李克强总理在中国工会第十六次全国代表大会上的经济形势报告（中英对照）

二、我国经济中长期发展的趋势

Second, medium and long-term trends in the Chinese economy

改革开放30多年来，我国经济年均增长9.8%，可以说是奇迹。但是到了目前这个阶段，如果依然过度依赖投资，能源、资源、环境的瓶颈制约会越来越明显，高速增长靠高投入、高能耗，难以为继了。另外也要看到，我们的成本竞争优势相对在减弱。经济增长的目的还是要改善人民生活，最终要提高人民生活水平和质量，所以提高工资是必然的。不光是人力成本，土地各方面的成本也在增加。还要看到，我们现在的基数也比较高了，去年GDP达到52万亿人民币，在这个基础上增长1%，和GDP在10万亿、5万亿人民币基础上增长1%，那差别就大得多。

After 30 years of reform and opening up, China’s economy has grown at an annual rate of 9.8 percent. This is a miracle. But given the status quo, if China’s economy continues to rely principally on investment, then there will be more bottlenecks in energy, resources and the environment. It will be difficult to continue with the high investment and high energy consumption model. It is also worth noting that China’s competitive advantage of low costs is also diminishing. The aim of economic growth is to improve people’s lives and ultimately advance their living standards. It is therefore necessary to increase people’s salaries. As well as human costs, the cost of land and other factors is also increasing. China’s GDP is now on a higher level. There is a huge difference between increasing 1 percent of China’s GDP based on last year’s 52 trillion yuan and that based on 5 or 10 trillion yuan.

作为我们这样一个中等收入国家，经济增长已从原来的高速进入到了中高速阶段。什么叫中高速？我认为，7.5%左右，或者7%以上就是中高速。所谓“中”是和我们过去比较。过去是两位数增长，平均是9.8%。7%以上、7.5%左右就算中速了；但是在世界范围内，我们仍然是高速。特别是在大国中，没有哪个国家有我们这样高的速度。而且我们测算，到2020年实现全面建成小康社会，年均增长速度只要7%就够了。这样，有利于各方面用更多的精力来调整结构，消化过剩产能，加强节能环保，提高质量，保护环境，留出可持续发展空间。要看到，中国经济是有条件长期增长、持续健康发展的，因为我们毕竟还处于工业化、城镇化的发展过程当中。我们现在的城镇化率，说是52%，那是加上半年及以上常住人口，户籍人口城镇化率不到35%。和发达国家比，和同水平的发展中国家比，我们还低了不少，这本身也说明我们有潜力。不光是城乡差距，东中西部发展也还有很大差距。我们现在全国人均GDP是6000美元，东部一些地区上万美元了，可是我们西部地区才3000美元。差距就是潜力。更重要的是，我们改革有巨大的红利。30多年的改革开放，使我们取得了巨大的成就。改革没有止境，我们要下决心推动全面改革，用壮士断腕的精神来推进改革。包括财政公开预算、削减“三公经费”，包括金融改革，推动利率市场化，让小微企业能够更有效、比较低成本地贷到款，等等，这些改革我们都是要推进的。当然，改革是要触动利益的，但是改革是为了人民的利益，为了亿万职工都能过上好日子，没有什么比这个利益更大，为此必须义无反顾。

As a middle-income nation, China’s economic growth has gone from medium to high speed. What does this mean? I think that a 7.5 percent or above 7 percent increase is medium speed. We call it “medium” in comparison with China’s past economic growth. The economy has maintained double-digit growth for years, averaging at 9.8 percent, so it is medium growth in comparison with this. But in comparison with other countries, it is still high-speed growth, especially for a large country. We have estimated that an annual growth of 7 percent will enable us to build a moderately prosperous society by 2020. This growth will help every sector to adjust structures, handle over-capacity, strengthen energy conservation and environmental protection, enhance economic quality, and leave more room for sustainable development. China has great potential for long-term, sustainable and sound economic growth, as we are still in the process of industrialization and urbanization. China’s urbanization rate is 52 percent, but that includes residents who have lived in the urban areas for more than half a year. The registered urban population is less than 35 percent, much less than that of developed countries and developing countries which are at similar level to China. But this indicates potential on our part. As well as the urban-rural gap, there is also a huge disparity among China’s eastern, middle and western regions. China’s per capita GDP is US$6,000 on average: it is more than US$10,000 in some areas of eastern China while it is only US$3,000 in western China. The indeed signifies potential. More importantly, we have a huge dividend from reform. The achievements we have made in the past three decades can be attributed to our reform and opening-up. There is no limit to reform. We are resolved to reform comprehensively and to promote it with the determination of a warrior cutting one’s own wrist. The reforms include disclosing our fiscal budget, cutting down public expenses, financial reforms including liberalizing interest rates, making loans more available for small and micro businesses and lowering costs. Of course reforms will intrude on vested interest. But since reform is aimed at the people’s interest, and there is no bigger interest than that of improving the lives of tens of millions of workers, so we must proceed without hesitation.

必须强调，我们未来前进路上还面临很多风险和挑战。像财政、金融的风险，还有产业结构不合理，农业基础依然薄弱，资源环境约束的矛盾加剧，科技创新能力总体上还不强，经济发展面临后起国家追赶和发达国家经济、科技上占优势“两面夹击”压力，等等。要实现经济的持续健康发展很不容易，我们一定要居安思危，增强忧患意识，做好应对复杂困难局面的准备。如何化解存在的风险挑战，需要有勇气和智慧，需要大家齐心协力，同心同德。我们会有阵痛，但是要相信，13亿中国人、亿万中国职工要实现现代化、过上好日子的意志是不可动摇的。我们有这个力量。

I want to emphasize that there are many risks and challenges on the road ahead, such as fiscal and financial risks, the irrational industrial structure, weak agricultural foundation, resources and environmental constraints, and weak technical innovation. Emerging economies are catching up with us and developed countries have advanced economies and technology. These two aspects are squeezing our economic development from two sides. It is not easy to maintain sustained and healthy economic growth. We must think of adversity in times of prosperity, become more aware of hidden risks, and prepare well for a complicated and difficult situation. To deal with these risks and challenges, we need courage and wisdom, to make a concerted effort, and be of one mind. There will be pain, but we must believe that if 1.3 billion Chinese people including millions of Chinese workers are going to modernize the country, and live good lives, then our will must be unshakeable. We possess this strength.

三、在经济社会发展中更加注重解决好职工切身利益问题

Third, increase efforts on resolving problems closely concerning workers’ vital interests during economic and social development

职工利益是大家十分关心的事。工会是党和政府沟通亿万职工群众的桥梁和纽带，工会关心职工利益、维护职工权益，理所当然！推动经济发展和维护职工权益，这两个是并行不悖的、是一致的。我们希望亿万职工、全体人民勤奋努力、刻苦奋斗，但同时，你不能光从牛那里挤奶，不给牛塞一把豆饼子，这不行。我这里要强调几条。

Everybody is concerned about workers’ interests. Trade unions are the bridge and link between the Party and millions of workers. They care about workers’ interests, and uphold their rights. This is natural! Promoting economic development and protecting workers’ interests are not mutually exclusive but consistent with each other. We hope that the millions of workers and all the people will work hard. But, at the same time, you cannot get milk from a cow without feeding it. That does not work. At this point, I want to emphasize several things:

首先，要实施积极的就业政策。一定要努力帮助已有和新增劳动力有岗位、有活干，有就业机会，并努力实现高质量的就业。就业是最大的民生。这一点我请同志们相信，政府须臾不敢松劲，我们时时盯着这一条。对我们来说，稳增长主要是为了保就业。

Firstly, we must implement a proactive employment policy. We must strive to help those workers and first time job hunters find jobs, provide them with work opportunities, and strive for high-quality jobs. Employment gives our people a livelihood. Believe me that, the government will not slacken off, and will work for this every minute. For us, the primary purpose of steady economic growth is to safeguard employment.

第二，要织牢社会保障的安全网。我们要推进结构调整，其实最大的结构调整，还是要让消费发挥重要作用。因为很多发达国家，最终消费占了GDP当中很大的比重。我国今年前三季度这一比重为45.9%。要让老百姓花钱，他得无后顾之忧才行。就业是让群众腰包里有钱，有了钱，为什么消费还不够多，现在银行里有四、五十万亿元的存款？群众有后顾之忧。最大的后顾之忧是什么？还是社会保障。社会保障主要是养老。坦率地讲，这里面现在还是有问题的，现在参加城镇职工养老保险，大概是3亿多人，今年有累计3800万人中断交保险。主要是部分中小微企业有困难，或者是部分灵活就业人员连续缴费15年以上后不再缴费等各种因素造成的。国家要想办法健全社会保障体系，政府要管，工会也要参与进来，一起想办法，大家对国家要有信心。东北老工业基地国企改革改组中，当年解决了600万人的养老保险问题，还有不少人，大约几百万，因为企业倒闭，那时候国家没政策，自动离职了，没有任何补偿。他们为共和国的成长做过贡献，国家不能忘记他们。对这些人也要想办法。要有一个覆盖全民的、全体职工的养老保障，构筑让人民、让职工能安心生产生活的保障网，使发展成果更多更公平地惠及群众。还有医疗保险，目前已基本覆盖城乡。但我想特别说明要建立大病医疗保险制度，现在每年有300万人，生了大病，看病报销后还可能支付不起。要想办法，政府、社会、个人一起努力。我这里特别要强调工会的送温暖行动起到很重要的作用，你们帮助那些老职工、帮助那些困难职工，解忧解难。政府要从政策、资金等方面支持工会。还有住房保障。我们计划是“十二五”期间建成3600万套保障性住房，其中一半是棚户区改造。5年之内下决心把老职工集中居住的棚户区改造掉。

Secondly, we should build a social security safety net. We will promote restructuring. Within this, the major task is to let consumption play an important role. In many developed countries, consumption accounts for the largest proportion of GDP. In the first three quarters of this year in China, this proportion reached 45.9 percent. People will only spend when they have the money to do so. But why have Chinese people deposited four to five trillion yuan into their bank accounts rather than spend it? It is because they are worried about our pension system. Quite frankly, the system is not perfect. The number of urban workers currently participating in the basic old-age insurance scheme across China is more than 300 million, but 38 million of them withdraw at the end of the year. They are the workers from the medium sized, small and micro businesses with difficulties, and flexible workers who have paid contributions for 15 years and don’t want to pay any more. The government should improve social security system, and trade unions should also work towards this aim. People need to have confidence in the government. During our restructuring and transformation of state-owned enterprises in old industrial bases in northeast China, we solved the problem of endowment insurance for 6 million workers. But there were still millions of people who resigned voluntarily without receiving any compensation. They had also contributed to the country, and their country will not forget them. We need to find a way. We need to build a safety net, a pension system covering all people, pension protection for all workers so that the people can work and live in comfort. That is the way to share the benefits of development with the people more thoroughly and fairly. Our medical insurance system has basically covered all cities and counties. But what I want to emphasize here is the need to build a healthcare insurance system to treat critical illnesses. Some 3 million people are still unable to afford the bill for treatment of critical illnesses, even though some of the money has already been paid by the local government. The whole society, both the government and individuals should work together. Here, I would like to thank the “Warmth Projects” initiated by trade unions for their efforts in helping older and needy workers. The government will provide both political and financial support for trade unions. Another point is safeguarding housing. According to China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), we will build 36 million affordable houses, half of which will be converting shanty towns. In these five years, we are determined to reconstruct all the shanty towns where older workers live.

我们也正在研究救急机制，到这个阶段，既要扶贫、也要救急。中国几十年来很大的成就是减贫，几亿人脱贫，这个成就在世界上没有人能非议，但是救急机制我们还没有完全建立。要让社会有“兜底”的安全保障网，让人民群众、让职工们敢于去就业创业。有人真正在就业创业中遇到困难，掉下来了，有一个安全网兜着他。不光要有基本的安全网，还要最后有个兜底线，这就是救急机制。我觉得“送温暖”应该在这个救急机制中占一席之地。政府、社会、工会的“送温暖”、慈善机构等等，大家一起来建立这个救急机制。坚决防止那些冲破社会底线的现象频频发生，促进社会和谐。

We are also looking into establishing an emergency mechanism. At this stage, it is important to help the poor, as well as provide emergency relief. For decades, China achieved a lot in poverty reduction; hundreds of millions of Chinese people have shaken off poverty, no one disagrees with that. However, we have not established an emergency mechanism yet. Our society needs this as a bottom line for safety. This way, the people and workers will have the courage to find jobs and start their own businesses. When they encounter difficulties, the mechanism would help them. We need not only a basic security system, but also a bottom line, which would be the emergency mechanism. In my mind, it should incorporate the “Warmth Projects”, and be built as a collaboration by the government, trade unions, charities, and all areas of society, in order to prevent the frequent occurrence of phenomena that break through the social bottom line, which would promote harmony in society.

第三，要促进职工收入增长与经济发展和劳动生产率提高同步。社会保障解除后顾之忧了，也不够，还有职工收入问题。“十二五”规划已经提出，职工收入要倍增，要和GDP同步增长。两者同步，不仅经济的增长和职工收入的增长要同步，劳动生产率的增长和职工收入的增长也要同步。

Thirdly, we should increase incomes, economic development and productivity at the same time. It’s not enough to only improve social security to solve our worries for the future, we should also increase incomes. According the 12th Five Year Plan, the workers incomes will be doubled and grow in line with GDP. Growing these areas at the same time not only refers to the economy and incomes, but also to productivity and incomes.

当然我们最关心的还是那些普通职工。今年24个省市最低工资平均提高了18%，这给企业带来一定压力，包括影响出口竞争力。但是我们只能在两难当中做选择，因为最终还是要一步一步实现人民的共同富裕。再就是农民工。听说有1亿农民工已经加入了工会，我听了非常高兴。农民工给城市做的贡献巨大，城市少不了农民工啊。一个大城市没有各种各样的服务业，光有拿手术刀的，没有端茶水的，这个城市是运转不起来的。对所有的劳动者我们都应该尊重。目前农民工有2.6亿，当然有的是季节性的、临时性的。政府、工会都要行动起来，帮助他们实现从暂住到安居，从就业到乐业，让他们真正融入城镇，享受应有权利。

Of course, we are concerned most about the ordinary workers. The average minimum wage in 24 provinces and cities has increased by 18 percent this year, which has put pressure on companies and affecting the competitiveness of their exports. But we have to choose between these two difficulties, because we have to build common prosperity step by step. Another concern is farmers. I was glad to hear that 100 million farmers have joined the trade union. Migrant workers have made great contributions to cities, where they are indispensable. A city needs many types of service industry. If it only has people with scalpels but nobody serving tea, then it cannot operate. We should respect all works. There are 260 million migrant workers in China. Of course, some of them are seasonal or temporary. The government and trade unions mobilize to help migrant workers settle down in cities, not just stay temporarily, to enjoy their work instead merely providing jobs, so that migrant workers can really integrate into city or town lives and enjoy their rights.

这里我特别要强调，各级党委和政府一定要高度重视工会工作，尤其是要重视关爱劳模的工作，支持和帮助工会做好劳模工作。一个国家要有向上的力量，劳模是标杆。有了劳模，代表着360行，行行出状元，而且行行向状元这个方向迈进。我们还要完善政府和工会联席会议制度，既然是制度就要办。通过联席会议制度，可以多听工人特别是普通工人的心声。这需要推动企业民主管理，发挥好职代会的作用。

At this point, I want to emphasize that Party committees and governments in various levels must pay great attention to the functions of trade unions, especially those that care for and aid model workers, supporting and assisting trade unions so they can do a good job. A country should have positive energy, and model workers should be the examples. They are the masters of various trades and workers in their trades should follow them. We should also improve the government-trade union joint meeting mechanism. Since we have such mechanisms, we should implement them. Through the joint meetings, we can listen to the wishes of ordinary workers. We should promote democratic management in companies and fully exploit the role of workers’ congresses.

第四，要高度重视加强职工培训工作。当初人们说我国有人口红利，其实我们还有一个人才红利，人才红利不可小视。要打造中国经济升级版，除了要释放改革的最大红利，还要推动人口红利向人才红利转变。目前，已经取得了一定的成绩。在整个城镇的从业人员当中，有技能的劳动者占到了36%；有技能的劳动者当中，高技能的劳动者占到了25%。说起来不少了，但是比发达国家还有很大的差距。政府现在每年资助职工培训1000万人，数字也不小，但和我们庞大的亿万职工队伍相比较还有很大差距。我们一定要在这方面舍得花钱、敢于花钱，加大对职工教育的政策倾斜，让人口红利真正变成人才红利，支持工会开展职工技能培训，让绝大多数职工都成为有技能的从业人员，多数人能够成为高中级技能人员。大家的积极性和创造力都迸发出来，我们的目标是一定能达到的。

Fourthly, we should strengthen training for workers. People once said that China has a demographic dividend. In fact, our talent dividend should not be overlooked. In order to upgrade the Chinese economy, we should transform the demographic dividend into talent dividend. We have already made achievements in this area. Of all our urban employees, skilled workers account for 36 percent, and highly skilled workers account for 25 percent of the skilled ones. Although the proportion is not low, it is still far behind developed countries. The government is currently funding training for 10 million workers every year. It’s not a small figure, but it is not enough considering the hundreds of millions of workers in China. We should be willing and brave enough to spend money on worker training and improve preferential policies in this area, to really change our demographic dividend into a talent dividend. We need to support trade unions in providing training, so that the majority of employees can become skilled and then become intermediate or high-level professionals. This way, we inspire everybody’s enthusiasm and imagination. We must reach our goal.

还要十分重视安全生产。安全生产、人命关天，必须警钟长鸣。党和国家一直重视劳动安全事业，这些年，我们也下了很大的功夫，但问题依然不少。实现安全生产，光靠企业的自觉还不够，政府必须加强监管，也要发挥群众、工会的监督作用。

We should also give our full attention to work safety. Safe production concerns people’s lives, so we should be vigilant at all times. The Party and state have paid great attentions to this and achieved a lot in improving work safety. But there are still many issues. Relying on the self-discipline of companies is not enough. The government must enhance supervision and control, and in the meantime, the public and trade unions should also play supervisory roles in this issue.

同志们，让我们更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为总书记的党中央周围，高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，团结广大职工，为全面建成小康社会，实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而奋斗！最后，祝中国工会十六大圆满成功！

Comrades, let us unite even more closely around the leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as General Secretary. Let’s hold high the banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and be guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development. May the workers of the country unite to build a moderately prosperous society, and work for the Chinese dream of rejuvenating the Chinese nation! Finally, I wish the 16th National Congress of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions complete success!

谢谢大家。

Thank you.