生态文明体制改革总体方案（中英对照）

八、健全环境治理和生态保护市场体系

VIII. Improving the Market System for Environmental Governance and Ecological Conservation

（四十一）培育环境治理和生态保护市场主体。采取鼓励发展节能环保产业的体制机制和政策措施。废止妨碍形成全国统一市场和公平竞争的规定和做法，鼓励各类投资进入环保市场。能由政府和社会资本合作开展的环境治理和生态保护事务，都可以吸引社会资本参与建设和运营。通过政府购买服务等方式，加大对环境污染第三方治理的支持力度。加快推进污水垃圾处理设施运营管理单位向独立核算、自主经营的企业转变。组建或改组设立国有资本投资运营公司，推动国有资本加大对环境治理和生态保护等方面的投入。支持生态环境保护领域国有企业实行混合所有制改革。

41. Fostering market entities for environmental governance and ecological conservation

Systems, mechanisms, policies, and measures that encourage energy efficient and environmentally friendly industries will be adopted. Regulations and practices that hinder fair competition and the creation of a nationally unified market will be discontinued, and all types of investment will be encouraged to enter the environmental protection market. Non-government investors may participate in the development and operation of any environmental governance or ecological conservation program where cooperation between government and non-government investment is viable. By means of government procurement of services and other methods, more support will be provided for third-party governance of environmental pollution. The transformation of organizations in charge of the operation and management of wastewater and refuse treatment facilities into companies that exercise independent accounting and management will be accelerated. Companies that take investment from or are operated with state capital will be set up or created through reorganization in order to encourage greater investment of state capital into environmental governance and ecological conservation. Support will be given to state-owned firms in fields of ecological and environmental protection to reform toward a mixed-ownership system.

（四十二）推行用能权和碳排放权交易制度。结合重点用能单位节能行动和新建项目能评审查，开展项目节能量交易，并逐步改为基于能源消费总量管理下的用能权交易。建立用能权交易系统、测量与核准体系。推广合同能源管理。深化碳排放权交易试点，逐步建立全国碳排放权交易市场，研究制定全国碳排放权交易总量设定与配额分配方案。完善碳交易注册登记系统，建立碳排放权交易市场监管体系。

42. Promoting the trading of energy-use rights and carbon emissions rights

Combined with efforts to see that major energy-consuming organizations increase energy efficiency and to subject new projects to energy reviews, the trading of energy saved on projects will be allowed, and will progressively move toward the trading of energy-use rights based on the cap system for energy consumption. A trading system and a measurement and verification system for energy-use rights will be established. Energy performance contracting will be promoted. Trials of carbon emissions rights trading will be deepened, a national exchange for carbon emissions rights will be progressively created, and a national plan for setting the total trade and quota allocation of carbon emissions rights will be formulated. The carbon trading registration system will be improved and a regulatory system will be established for the carbon emissions rights exchange.

（四十三）推行排污权交易制度。在企业排污总量控制制度基础上，尽快完善初始排污权核定，扩大涵盖的污染物覆盖面。在现行以行政区为单元层层分解机制基础上，根据行业先进排污水平，逐步强化以企业为单元进行总量控制、通过排污权交易获得减排收益的机制。在重点流域和大气污染重点区域，合理推进跨行政区排污权交易。扩大排污权有偿使用和交易试点，将更多条件成熟地区纳入试点。加强排污权交易平台建设。制定排污权核定、使用费收取使用和交易价格等规定。

43. Promoting the trading of pollution rights

On the basis of the cap system for enterprise pollution emissions, improvements will be made as quickly as possible to the granting of initial pollution rights, and coverage will be expanded to include more pollutants. Working from the foundations provided by the current mechanism for granting pollution rights to administrative regions, and on the basis of the best industry-wide levels of pollution emissions, the mechanism will be gradually strengthened to ensure the cap system for enterprise pollution emissions is implemented and the trading of pollution rights creates incentives for emissions reductions at the level of the individual enterprise. In key river basins and key areas for air pollution, implementation of pollution rights trading across administrative regions will be carried out as appropriate. Trials for the payment-based use and trading of pollution rights will be expanded to include more areas where conditions are appropriate. Efforts will be stepped up to improve the pollution rights exchange. Regulations will be developed on granting pollution rights, collecting and using pollution rights use fees, and setting trading prices.

（四十四）推行水权交易制度。结合水生态补偿机制的建立健全，合理界定和分配水权，探索地区间、流域间、流域上下游、行业间、用水户间等水权交易方式。研究制定水权交易管理办法，明确可交易水权的范围和类型、交易主体和期限、交易价格形成机制、交易平台运作规则等。开展水权交易平台建设。

44. Promoting the trading of water rights

Combined with efforts to establish an effective mechanism for compensating the expenses of water ecosystem protection and conservation, water-related rights will be appropriately defined and allocated and ways of trading water rights between regions, between river basins, between the lower and upper reaches of rivers, between industries, and between water users will be explored. Research will be conducted into formulating regulations concerning the trading of water rights, to clearly define the scope and types of tradable water rights, the trading entities and time frames, the mechanisms for determining trading prices, and the rules for the operation of the exchange. An exchange for water rights will be developed.

（四十五）建立绿色金融体系。推广绿色信贷，研究采取财政贴息等方式加大扶持力度，鼓励各类金融机构加大绿色信贷的发放力度，明确贷款人的尽职免责要求和环境保护法律责任。加强资本市场相关制度建设，研究设立绿色股票指数和发展相关投资产品，研究银行和企业发行绿色债券，鼓励对绿色信贷资产实行证券化。支持设立各类绿色发展基金，实行市场化运作。建立上市公司环保信息强制性披露机制。完善对节能低碳、生态环保项目的各类担保机制，加大风险补偿力度。在环境高风险领域建立环境污染强制责任保险制度。建立绿色评级体系以及公益性的环境成本核算和影响评估体系。积极推动绿色金融领域各类国际合作。

45. Establishing a green finance system

Green credit will be promoted, with research being undertaken into adopting methods such as government interest subsidies to boost the level of support. All types of financial institutions are encouraged to step up grants of green loans. Requirements for the due diligence of borrowers as well as their legal responsibilities concerning environmental protection will be clarified. Efforts will be stepped up to further develop the systems related to capital markets. Research will be conducted to explore the establishment of a green stock index and the development of relevant investment products, and studies will be undertaken to explore the issuance of green bonds by banks and enterprises, encouraging the securitization of green credit assets. Support will be given for the launch of multiple types of green development funds, the operations of which will be market-based. A mechanism will be established for the mandatory release of environmental protection information by listed companies. Guaranty mechanisms for energy-efficient, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly projects will be improved, and the level of risk compensation increased. A compulsory liability insurance system for environmental pollution will be established in sectors involving high environmental risks. A green rating system as well as a non-profit system for calculating environmental costs and evaluating environmental impact will be established. Cooperation of all types with other countries will be promoted in green finance.

（四十六）建立统一的绿色产品体系。将目前分头设立的环保、节能、节水、循环、低碳、再生、有机等产品统一整合为绿色产品，建立统一的绿色产品标准、认证、标识等体系。完善对绿色产品研发生产、运输配送、购买使用的财税金融支持和政府采购等政策。

46. Establishing a unified system for green products

Products that are licensed as environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, water-saving, circular, low-carbon, recyclable, or organic will be uniformly classified as green products, and standardized green product standards, certifications, and logos will be established for them. Improvements will be made to policies on fiscal and tax support and government procurement for the research and development, production, transport, delivery, purchase, and use of green products.

九、完善生态文明绩效评价考核和责任追究制度

IX. Improving Ecological Conservation Performance Evaluation and Accountability Systems

（四十七）建立生态文明目标体系。研究制定可操作、可视化的绿色发展指标体系。制定生态文明建设目标评价考核办法，把资源消耗、环境损害、生态效益纳入经济社会发展评价体系。根据不同区域主体功能定位，实行差异化绩效评价考核。

47. Establishing ecological conservation targets

Research will be conducted into developing practicable and visually representable indicators for assessing green development. Measures will be put in place to evaluate the attainment of ecological conservation targets, and indicators for resource consumption, environmental damage, and ecological benefit will be incorporated into a comprehensive evaluation system for economic and social development. Different performance evaluation criteria will be applied to different regions on the basis of their functional zoning.

（四十八）建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制。研究制定资源环境承载能力监测预警指标体系和技术方法，建立资源环境监测预警数据库和信息技术平台，定期编制资源环境承载能力监测预警报告，对资源消耗和环境容量超过或接近承载能力的地区，实行预警提醒和限制性措施。

48. Establishing monitoring and early-warning mechanisms for environmental and resource carrying capacity

Research will be undertaken into developing indicators and applying the right technology for monitoring and producing early warnings about resource and environmental carrying capacity. Monitoring and early-warning databases and IT platforms will be created for resources and the environment. Reports on monitoring and early-warning about resource and environmental carrying capacity will be prepared at regular intervals, and warnings will be issued and measures taken to place restrictions on regions which have exceeded or are approaching their carrying capacity in terms of resource consumption and environmental capacity.

（四十九）探索编制自然资源资产负债表。制定自然资源资产负债表编制指南，构建水资源、土地资源、森林资源等的资产和负债核算方法，建立实物量核算账户，明确分类标准和统计规范，定期评估自然资源资产变化状况。在市县层面开展自然资源资产负债表编制试点，核算主要自然资源实物量账户并公布核算结果。

49. Exploring the creation of balance sheets for natural resource assets

Guidelines will be formulated on preparing balance sheets for natural resource assets. Asset and liability accounting methods will be developed for use with water, land, forest, and other types of resources; accounts will be established for accounting natural resources in physical terms; classificatory criteria and statistical standards will be clearly laid out; and changes in natural resource assets will be regularly assessed. The preparation of balance sheets for natural resource assets will take place on a trial basis at the municipal (county) level, with physical accounts of major natural resource assets being assessed and results released.

（五十）对领导干部实行自然资源资产离任审计。在编制自然资源资产负债表和合理考虑客观自然因素基础上，积极探索领导干部自然资源资产离任审计的目标、内容、方法和评价指标体系。以领导干部任期内辖区自然资源资产变化状况为基础，通过审计，客观评价领导干部履行自然资源资产管理责任情况，依法界定领导干部应当承担的责任，加强审计结果运用。在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市、浙江湖州市、湖南娄底市、贵州赤水市、陕西延安市开展自然资源资产负债表编制试点和领导干部自然资源资产离任审计试点。

50. Auditing outgoing officials’ management of natural resource assets

On the basis of the preparation of balance sheets for natural resource assets and making reasonable allowance for objective natural factors, active efforts will be made to explore the objectives, content, methods, and appraisal indicators for auditing outgoing officials’ management of natural resource assets. Based on the changes in natural resource assets within their area of jurisdiction during their term of office, through auditing, an objective evaluation will be carried out of the outgoing official’ s management of natural resource assets; an official’ s liability will be determined in accordance with the law, and auditing results will be put to better use. Trials for preparing balance sheets for natural resource assets and for audits of the management of natural resource assets by outgoing officials will be conducted in the cities of Hulun Buir in Inner Mongolia, Huzhou in Zhejiang, Loudi in Hunan, Chishui in Guizhou, and Yan’ an in Shaanxi.

（五十一）建立生态环境损害责任终身追究制。实行地方党委和政府领导成员生态文明建设一岗双责制。以自然资源资产离任审计结果和生态环境损害情况为依据，明确对地方党委和政府领导班子主要负责人、有关领导人员、部门负责人的追责情形和认定程序。区分情节轻重，对造成生态环境损害的，予以诫勉、责令公开道歉、组织处理或党纪政纪处分，对构成犯罪的依法追究刑事责任。对领导干部离任后出现重大生态环境损害并认定其需要承担责任的，实行终身追责。建立国家环境保护督察制度。

51. Establishing a lifelong accountability system for ecological and environmental damage

Leaders of local CPC committees and governments will be responsible for both economic development and ecological progress. On the basis of the results of the natural resource asset audits of outgoing officials and ecological and environmental damage, the circumstances under which the principal leaders of local CPC committees and governments, related leaders, and departmental leaders will be held accountable and the procedures for confirming accountability will be made clear. Those responsible for ecological and environmental damage will, on the basis of the severity of misconduct, be reprimanded, required to make a public apology, or dealt with through organizational, Party, or disciplinary action. For circumstances which constitute a criminal act, criminal liability will be pursued in accordance with the law. A system of lifelong accountability will be put into effect for major ecological and environmental damage which becomes apparent after an official has left office and for which he or she is found liable. A national supervision and inspection system for environmental protection will be established.