国际货币基金组织总裁拉加德在伦敦经济学院的演讲

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中文版：赋权——阿马蒂亚·森演讲.doc

Empowerment—the Amartya Sen Lecture

赋权——阿马蒂亚·森演讲

Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund

克里斯蒂娜·拉加德，国际货币基金组织总裁

London, June 6, 2014

2014 年 6 月 6 日，伦敦

Good evening. What an immense pleasure to come to this intellectual powerhouse to honor one of the greatest intellectuals of our time. Let me especially thank Professor Craig Calhoun for his kind introduction—I know that Professor Calhoun is a great leader in his field, and a great leader of the LSE.

晚上好。非常高兴来到这所著名学府，向当今时代最伟大的一位学者致以敬意。我特别要感谢克雷格·卡尔霍恩教授的介绍辞——我知道卡尔霍恩教授是他所研究领域中的一位伟大领袖，也是伦敦经济学院的一位伟大领袖。

The LSE is one of the world’s most prestigious universities. Its alumni include 34 world leaders and 16 Nobel Prize winners.

伦敦经济学院是世界上最负盛名的大学之一。有 34 位世界领导人和 16 位诺贝尔奖得主毕业于该校。

One of these Nobel Prize winners is, of course, the luminous Amartya Sen. There are few economists today who can match his reach—from the complex mathematics of social choice to the lofty speculation of moral philosophy; combining deep theoretical rigor with a heartfelt concern for the poor and the marginalized.

其中一位诺贝尔奖得主便是著名的阿马蒂亚·森。他的研究领域之广，当今很少有经济学家能够达到——从利用高深的数学方法研究社会选择，到对道德哲学的高屋建瓴的思考；他的研究不仅理论极其严谨，同时还充满了对穷人和边缘化人口的由衷关心。

Amartya Sen has always understood that the concerns of economics are closely related to the concerns of justice and fairness. In that, he follows in the footsteps of the great economic thinkers of the past.

阿马蒂亚·森一直认识到，经济学所关注的问题应该与正义和公平问题紧密相关。这一想法与过去的伟大经济思想家不谋而合。

Today, especially in the wake of the global crisis, members of the profession are asking the kinds of questions that Amartya has spent his whole life pondering. His was a prophetic voice, and he can rightfully be called the conscience of economics.

今天，特别是在全球危机之后，经济学界的人提出了阿马蒂亚思考一生的问题。他是先知的声音，他可以理所当然地被称为经济学的良心。

Tonight, the topic I want to talk about sits at the intersection of justice and economics—the issue of empowerment. Empowerment is about economic opportunity, the ability to freely choose one’s own path in life in accordance with one’s distinctive talents and abilities. It is about cutting away obstacles to true human flourishing.

我今晚想谈的题目正是处在公正与经济学的交点——赋权的问题。赋权是关于经济机会，即，按个人才华和能力自由选择自身生活道路的能力。它旨在消除实现人类真正繁荣的障碍。

I want to address three distinct layers of empowerment:

我想探讨赋权的三个不同层次：

First, the empowerment of the individual—and what that means for economic policies.

首先，个人赋权——以及这对经济政策意味着什么。

Second, what is needed to help individual empowerment—the empowerment of institutions.

其次，需要用什么来保障个人赋权——制度的赋权。

Third, what is needed in turn to help national economies flourish—the empowerment of multilateralism.

第三，进而需要用什么来促进国家经济繁荣——多边主义的赋权。

Empowerment of individuals

个人赋权

Let me begin with individual empowerment. There are, of course, many obstacles to empowerment. I will address two of them—obstacles based on income disparities, and obstacles based on gender disparities.

我首先谈谈个人赋权。当然，在赋权方面，有很多障碍。我来谈其中两个——收入差距和性别差距的障碍。

Income disparities

收入差距

Starting with income disparities: across the board, the gap between the haves and the have-nots has risen substantially in recent years. In many countries, the wealthy are taking home a greater share of the rewards today than at any time in the postwar era. We might have avoided a second Great Depression, but we have not avoided a second Gilded Age.

首先谈谈收入差距：近年来富人与穷人之间的差距普遍扩大。在很多国家，富人目前的收入份额超过战后的任何时候。我们可能避免了第二次大萧条，但我们未能避免第二个镀金时代。

And while regions like Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa are making great economic progress, their momentum is still being held back by the stumbling block of inequality.

尽管拉丁美洲和撒哈拉以南非洲等地区取得了重大的经济进步，它们的发展势头仍然被不平等这一障碍所拖累。

Now, I think I know what Amartya Sen would say about this. He would argue that we should look beyond income inequality and worry about a wider set of disparities—such as in health, education, unemployment, and social exclusion.

现在，我想我知道阿马蒂亚·森对此会说什么。他会说，我们不仅应关注收入不平等，还应关注更广泛的不平等——例如，医疗卫生、教育、失业、社会排斥等方面。

This is an extremely important point. Indeed, Professor Sen’s contribution here is truly groundbreaking. For some decades now, he has developed an approach to inequality based less on income and more on capability. This approach judges people’s advantage by their capability to do the things they value. It is about opportunity, about giving a person the means to live well.

这是极其重要的一点。的确，阿马蒂亚·森教授在这方面的贡献确实是开创性的。几十年以来，他开发出一种分析不平等问题的方法，这种方法不过于依据“收入”，而是更多依据“能力”。这种方法根据人们完成其所看重的事情的能力来判断其优势。

Yet I would argue that there is an intimate connection between the modern incarnation of inequality and these broader notions of opportunity.

它是关于机会，是让一个人生活得更好的手段。

In more unequal societies, too many people lack the basic tools to get ahead—decent nutrition, healthcare, education, skills, and finance. This can create a vicious cycle, whereby economic insecurity causes people to invest too little in skills and education. As the Bank of England’s Andrew Haldane put it, “being poor taxes the mind every bit as much as the wallet”.

不过，我想说，现代的不平等的概念与这些更广义的机会的概念之间有着密切的联系。 在更不平等的社会里，太多的人缺乏获得成功的基本手段——必要的营养、医疗、教育、技能和资金。这会产生恶性循环，即，缺乏经济保障导致人们对技能和教育的投资过少。正如英格兰银行的安德鲁·霍尔丹说的，“贫穷对心灵造成的负担不亚于对钱袋造成的负担”。

In more unequal societies, we also find lower levels of contentment. We find less mobility across generations.

在更不平等的社会里，我们还发现自我满足程度较低，代际流动性较低。

The end result is that excessive inequality can hinder individual empowerment. Not surprisingly, it also hinders sustainable economic growth—this is a result of recent IMF research.

最终结果是，过度不平等会阻碍个人赋权。不奇怪的，不平等也会阻碍可持续经济增长——基金组织最近的研究得出这样的结论。

This is why I believe that policies to tame excessive income inequality are win-win—if carefully chosen and calibrated, they can spur empowerment and economic advancement. Think of policies like boosting spending on health, education, active labor market policies, and in-work benefits.

所以我相信，消除过度不平等的政策是双赢的——如果仔细选择和调整这些政策，它们将能促进赋权和经济进步。这些政策包括：增加医疗、教育支出，实施积极的劳动力市场政策，以及提供在职福利。

Let me say a word here on education, which remains a uniquely powerful agent of empowerment. In a world of stark inequality, we need to make education accessible to all.

我来谈一谈教育。教育仍是独特而强大的赋权手段。在严重不平等的世界里，我们需要让所有人都能获得教育。

I want to point out that the IMF has joined this movement. In conjunction with a not-for-profit partner, we have developed an online learning program for government officials—and opened it up to the general public too. These massive open online courses (MOOCs) enhance knowledge and skills in the areas where the IMF is active—and thus empower people to better understand, and engage with, the economic policies and decisions that affect their lives.

我想告诉大家，基金组织已经参与进来。我们与一个非营利伙伴合作，开发了一个政府官员在线学习计划，并且向公众开放。这些大规模开放式在线课程（MOOCs）能够提升人们在基金组织职能领域的知识和技能，从而使人们能够更好地了解并参与影响其生活的经济政策和决策。

Gender disparities

性别差距

Let me now turn to the second obstacle to empowerment—gender disparities. This is an issue close to my heart—and Professor Sen’s, too, I know.

我下面谈一谈赋权的第二个障碍，性别差距。这是我非常关注的一个问题，也应该是阿马蒂亚·森教授非常关注的问题。

Globally, women earn only three-quarters as much as men, even with the same job and same education. They are underrepresented in the formal sector and overrepresented in the informal sector. They spend twice as much time on household chores as men—and four times as much on childcare. They make up 70 percent of the billion people living on less than a dollar a day, and are the first to be submerged by economic crisis.

从全球看，女性所挣收入仅为男性的四分之三，即使是同样的工作、同样的教育背景。她们在正规部门的就业过少，而在非正规部门的劳动参与过多。女性花在家务上的时间是男性的两倍，花在照顾孩子上的时间是男性的四倍。全球有十亿人每天靠不足一美元维生，其中女性占 70%。经济危机袭来时，她们将首当其冲。

Women are also locked out of leadership positions, where gender seems to matter more than qualifications. When they do reach the top, they are more likely to be fired.

女性也被排斥在领导职位之外。在这方面，性别似乎比资格更重要。就算她们升到最高职位，她们也更有可能被解雇。

The bottom line is that women are underutilized, underpaid, under-appreciated—and over-exploited.

总之，女性未被充分利用、所获报酬过低、不被重视——并被过度剥削。

This needs to change. Yes, it is a matter of justice, but it is also a matter of basic economics.

这种情况需要改变。是的，这是公正问题，但也是基本经济学问题。

Amartya Sen played a pioneering role in raising awareness in this area, drawing attention to the scandal of “missing” women—women who would likely be alive today had they been born male. They are missing because of too much neglect and too little respect—including from poor nutrition and healthcare.

在增强人们对这一领域的意识方面，阿马蒂亚·森发挥了开创性作用。他提醒人们注意“女性失踪之谜”——即，一些女性，如果她们出生时是男孩，很可能今天还活着。

Some estimates suggest that there are more missing women in the world today than all the men killed in all the wars of the 20th century combined.

她们不见了，因为她们被严重忽略、得不到尊重——包括营养不良和医疗缺乏所致。一些估计显示，当今的“失踪”女性比在 20 世纪所有战争中战死的男性更多。

This is startling and shocking. It is surely one of the greatest moral causes of our time.

这令人触目惊心。这无疑是当今时代最重要的道德问题之一。

The solution, as Amartya has long argued, is to increase women’s voice and agency—through their independence and their empowerment.

阿马蒂亚一直认为，解决办法就是增强女性的声音和作用——通过鼓励她们的独立性，通过赋权于她们。

What does this mean in practice? It means focusing on education, ownership rights, and employment opportunities outside the home.

在实践中，这意味着什么？这意味着关注教育，关注所有权权益，关注家庭以外的就业机会。

Once again, empowerment boils down to education. Women’s education also showers benefits on society as a whole. The evidence suggests that women are more altruistic—one study found that women spend up to 90 percent of their earnings on health and education, as opposed to just 30-40 percent for men.

同样，女性赋权归结于教育。女性的教育对整个社会有益。有关证据显示，女性更无私。一项研究发现，女性将高达 90%的收入用于医疗和教育，而男性的这一比例仅为30-40%。 女性的经济参与也是如此。

The same is true for women’s economic participation. Women are the ultimate agents of aggregate demand, accounting for 70 percent of global consumer spending. Eliminating gender gaps in labor force participation can lead to big jumps in income per capita, especially in regions like the Middle East and North Africa—27 percent—and South Asia—23 percent.

女性是总需求的最终行为者，占全球消费支出的 70%。消除劳动力参与的性别差距能大幅提高人均收入，特别是在中东和北非地区（增幅将达27%）以及南亚地区（23%）。

This is why the IMF has been recommending policies to boost women’s participation in places like Korea and Japan, where women are still not visible enough.

所以，基金组织已经建议采取有关政策，提高日本和韩国等国的女性劳动力参与程度。在这些国家的劳动队伍中，妇女的身影并不太多见。

Fundamentally, there are no shortcuts to a vibrant economy—it must be built from the bottom up, from the empowerment of every single individual.

从根本上讲，建设富有活力的经济没有捷径可走——必须从下至上，从赋权于每个人开始。

Empowerment of institutions

制度的赋权

This brings to my second issue—empowering institutions. As people strive to achieve their potential, they are not striving in a vacuum. They are navigating the dense of thicket of institutions and governance structures that run through the economy.

我下面就谈谈第二个问题——制度的赋权。人们在努力实现其潜力时，并非处在真空中。个人处在贯穿于整个经济的制度和治理结构中。

These institutions matter. Depending on how they are designed, they can help or hinder, catapult or shackle. Good institutions are founded on the principles of accountability, transparency, and impartiality. They facilitate empowerment by letting success depend on competence rather than connections, participation rather than patronage—by offering an open hand rather than a closed fist.

这些制度很重要。取决于其设计方式，它们能起到促进或阻碍、推动或束缚作用。良好的制度建立在问责、透明和公正原则之上。这样的制度可以使人们凭能力而非关系、凭参与而非赞助获得成功，从而促进赋权——它提供了一个张开的手，而不是合起的拳头。

This evening, I would like to mention a narrow subset of institutions—ones that contribute directly to economic wellbeing by providing strong frameworks for fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial sector oversight. Without good institutions in these areas, and without capable people behind them, policies will be ineffective, and avenues for empowerment will be blocked.

今晚，我想谈谈制度中的一小部分——通过提供财政政策、货币政策、金融部门监管的稳健框架，直接增进社会福利。如果在这些领域没有健全的制度，在这些制度的背后没有具备能力的人，那么，政策将是无效的，赋权的途径将是不畅的。

To use Amartya’s Sen’s language: if we want better capability, then we need better capacity.

用阿马蒂亚·森的话来说：“如果我们想有更好的能力，那么我们需要更好的接纳力。”

Let me talk about the IMF in this context. You probably know that the mandate of the IMF is for global economic and financial stability.

在这方面，我来谈谈基金组织。各位可能知道，基金组织的一项职责是维护全球经济和金融稳定。

What you might not know is that one of the main ways we fulfill this mandate is by helping countries design, build, and strengthen their institutions. Through technical assistance and training, we act as a global conduit for the sharing of knowledge and know-how.

各位也许不知道的是，我们行使这项职责的一个主要途径是，帮助各国设计、建设、加强其制度。我们通过技术援助和培训，在全球范围内促进知识和技能的共享。

Putting it simply: we help countries help themselves—which is what empowerment is all about.

简单来说，我们帮助各国实现自助——这正是赋权的意义所在。

Overall, we devote a quarter of our budget to capacity building. Since 2008, we have provided training to most of our 188 member countries, and technical assistance to 90 percent of them. Low-income and lower-middle income countries receive two-thirds of our technical assistance and half of our training.

总体看，我们的预算有四分之一用于能力建设。2008 年以来，我们向 188个成员国中的大多数提供了培训，向 90%的成员国提供了技术援助。低收入和中等偏低收入国家获得了我们所提供技术援助的三分之二，培训的一半。

Our special focus is on the building blocks of macroeconomic stability—areas like improving tax systems, better managing public funds, strengthening financial sector oversight, and enhancing the quality of economic statistics.

我们特别重视宏观经济稳定——例如改善税收体系、改善公共资金管理、加强金融部门监管，提高经济统计质量等。

Of course, the IMF is not alone in this. Many others—including the World Bank, our sister institution—are also doing wonderful work in this area, helping people in a way that respects their agency. And it is generous donor financing that makes so much of our own work possible.

当然，在这方面开展工作的并不只是基金组织。许多其他机构——包括世界银行，我们的姊妹机构——也在这一领域开展了出色的工作，以尊重人们所起作用的方式帮助他们。另外，我们的大量工作之所以能顺利开展，离不开捐助方的慷慨资助。