英语口译、笔译资料下载 Health
has an obligatory place on any post-2015 agenda 卫生在任何2015年后发展议程中都占有必不可少的一席之地
– Address to the Sixty-seventh
World Health Assembly ——在第六十七届世界卫生大会上的讲话
Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General
of the World Health Organization 世卫组织总干事
陈冯富珍博士
Geneva, Switzerland 瑞士
日内瓦
19 May 2014 2014年5月19日
Mister
President, Excellencies, honourable ministers, distinguished delegates,
ambassadors, ladies and gentlemen,
主席先生、各位阁下、尊敬的各位部长、尊贵的各位代表、各位朋友、各位大使、女士们、先生们，
On 5th May, I declared the
international spread of wild poliovirus since the start of this year a public
health emergency of international concern. I did so on the advice of an
emergency committee convened under the International
Health Regulations.
5月5日， 我宣布今年年初以来野生脊髓灰质炎的国际传播属于国际性公共卫生突发事件。我是在依照《国际卫生条例》召集的一个突发事件委员会的建议下这样做的。
That declaration included
recommendations for vaccination certification of travellers from three
countries known to be seeding outbreaks elsewhere. No travel restrictions were
imposed.
这一宣布包括了关于旅行者疫苗接种证明的建议，只要这些旅行者来自三个已知引起他处疾病爆发的国家。没有颁布旅行限制。
Two years ago, the international
spread of polio virus had nearly ceased. Not anymore. At end-2013, 60% of polio
cases resulted from international spread, with strong evidence that adult
travellers were playing a role. The trend has continued this year, during the
low-transmission season for polio, a situation described by the emergency
committee as “extraordinary”.
两年之前，脊髓灰质炎的国际传播几乎止息。但今非昔比。2013年底，60%的脊髓灰质炎病例源于国际传播，有确凿证据表明，成年旅行者是一个传播因素。这一趋势今年仍在持续，在脊髓灰质炎的低传播季节，突发事件委员会描述发生了“异常”状况。
What accounts for this change?
Armed conflict that flies in the face of international humanitarian law. Civil
unrest. Migrant populations. Weak border controls. Poor routine immunization
coverage. Bans on vaccination by militant groups. And the targeted killing of
polio workers.
这一变化的原因何在？武装冲突无视国际人道主义法此起彼伏。国内动荡。移民。薄弱的边境控制。常规免疫接种覆盖不足。军事团伙阻止疫苗接种。连同有针对性地杀害脊髓灰质炎工作人员。
Two years ago, polio was on its
knees, thanks to committed political leadership, better strategies and tools,
and the dedication of millions of polio workers.
两年之前，由于坚定的政治领导、妥善的战略和手段，以及数百万脊髓灰质炎工作人员的努力奉献，脊髓灰质炎濒临绝迹。
The factors responsible for this
setback are largely beyond the control of the health sector. They are only some
of several dangers for health in a world shaped by some universal and ominous
trends.
导致这一挫折的因素基本上不在卫生部门控制之内。在一个充斥不详趋势的世界上，它们不过是健康所面临的种种危险中的一些危险而已。
In just the past few months,
social inequalities, within and between countries, have attracted the attention
and deep concern of leading economists and development banks. They have issued
a spate of warnings about the disruptive effects of rising inequality and
economic exclusion on social cohesion and stability, about the damage done to
economies and the risks to future prosperity.
就在过去的几个月中，国家之内和国家之间的社会不平等引起了一些杰出经济学家和主要开发银行的关注和深切忧虑。它们就日益加剧的不平等和经济排斥对社会凝聚和社会稳定的破坏性影响，对经济的破坏和对未来繁荣的威胁发出了一系列警告。
Wealth does not trickle down.
Some economists argue that the past practice of equating growth in GDP with
overall progress is outmoded. These views carry weight and should be taken
seriously.
财富没有惠及穷人。一些经济学家称，以往将国内生产总值的增长等同于整体进步的做法已经落伍。这些看法很有道理，不可等闲视之。
Signals about what human
activities have done to the environment are becoming increasingly shrill. Our
planet is losing its capacity to sustain human life in good health.
显示人类活动对环境的影响的种种迹象，日趋触目惊心。我们的星球正在失去维持人类生命健康的能力。
In March, the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change issued its most disturbing report to date, with a
strong focus on the consequences for health.
三月份，政府间气候变化专门委员会发表了其迄今为止最令人不安的报告，特别侧重于卫生后果问题。
Also in March, WHO revised its
estimates of the health effects of air pollution upwards. In 2012, exposure to
air pollution killed around 7 million people worldwide, making it the world’s
largest single environmental health risk. These estimates coincided with
crippling episodes of air pollution in several parts of the world.
也是在三月份，世卫组织上调了关于空气污染对健康影响的估计数字。2012年，空气污染造成了世界范围大约700万人死亡，成为世界上最大的单一环境卫生风险。这些估计与世界若干地区造成严重损害的空气污染事件是重合的。
Changes in the way humanity
inhabits the planet have given the volatile microbial world multiple new
opportunities to exploit. Confirmation of an Ebola outbreak in Guinea brought
to four the number of severe emerging viruses that are currently circulating,
including the H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza viruses and the Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus.
人类在地球上生活方式的改变使多变的微生物世界有了多个新的肆虐机会。已在几内亚证实的埃博拉爆发，将目前新出现的严重疾病病毒增加到四个，包括H5N1和H7N9禽流感病毒以及中东呼吸综合症冠状病毒。
Parts of the world are quite
literally eating themselves to death. Other parts starve. Hunger and
undernutrition remain an extremely stubborn problem. Over the past twenty
years, the global prevalence of anaemia has barely budged, dropping only
slightly.
世界部分地区实际上是在撑死。其他地区则在饿毙。饥馑和营养不良仍然是顽固存在问题。过去20年来，全球流行的贫血症几乎没有变化，只略为降低了一点。
At the other extreme, we see no
good evidence that the prevalence of obesity and diet-related noncommunicable
diseases is receding anywhere. Highly processed foods and beverages loaded with
sugar are ubiquitous, convenient, and cheap. Childhood obesity is a growing
problem with especially high costs.
而在另一个极端，我们看到没有可靠证据表明，肥胖症和饮食相关非传染性疾病在任何地方有所减少。糖份充足的高度加工食品和饮料无处不在，唾手可得，价格低廉。儿童肥胖症成为日益严重的问题，代价尤其高昂。
The 2014 World Cancer Report, issued by WHO’s International Agency for
Research on Cancer, provoked considerable alarm. The number of new cancer cases
has reached an all-time high and is projected to continue to rise. Developing
countries now account for around 70% of all cancer deaths. Many of these people
die without treatment, not even pain relief.
2014年世卫组织国际癌症研究机构发表的《世界癌症报告》引起人们极大的震惊。新增癌症病例数字达到了历史上的新高，预计还将继续增加。发展中国家目前占所有癌症死亡的70%左右。其中许多人直到死去，还未能接受治疗，甚至不曾缓解疼痛。
Estimates for 2010 indicate that
cancer cost the world economy nearly $1.2 trillion. No country anywhere, no
matter how rich, can treat its way out of the cancer crisis. A much greater commitment
to prevention is needed.
2010年的估计数字显示，癌症给世界经济带来将近1.2万亿美元的损失。世界上没有任何国家，不管有多么富足，可以幸免于癌症危机。需要对预防工作作出更坚定的承诺。
The same is true for heart
disease, diabetes, and chronic lung diseases. In some middle-income countries,
diabetes treatment alone is now absorbing nearly half of the entire health
budget.
心脏病、肥胖症和慢性肺部疾病的情况也是如此。在一些中等收入国家，仅糖尿病治疗一项目前就吞噬了全部卫生预算的将近一半。
Not only has the disease burden
shifted since the start of this century. The poverty map has changed.
自进入本世纪以来，变化的不仅是疾病负担。贫穷的分布图也发生了变化。
Today, around 70% of the world’s
poor live in middle-income countries. As more and more countries graduate to
middle-income status, they also graduate from eligibility for support from the
Global Fund and GAVI, and for concessional prices for medicines.
今天，世界穷人的大约70%生活在中等收入国家。随着越来越多的国家进入中等收入地位，它们也不再有资格享有抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾全球基金和全球疫苗免疫联盟的支持，或获得减价药品。
We need to ask some questions.
这里，我们需要发问。
Will economic growth be
accompanied by a proportionate increase in domestic budgets for health? Will
countries put polices in place to ensure that benefits are fairly shared? If
not, the world will see a growing number of rich countries full of poor people.
国家卫生预算是否随着经济的增长而相应增加？各国是否制定了政策，确保公平分享增长红利？倘若不是如此，世界将会看到有越来越多的富裕国家遍地穷人。
International trade has many
consequences for health, both positive and negative. One particularly
disturbing trend is the use of foreign investment agreements to handcuff
governments and restrict their policy space.
国际贸易带来多种卫生后果，有些是积极的，也有些是消极的。一个特别令人不安的趋势是，外国投资协议被用来束缚政府，限制其政策空间。
For example, tobacco companies
are suing governments for compensation for lost profits following the
introduction, for valid health reasons, of innovative cigarette packaging.
例如，一些烟草公司起诉政府，要求赔偿它们因创新性烟草包装而损失的利润，而此类包装的推行，完全是出于确凿的健康理由。
In my view, something is
fundamentally wrong in this world when a corporation can challenge government
policies introduced to protect the public from a product that kills.
在我看来，当一个公司可以挑战政府为保护公众免受某种产品戕害而推行的政策时，世界上的有些事情，已经错得离谱。
Some Member States have expressed
concern that trade agreements currently under negotiation could significantly
reduce access to affordable generic medicines.
一些会员国感到关注的是，目前谈判的贸易协定可能大大减少获得廉价非专利药物的机会。
If these agreements open trade
yet close access to affordable medicines, we have to ask: Is this really
progress at all, especially with the costs of care soaring everywhere?
如果这些协定打开了贸易通道，却关闭了获得廉价药物的机会，那么，我们不禁要问：难道这就是真正的进步，尤其当它在世界各地导致医疗费用扶摇直上时？ |
