国际货币基金组织总裁拉加德在伦敦经济学院的演讲

Country examples

国家例子

But rather than talking in general terms, let me give you a concrete and vivid flavor of what we are actually doing on the ground.

我不想泛泛而谈，而想举一些具体、生动的例子，使大家能了解我们实际开展的工作。

Let us begin with Myanmar, our third largest recipient of technical assistance. Myanmar is today awakening from fifty years of isolation, and decades of drift and insularity when learning was limited, universities were neutered, and travel was restricted.

首先谈一谈缅甸，我们技术援助的第三大接受国。在五十年的孤立状态以及数十年的颠沛和封闭（学习活动有限，大学毫无生气，旅游受到限制）之后，现在，缅甸正在觉醒。

Until recently, the economy was poorly integrated into the wider world. The central bank was part of the ministry of finance. The budget process was antiquated and a lot of data were maintained by hand.

缅甸经济基本没有融入更广泛的世界，这情况直到最近才有所改观。中央银行是财政部的一部分。预算程序落后过时，很多数据是手工维护的。

Together with other donors, we joined hands with Myanmar and helped it take those crucial first steps—setting up an independent central bank, removing exchange restrictions and establishing a functioning foreign exchange market.

我们与其他捐助方一道，与缅甸共同努力，帮助它迈出重要的步骤——建立独立的中央银行，取消汇兑限制，建立正常运作的外汇市场。

We are now providing assistance in core areas like tax administration, financial sector oversight, and economic statistics.

我们目前在税收征管、金融部门监管、经济统计等核心领域提供援助。

We are helping Myanmar not only awakening—but humming with energy and dynamism. I saw this first hand when I was there last December. Everyone I talked to—including the amazing Aung San Suu Kyi—said the same thing: the country must have the foundations in place to achieve economic lift-off.

我们不仅帮助缅甸实现了觉醒，而且让它充满了能量和活力。我去年 12 月访问缅甸时亲眼见证了这一点。与我交谈的每一个人——包括杰出的昂山素季——都谈到了相同的一点：缅甸必须打好根基，实现经济崛起。

They all understood the importance of boosting tax revenue—which is a mere 7 percent of GDP—to raise money for essential spending on health, education, and infrastructure. They all understood the need to build a modern financial sector, so that people can empower themselves through access to credit—including women and people in rural areas.

他们都知道，为保证医疗、教育和基础设施的必要支出，必须提高税收收入。缅甸的税收收入仅占 GDP 的 7%。他们都知道，需要建设现代化的金融部门，使人们能够通过获得信贷而实现自我赋权——包括女性和农村人口。

I focused on Myanmar because of its unique awakening. Yet I could tell a similar story in countless other countries.

我之所以重点谈缅甸，因为它正处于独特的觉醒过程中。但其他国家的类似例子不胜枚举。

In Cambodia, for example, we are helping to put in place a legal framework to restore trust in the financial system. One legacy of the Khmer Rouge terror was the complete breakdown of the banking system—people put their money under beds instead of in banks. Yet Cambodia needs a thriving financial system for rural development and empowerment. And we can see results: a decade ago, banks were almost non-existent in the countryside; now they are commonplace.

例如，我们正在帮助柬埔寨建立法律框架，以恢复对金融体系的信任。红色高棉政权的遗留问题之一是银行体系的彻底解体——人们将钱放到床下，而不是存到银行里。但柬埔寨需要一个繁荣的金融体系来促进农村发展和赋权。这方面也取得了成果：十年前，农村基本上没有银行；而现在，银行在农村很普遍。

Look at Kosovo, which not so long ago gained its independence and emerged from conflict. In a short period of time, it has made remarkable progress in building the foundations of a modern market economy. With hands-on technical assistance and training, Kosovo created a brand new central bank from scratch. And just as it once received, it now gives—training other central banks in the nuts and bolts of monetary policy.

再比如科索沃。科索沃不久之前才获得了独立并走出战乱。在很短的时间里，科索沃在奠定现代市场经济根基方面取得了显著进展。在基金组织实地技术援助和培训的支持下，科索沃建立了全新的中央银行。科索沃过去接受帮助，现在则开始帮助别的国家——向其他中央银行提供货币政策基本知识方面的培训。

I could also talk about Peru, one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. Peru is leaping ahead, and yet its capacity to collect taxes is lagging behind—with a fifth of its revenue lost through avoidance and evasion of taxes. With our assistance, it is now strengthening tax collection and the management of its public finances. That means it can spend more on vital social programs like Juntos—a conditional cash transfer program that makes sure that poor children get access to healthcare and education.

我还可以谈一谈秘鲁。秘鲁是世界上增长最快的经济体之一，正在大步前进，但它的征税能力却很落后——财政收入的五分之一因避税和逃税而丧失。在基金组织技术援助的支持下，秘鲁目前正在加强税收征管和公共财政管理。这意味着，秘鲁能够将更多资金用于社会项目，比如 Juntos——这是一个有条件的现金转移项目，保证贫困孩子能够获得医疗服务和教育。

I could also mention the Arab transition countries, where citizens are seeking to empower themselves through time-tested principles like opportunity, impartiality, and dignity. We are helping these countries build the economic foundations of new societies—in such core areas as tax policy and administration, financial sector reform, monetary policy, capital markets, and statistics. And we are doing it on the ground, including through a regional technical assistance center and a regional training institute.

我也可以谈一谈阿拉伯转型国家。通过在机会、公正、尊严这些经过时间检验的原则方面的诉求，这些国家的公民正在努力自我赋权。我们在帮助这些国家建立崭新社会的经济基础——在税收政策和征管、金融部门改革、货币政策、资本市场、统计等核心领域。我们是在实地开展这些工作的，包括通过一个地区技术援助中心和一个地区培训学院。

As one final example, let me turn to sub-Saharan Africa. Just last week, we held a major conference in Mozambique on the theme of “Africa rising”—which is really one of the great, if underappreciated, stories of our time. Many African countries are blessed with a bounty of natural resources, but—as we know only too well—this blessing can too easily become a curse. So it is vitally important to put in place strong fiscal regimes to manage resource revenues—for the benefit of this generation and generations to come. This was a key theme at the conference, and we are providing assistance in this area to countries like Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Much of our hands-on help in Africa is delivered through our five regional technical assistance centers—in Gabon, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritius, and Tanzania.

最后一个例子是撒哈拉以南非洲。上个星期我们刚刚在莫桑比克召开了以“非洲崛起”为主题的会议，这一主题确实是当今最重要的、甚至可能未被充分评价的故事。许多非洲国家拥有丰富的自然资源，但众所周知，自然资源的“恩赐”很容易变成“诅咒”。所以，必须建立强健的财政体制来管理资源收入——为了当今这一代人，也是为了子孙后代。这是会议讨论的主题，而基金组织正在向肯尼亚、莫桑比克和坦桑尼亚等国提供这一领域的援助。我们在非洲的实地援助是通过五个地区技术援助中心提供的，它们分别设在加蓬、加纳、科特迪瓦、毛里求斯和坦桑尼亚。

This is just a flavor of IMF capacity building. The basic point is, I believe, clear: the empowerment of people depends fundamentally on the empowerment of institutions—which need to be subject to accountability, transparency, and impartiality.

这仅仅是基金组织能力建设工作的一小部分。我认为，基本的一点很明确——人的赋权从根本上取决于制度的赋权——需要遵循问责、透明和公正的原则。

And as the global economy becomes more intricate and interconnected, institutions—and the people behind them—will need to keep up with these changes. So we will need continuous empowerment of institutions across the entire spectrum of our membership—not just the poorer countries.

此外，随着全球经济变得更加错综复杂、相互关联，制度——以及制度背后的人——需要跟上这些变化。所以，我们的全体成员国（不仅是贫困国家）都需要不断推进制度的赋权。

Empowerment of multilateralism

多边主义的赋权

This brings me to my third area this evening—the empowerment of multilateralism. In a very basic way, today’s challenges are increasingly global challenges. Empowerment today depends not just on what is happening in your own country, but what is happening in the wider world.

下面就是我今晚要谈的第三个问题——多边主义的赋权。根本上讲，当今的挑战愈发呈现出全球性。当今的赋权不仅取决于一国自己的情况，而且取决于世界的状况。

I know that this vision resonates at the LSE, which truly has a global reach and a global mentality. I can see it in this room.

我知道，这种看法在伦敦经济学院能够引起共鸣，因为伦敦经济学院具有全球影响和全球理念。我从在座的各位就能看出来。

We live in a world that is simultaneously coming together and drifting further apart. Coming together due to the dense and intricate web of interconnections that run through our global economy—in trade, finance, technology, communications. Coming apart due to the increasing diffusion of power across the world—toward more diverse geographical regions and more diverse global stakeholders, a more tribal mentality.

我们生活在一个既向中间靠拢、又向四周分散的世界中。靠拢，是因为贯穿全球经济的是紧密而复杂的互联网络——在贸易、金融、技术、通讯各个方面。分散，是因为世界上权力越来越分散——更加多样化的地区，更加多样化的全球利益相关者，更大程度上的部族思维状态。

If we are not careful, this tension between integration and fragmentation could lead to indecision, impasse, and insecurity.

如果我们不够小心，这种既融合又分割的矛盾就可能导致我们优柔寡断、陷入僵局、失去安全。

At the same time, the global economy is facing huge threats to sustainability, threats that affect us all, no matter where we live. Think about huge demographic shifts, the perils of climate change, the strains of rising inequality, the development of fragile states.

同时，全球经济面临着巨大的可持续性威胁，这种威胁影响到我们所有人，无论我们生活在哪里。这样的例子包括人口变化、气候变化、不平等的加剧、脆弱国家的发展。

Problems of this magnitude cannot be solved by homegrown solutions or provincial mindsets. They require a sense of common purpose and common citizenship. They require a reinvigorated sense of multilateralism.

如此重大的问题，无法靠一国自身或限于局部的思维方式来解决。必须本着共同目标和全球公民精神，重振多边主义。

Once again, Professor Sen has a lot to say about this. He has argued that we must recognize the responsibilities that come with our shared humanity. As he puts it, “to argue that we do not really owe anything to others who are not in our neighborhood…would make the limits of our obligations very narrow indeed”.

阿马蒂亚·森对此也提出了丰富的见解。他指出，我们必须认识到我们共同的人性所肩负的责任。正如他说的，“如果因为他们不是我们的邻居，就认为我们跟他们没什么关系，那么，我们的责任实际上就太狭义了”。

This is the peril of our modern global economy: if we hunker down behind closed doors, or erect walls or barriers, we erect obstacles to opportunity, obstacles to empowerment.

这就是现代全球经济的危险：如果我们蹲在紧闭的门后，或竖起一堵墙或一排栅栏，那么我们就竖起了机会的障碍、赋权的障碍。

In other words: if enhancing capability means enhancing capacity, it also means enhancing cooperation.

换句话说：加强能力意味着提高接纳力，还意味着增强合作。

As Charles Dickens once said, “the men who learn endurance, are they who call the whole world brother”.

正如查尔斯·狄更斯曾说过的，“学会忍耐的人，是将整个世界称为兄弟的人”。

This is another area where I believe the IMF can play a crucial role. Indeed, we have been playing that role for 70 years now—as a fruit of that visionary postwar “multilateral moment”, when nations put the global good above narrow interests, taking a bet that the blessings of cooperation would disperse far and wide. This is a bet that always pays off.

我相信，基金组织也可以在这一领域发挥关键作用。事实上，我们在过去 70 年中一直发挥着这一作用——这也是战后“多边主义时刻”理想的成果。当时，各国将全球福祉置于狭隘利益之上，冀望于全球合作能带来深远的好处。只要持有这种冀望，那么你将必然得到回报。

I have talked already about the role played by the IMF in helping countries build capacity. It also plays a key role as a global convener of cooperation, bringing together 188 countries to share knowledge, to collaborate toward common ends, to lend a helping hand to one another in time of need.

我已经谈了基金组织在帮助各国开展能力建设过程中所发挥的作用。基金组织还在促进全球合作方面发挥着关键作用——将 188个国家召集在一起，分享知识，为了共同的目标开展合作，并在需要时相互帮助。

The instruments of collaboration developed during those formative years have stood the test of time quite well. They should be preserved and protected. That requires bringing institutions like the IMF fully up to date, making them fully representative of the current global economic reality. We are working on that, and the mission is not yet accomplished!

那些年里建立起来的合作工具经受住了时间的考验。我们应维持、保护这些合作工具。为此，基金组织这样的机构必须紧紧跟上时代步伐，充分反映当今的全球经济现实。我们正朝着这个目标努力，但尚未完成这一任务！

Yet we also need to go further—toward what I have called a “new multilateralism” for the 21st century. The new multilateralism must engage not only with the emerging powers across the globe, but also with the expanding networks and coalitions that are now deeply embedded in the fabric of the global economy.

但我们还需走得更远——朝着我所称的 21 世纪“新多边主义”迈进。新多边主义不仅要让全球的新兴强国参与进来，而且要扩大目前深嵌于全球经济中的网络和协作。

We need to invest in this kind of global social capital. We need to develop this idea of a global civil society—one that provides space for all voices, takes a broad global perspective, and adopts a genuine long-term vision. A vision that would make Amartya Sen proud.

我们需要投资于这种全球社会资本。我们需要树立全球公民社会的理念——这样的社会将倾听每个人的声音，具有宽广的全球视角和真正的远见卓识。这会令阿马蒂亚·森感到骄傲。

With such a framework, I believe that the international community can unblock obstacles and unlock opportunities: providing the space for all to flourish—and to be empowered.

在这样的框架下，我相信，国际社会能消除障碍，释放机会：创造空间，让所有人获

得成功，实现赋权。

Conclusion

结语

Let me conclude with some wisdom from Charlotte Brontë: “Liberty lends us her wings, and Hope guides us by her star”.

我想用夏洛蒂·勃朗特的一句话做个总结：“自由给我们翅膀，而希望则用星光指引我们。”

This is really what economic empowerment is all about—freedom, dignity, opportunity.

这就是经济赋权的全部意义所在——自由，尊严，机会。

We must do whatever we can to help people help themselves, to let people lift themselves up—through enabling policies, enabling institutions, and enabling modes of international cooperation.

我们必须尽最大努力帮助人们实现自助，让人们实现自我提升——通过赋权于人的政策、赋权于人的制度以及赋权于人的国际合作方式来实现。

As we set sail in this direction, we could do worse than ask Amartya Sen to guide us. After all, he has been sailing these waters for decades now. He knows them well. And he has been the one thinking about solutions long before most of us had even begun to recognize the problems.

在我们朝着这个方向启航时，我们可以让阿马蒂亚·森指引我们。毕竟，他在这一片海里航行了几十年，非常了解这一片海。在我们大多数人还没开始认识到这些问题时，他就已经在想怎样解决这些问题了。

Thank you very much.

十分感谢。