强化应对气候变化行动——中国国家自主贡献（中英对照）

二、中国强化应对气候变化行动政策和措施

II. Polices and Measures to Implement Enhanced Actions on Climate Change

千里之行，始于足下。为实现到2030年的应对气候变化自主行动目标，需要在已采取行动的基础上，持续不断地做出努力，在体制机制、生产方式、消费模式、经济政策、科技创新、国际合作等方面进一步采取强化政策和措施。

A one-thousand-mile journey starts from the first step. To achieve the nationally determined action objectives on climate change by 2030, China needs, building on actions already taken, to make a sustained effort in further implementing enhanced policies and measures in areas such as regime building, production mode and consumption pattern, economic policy, science and technology innovation and international cooperation.

（一）实施积极应对气候变化国家战略。加强应对气候变化法制建设。将应对气候变化行动目标纳入国民经济和社会发展规划，研究制定长期低碳发展战略和路线图。落实《国家应对气候变化规划（2014－2020年）》和省级专项规划。完善应对气候变化工作格局，发挥碳排放指标的引导作用，分解落实应对气候变化目标任务，健全应对气候变化和低碳发展目标责任评价考核制度。

A. Implementing Proactive National Strategies on Climate Change

– To strengthen laws and regulations on climate change;

– To integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans;

– To formulate China’s long-term strategy and roadmap for low-carbon development;

– To implement the National Program on Climate Change (2014-2020) and provincial climate programs; and

– To improve the overall administration of climate-change-related work and to make carbon-emission-related indicators play guiding role, by subdividing and implementing climate change targets and tasks, and improving the performance evaluation and accountability system on climate change and low-carbon development targets.

（二）完善应对气候变化区域战略。实施分类指导的应对气候变化区域政策，针对不同主体功能区确定差别化的减缓和适应气候变化目标、任务和实现途径。优化开发的城市化地区要严格控制温室气体排放；重点开发的城市化地区要加强碳排放强度控制，老工业基地和资源型城市要加快绿色低碳转型；农产品主产区要加强开发强度管制，限制进行大规模工业化、城镇化开发，加强中小城镇规划建设，鼓励人口适度集中，积极推进农业适度规模化、产业化发展；重点生态功能区要划定生态红线，制定严格的产业发展目录，限制新上高碳项目，对不符合主体功能定位的产业实行退出机制，因地制宜发展低碳特色产业。

B. Improving Regional Strategies on Climate Change

– To implement regionalized climate change policies to help identify differentiated targets, tasks and approaches of climate change mitigation and adaptation for different development-planning zones;

– To strictly control greenhouse gas emissions in Urbanized Zones for Optimized Development;

– To enhance carbon intensity control in Urbanized Zones for Focused Development and to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation in old industrial bases and resource-based cities;

– To enhance the control of development intensity, to limit large-scale industrialization and urbanization, to strengthen the planning and construction of medium-and-small-sized towns, to encourage moderate concentration of population and to actively push forward the appropriate scale production and industrialization of agriculture in Major Agricultural Production Zones;

– To define ecological red lines, to formulate strict criteria for industrial development and to constrain the development of any new carbon intensive projects in Key Ecological Zones; and

– To introduce a withdrawal mechanism for those industries that do not match with functions of development-planning zones and to develop low-carbon industries in line with local conditions and circumstances.

（三）构建低碳能源体系。控制煤炭消费总量，加强煤炭清洁利用，提高煤炭集中高效发电比例，新建燃煤发电机组平均供电煤耗要降至每千瓦时300克标准煤左右。扩大天然气利用规模，到2020年天然气占一次能源消费比重达到10%以上，煤层气产量力争达到300亿立方米。在做好生态环境保护和移民安置的前提下积极推进水电开发，安全高效发展核电，大力发展风电，加快发展太阳能发电，积极发展地热能、生物质能和海洋能。到2020年，风电装机达到2亿千瓦，光伏装机达到1亿千瓦左右，地热能利用规模达到5000万吨标准煤。加强放空天然气和油田伴生气回收利用。大力发展分布式能源，加强智能电网建设。

C. Building Low-Carbon Energy System

– To control total coal consumption;

– To enhance the clean use of coal;

– To increase the share of concentrated and highly-efficient electricity generation from coal;

– To lower coal consumption of electricity generation of newly built coal-fired power plants to around 300 grams coal equivalent per kilowatt-hour;

– To expand the use of natural gas: by 2020, achieving more than 10% share of natural gas consumption in the primary energy consumption and making efforts to reach 30 billion cubic meters of coal-bed methane production;

– To proactively promote the development of hydro power, on the premise of ecological and environmental protection and inhabitant resettlement;

– To develop nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner;

– To scale up the development of wind power;

– To accelerate the development of solar power;

– To proactively develop geothermal energy, bio-energy and maritime energy;

– To achieve the installed capacity of wind power reaching 200 gigawatts, the installed capacity of solar power reaching around 100 gigawatts and the utilization of thermal energy reaching 50 million tons coal equivalent by 2020;

– To enhance the recovery and utilization of vent gas and oilfield-associated gas; and

– To scale up distributed energy and strengthen the construction of smart grid.

（四）形成节能低碳的产业体系。坚持走新型工业化道路，大力发展循环经济，优化产业结构，修订产业结构调整指导目录，严控高耗能、高排放行业扩张，加快淘汰落后产能，大力发展服务业和战略性新兴产业。到2020年，力争使战略性新兴产业增加值占国内生产总值比重达到15%。推进工业低碳发展，实施《工业领域应对气候变化行动方案（2012－2020年）》，制定重点行业碳排放控制目标和行动方案，研究制定重点行业温室气体排放标准。通过节能提高能效，有效控制电力、钢铁、有色、建材、化工等重点行业排放，加强新建项目碳排放管理，积极控制工业生产过程温室气体排放。构建循环型工业体系，推动产业园区循环化改造。加大再生资源回收利用，提高资源产出率。逐渐减少二氟一氯甲烷受控用途的生产和使用，到2020年在基准线水平（2010年产量）上产量减少35%、2025年减少67.5%，三氟甲烷排放到2020年得到有效控制。推进农业低碳发展，到2020年努力实现化肥农药使用量零增长；控制稻田甲烷和农田氧化亚氮排放，构建循环型农业体系，推动秸秆综合利用、农林废弃物资源化利用和畜禽粪便综合利用。推进服务业低碳发展，积极发展低碳商业、低碳旅游、低碳餐饮，大力推动服务业节能降碳。

D. Building Energy Efficient and Low-Carbon Industrial System

– To embark on a new path of industrialization, developing a circular economy, optimizing the industrial structure, revising the guidance catalogue of the adjustment of industrial structure, strictly controlling the total expansion of industries with extensive energy consumption and emissions, accelerating the elimination of outdated production capacity and promoting the development of service industry and strategic emerging industries;

– To promote the share of value added from strategic emerging industries reaching 15% of the total GDP by 2020;

– To promote low-carbon development of industrial sectors, implementing Action Plan of Industries Addressing Climate Change (2012-2020) and formulating carbon emission control target and action plans in key industries;

– To research and formulate greenhouse gas emission standards for key industries;

–To effectively control emissions from key sectors including power, iron and steel, nonferrous metal, building materials and chemical industries through energy conservation and efficiency improvement;

– To strengthen the management of carbon emissions for new projects and to actively control greenhouse gas emissions originating from the industrial production process;

– To construct a recycling-based industrial system, promoting recycling restructure in industrial parks, increasing the recycling and utilization of renewable resources and improving the production rate of resource;

– To phase down the production and consumption of HCFC-22 for controlled uses, with its production to be reduced by 35% from the 2010 level by 2020, and by 67.5% by 2025 and to achieve effective control on emissions of HFC-23 by 2020;

– To promote the low-carbon development in agriculture, making efforts to achieve zero growth of fertilizer and pesticide utilization by 2020;

– To control methane emissions from rice fields and nitrous oxide emissions from farmland;

– To construct a recyclable agriculture system, promoting comprehensive utilization of straw, reutilization of agricultural and forestry wastes and comprehensive utilization of animal waste; and

– To promote low-carbon development of service industry, actively developing low-carbon business, tourism and foodservice and vigorously promoting service industries to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions.

（五）控制建筑和交通领域排放。坚持走新型城镇化道路，优化城镇体系和城市空间布局，将低碳发展理念贯穿城市规划、建设、管理全过程，倡导产城融合的城市形态。强化城市低碳化建设，提高建筑能效水平和建筑工程质量，延长建筑物使用寿命，加大既有建筑节能改造力度，建设节能低碳的城市基础设施。促进建筑垃圾资源循环利用，强化垃圾填埋场甲烷收集利用。加快城乡低碳社区建设，推广绿色建筑和可再生能源建筑应用，完善社区配套低碳生活设施，探索社区低碳化运营管理模式。到2020年，城镇新建建筑中绿色建筑占比达到50%。构建绿色低碳交通运输体系，优化运输方式，合理配置城市交通资源，优先发展公共交通，鼓励开发使用新能源车船等低碳环保交通运输工具，提升燃油品质，推广新型替代燃料。到2020年，大中城市公共交通占机动化出行比例达到30%。推进城市步行和自行车交通系统建设，倡导绿色出行。加快智慧交通建设，推动绿色货运发展。

E. Controlling Emissions from Building and Transportation Sectors

– To embark on a new pattern of urbanization, optimizing the urban system and space layout, integrating the low-carbon development concept in the entire process of urban planning, construction and management and promoting the urban form that integrates industries into cities;

– To enhance low-carbonized urbanization, improving energy efficiency of building and the quality of building construction, extending buildings’ life spans, intensifying energy conservation transformation for existing buildings, building energy-saving and low-carbon infrastructures, promoting the reutilization of building wastes and intensifying the recovery and utilization of methane from landfills;

– To accelerate the construction of low-carbon communities in both urban and rural areas, promoting the construction of green buildings and the application of renewable energy in buildings, improving low-carbon supporting facilities for equipping communities and exploring modes of low-carbon community operation and management;

– To promote the share of green buildings in newly built buildings of cities and towns reaching 50% by 2020;

– To develop a green and low-carbon transportation system, optimizing means of transportation, properly allocating public transport resources in cities, giving priority to the development of public transportation and encouraging the development and use of low-carbon and environment-friendly means of transport, such as new energy vehicle and vessel;

– To improve the quality of gasoline and to promote new types of alternative fuels;

– To promote the share of public transport in motorized travel in big-and-medium-sized cities reaching 30% by 2020;

– To promote the development of dedicated transport system for pedestrians and bicycles in cities and to advocate green travel; and

– To accelerate the development of smart transport and green freight transport.

（六）努力增加碳汇。大力开展造林绿化，深入开展全民义务植树，继续实施天然林保护、退耕还林还草、京津风沙源治理、防护林体系建设、石漠化综合治理、水土保持等重点生态工程建设，着力加强森林抚育经营，增加森林碳汇。加大森林灾害防控，强化森林资源保护，减少毁林排放。加大湿地保护与恢复，提高湿地储碳功能。继续实施退牧还草，推行草畜平衡，遏制草场退化，恢复草原植被，加强草原灾害防治和农田保育，提升土壤储碳能力。

F. Increasing Carbon Sinks

– To vigorously enhance afforestation, promoting voluntary tree planting by all citizens, continuing the implementation of key ecological programs, including protecting natural forests, restoring forest and grassland from farmland, conducting sandification control for areas in vicinity of Beijing and Tianjin, planting shelter belt, controlling rocky desertification, conserving water and soil, strengthening forest tending and management and increasing the forest carbon sink;

– To strengthen forest disaster prevention and forest resource protection and to reduce deforestation-related emissions;

– To strengthen the protection and restoration of wetlands and to increase carbon storage capacity of wetlands; and

– To continue to restore grassland from grazing land, to promote mechanism of maintaining the balance between grass stock and livestock, to prevent grassland degradation, to restore vegetation of grassland, to enhance grassland disaster prevention and farmland protection and to improve carbon storage of soil.

（七）倡导低碳生活方式。加强低碳生活和低碳消费全民教育，倡导绿色低碳、健康文明的生活方式和消费模式，推动全社会形成低碳消费理念。发挥公共机构率先垂范作用，开展节能低碳机关、校园、医院、场馆、军营等创建活动。引导适度消费，鼓励使用节能低碳产品，遏制各种铺张浪费现象。完善废旧商品回收体系和垃圾分类处理体系。

G. Promoting the Low-Carbon Way of Life

– To enhance education for all citizens on low-carbon way of life and consumption, to advocate green, low-carbon, healthy and civilized way of life and consumption patterns and to promote low-carbon consumption throughout society;

– To encourage public institutes to take the lead to: advocate low-carbon government buildings, campuses, hospitals, stadiums and military camps, advocate moderate consumption, encourage the use of low-carbon products and curb extravagance and waste; and

– To improve waste separation and recycling system.