的能力，用不可能实现的完美标准来压抑自己的雄心。
This needs to change. How? By
crushing these nasty mind bugs that dull our sentiments and sensibilities. By
changing the mindset and resetting the narrative.
这种状况必须改变。怎么改？清除这些使我们的情绪和情感变得麻木的心灵病毒。改变心态，重塑对世界的描述方法。
I have come to the view that
gender targets and quotas must play a role here. The mountain is simply too
steep to climb without a little help on the way up. We must force the change,
or stay mired in the comfortable numbness of complacency.
我现在持这样一种观点：性别指标和配额必须在这方面发挥作用。山太陡了，必须有一些帮助才能爬上去。我们必须强制改变，否则就会陷于自满的温柔乡里。
I am also a passionate believer
in mentors and role models. In survey after survey, women list this as a major
barrier to advancement. We need to look out for each other.
我也特别相信导师和榜样的作用。多次调查都显示，女性认为这方面的不足是阻碍进步的主要障碍。我们需要为彼此留意。
Ultimately, I would love to see a
world where women let their confidence roar from the rooftops; their cups run
over with self-assurance; their voices resound across the pinnacles of power.
最终，我想看到这样一个世界：女性信心高涨；女性充满自信，游刃有余；女性的声音在权力顶峰回荡。
Conclusion 结语
Let me conclude today with some
words from Sylvia Plath: “We shall by morning inherit the earth—our foot’s in
the door”.
让我用西尔维亚·普拉斯的一句话为我今天的演讲做个总结：“我们将在早晨继承地球——我们的脚已在门口”。
We have certainly made great
strides toward gender equality. But while our foot might be in the door, we are
still standing outside—in the cold.
在实现两性平等方面，我们显然取得了长足的进步。但是，尽管我们的脚可能已经迈到门里，我们依然站在门外，站在冷风之中。
It is now time to fulfill the
promise—to create a world where every little girl from every corner of every
continent can fulfill her potential without impediment and without prejudice.
To make sure that nobody ever again will doubt for even an instant that a woman
can be a top surgeon, or indeed a leader in any field that she might choose.
现在是履行诺言的时候了——创造一个美好的世界，让来自世界各大洲每个角落的每一个小女孩都能不受阻碍和不遭偏见地释放她们的潜力。没有人再会怀疑女人能够成为一流的外科医生，或成为她所选择从事行业的领导者。
If we dare the difference, the
difference will deliver.
如果我们敢于挑战差别，就能带来改变。
Thank you very much.
非常感谢。 |
