四、发展问题 IV. Development Issues
（一）千年发展目标 1.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
千年发展目标是指导国际发展合作的重要纲领。千年发展目标的落实已取得一些积极进展，但从全球来看，落实情况很不平衡。发展中国家如期实现千年发展目标困难重重。
The
MDGs serve as an important guideline for international development cooperation.
Some positive progress has been made in meeting the MDGs. But globally,
implementation of the MDGs is far from even. Developing countries face many
difficulties in fulfilling the MDGs on time.
国际社会推动落实千年发展目标的努力不能松懈。国际发展合作的重点仍应是履行世界各国领导人的庄严承诺，全面落实千年发展目标，保证发展资源，集中力量帮助非洲发展和脱贫，重点加大对最不发达国家扶持力度；发展中国家也应根据本国国情，采取切实行动实现自身发展；联合国应继续发挥在国际发展合作领域的核心作用，为实现千年发展目标提供机制保障。
The
international community must not slacken its efforts in pushing for the
attainment of the MDGs. The priority of international development cooperation
should still be fulfilling the solemn commitments made by world leaders to
fully achieve the MDGs, ensure development resources, focus on helping African
countries achieve development and eradicate poverty, and increase support for
least developed countries as a matter of priority. Developing countries should
also take concrete actions to achieve development in line with their national
conditions. The UN should continue to play a central role in international
development cooperation and provide institutional guarantee for the realization
of the MDGs.
（二）2015年后发展议程 2.
Post-2015 Development Agenda
2015年后发展议程需在全面评估国际发展合作现状，特别是全球落实千年发展目标基础上稳步推进。这个进程，应由成员国发挥主导作用，在联合国框架下进行。
The
post-2015 development agenda should be advanced steadily on the basis of a
comprehensive assessment of the current state of international development
cooperation, especially the global implementation of the MDGs. The process
should be led by governments of the member states and conducted under the UN
framework.
2015年后发展议程的目标是推动国际社会秉持平等互信、包容互鉴、合作共赢的精神，通过协商一致的方式制定出一套指导国际发展合作和各国发展的目标。制定2015年后发展议程应重在促进各国团结合作，同舟共济，权责共担，共同应对挑战，彻底摆脱贫穷和饥饿的威胁，实现均衡、可持续发展和包容性增长，增进人类共同利益。发展议程应重点关注解决发展中国家，特别是非洲国家和最不发达国家面临的困难与挑战，注重解决南北不平衡问题，缩小发展差距，推动建立合作共赢的全球伙伴关系，重振国际发展合作。
The
post-2015 development agenda aims to set out on the basis of consensus a set of
goals for the international community to guide international development
cooperation and national development in a spirit of equality, mutual trust,
inclusiveness, mutual learning and win-win cooperation. The development agenda
is designed to encourage countries to build stronger unity and cooperation,
stick together in difficult times, share rights and responsibilities and
jointly meet challenges to eradicate the threat of poverty and hunger once and
for all, realize balanced and sustainable development and inclusive growth and
advance the common interests of mankind. The development agenda should give top
priority to meeting the difficulties and challenges that developing countries,
especially African and least developed countries, face, tackling the
development imbalances between the North and the South to narrow the
development gap and pushing for a global development partnership of win-win
cooperation to energize international development cooperation.
2015年后发展议程应体现几个基本原则。应继续以消除贫困为核心，以发展为主题，统筹考虑各国不同的国情与发展阶段，尊重各国的发展道路。应重视加强全球发展伙伴关系，坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则，建立完善的落实机制，加强发展筹资，促进贸易和投资自由化便利化，加强对发展中国家的官方发展援助及技术支持。
The
post-2015 development agenda should reflect some basic principles. It should
continue to take poverty eradication as the core and development as the theme.
It should take into full account the different national conditions and
development stages of various countries and respect the development paths of
all countries. It is important to strengthen the global development
partnership, adhere to the principle of “common but differentiated
responsibilities”, put in place a sound implementation mechanism, increase
financing for development, promote trade and investment liberalization and
facilitation and scale up official development assistance and technical support
for developing countries.
中国将积极参加今年9月联合国千年发展目标特别会议，期待此次会议认真总结评估并加速推进落实千年发展目标，同时为2015年后发展议程制定路线图，尽快启动政府间谈判进程。
China
will take an active part in the upcoming UN Special Event towards Achieving the
MDGs in September. China hopes that the conference will seriously review and
accelerate the progress in attaining the MDGs, and at the same time formulate a
roadmap for the post-2015 development agenda and set in motion the inter-governmental
negotiations as quickly as possible.
（三）可持续发展 3.
Sustainable Development
可持续发展与所有国家长远和现实利益密切相关。联合国先后于1992年和2002年分别召开了联合国环境与发展大会和可持续发展世界首脑会议，为各国及国际社会实现可持续发展制定了行动规划和方案。
Sustainable
development is closely linked to the long-term and immediate interests of all
countries. The United Nations held the UN Conference on Environment and
Development in 1992 and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002,
formulating action plans for all countries and the international community to
realize sustainable development.
2012年6月，联合国可持续发展大会在巴西里约热内卢召开。在当前全球经济和国际发展合作面临困难的形势下，这次大会为重振可持续发展国际合作发出了积极、明确、有力的信号，为全球可持续发展进程注入新的活力。
The
UN Conference on Sustainable Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in
June 2012. At a time when the global economy and international development
cooperation were faced with difficulties, the conference sent a positive, clear
and strong signal of revitalizing international cooperation on sustainable
development and added new vigor to the global process of sustainable
development.
大会决定建立可持续发展目标的政府间进程，并决定建立可持续发展高级别政治论坛和可持续发展筹资政府间委员会。有关进程应统筹平衡经济、社会和环境三个支柱，坚持在发展中促进可持续发展，把解决发展中国家实现可持续发展的资金、技术和能力建设等问题落到实处。
The
conference decided to establish an intergovernmental process for the
sustainable development goals (SDGs) as well as a High-level Political Forum
for Sustainable Development and an Intergovernmental Committee on Sustainable
Development Financing. The relevant process needs to coordinate the three pillars of
economy, society and environment, promote sustainable development in the course
of development, and effectively resolve the financial, technological and
capacity-building issues facing developing countries in pursuing sustainable
development.
中国是世界可持续发展进程的重要参与者和推动者。我们愿本着开放务实的态度，与各方一道积极参与联合国可持续发展大会后续进程，为推动全球可持续发展事业做出贡献。
China
is actively involved in and works hard to advance the process of sustainable
development in the world. China will work with all sides in an open and
practical manner to actively participate in the follow-up process of the UN
Conference on Sustainable Development and contribute to the global cause of
sustainable development.
（四）气候变化 4.
Climate Change
气候变化是人类共同面临的严峻挑战，关系到人类的生存和发展，国际社会应加强合作，共同应对。中方欢迎2012年底气候变化多哈会议取得的包括《京都议定书》第二承诺期在内的积极成果。中方希望发达国家拿出政治诚意、兑现承诺，进一步提高减排力度，并向发展中国家提供充足的资金、技术及能力建设支持，帮助发展中国家提高应对气候变化的能力。
Climate
change is a severe challenge for the whole of mankind. It bears on human
survival and development, thus requiring strengthened international cooperation
and a joint response. China welcomes the positive outcomes of the Doha Climate
Change Conference at the end of 2012, including the second commitment period of
the Kyoto Protocol. China hopes that
developed countries will demonstrate political sincerity to honor their
commitments, further cut emissions, and provide sufficient financial,
technological and capacity-building support for developing countries to help
them build the capacity to tackle climate change.
中国政府一贯高度重视气候变化问题，本着对本国人民和人类长远发展负责的精神，为应对气候变化采取了一系列强有力的政策措施，成绩显著。中国全国人民代表大会通过的“十二五”规划已将应对气候变化的目标列入约束性指标。2012年中国共产党第十八次代表大会明确提出，要全面落实科学发展观，推进生态文明建设，加快转变经济发展方式，着力推进绿色发展、循环发展和低碳发展，建设美丽中国。这是中国对未来发展模式的选择，也是为应对全球气候变化做出的重要贡献。中国将继续本着积极、建设性姿态参与气候变化国际谈判，与各方一道，坚持“共同但有区别的责任”原则、公平原则、各自能力原则，充分考虑发达国家历史责任和发展中国家可持续发展需要，推动气候变化国际谈判取得积极进展，为建立公平、合理的应对气候变化国际合作制度而共同努力。
The
Chinese government has always attached great importance to climate change. With
a sense of responsibility to the Chinese people and long-term development of
mankind, the Chinese government has adopted a series of strong measures to
tackle climate change and achieved notable results. The 12th Five-Year Plan
adopted by China’s National People’s Congress has incorporated mandatory
targets for tackling climate change. It was decided at the 18th National
Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012 that efforts will be made to
fully implement the Scientific Outlook on Development, promote ecological
progress, accelerate the shift of growth model, promote green development,
circular development and low-carbon development and build a beautiful China.
This is the model chosen by China for its future development and an important
contribution to the global efforts against climate change. We will continue to
play an active and constructive part in international negotiations on climate
change and work with other parties to advance international negotiations on
climate change and build a fair and reasonable system for international
cooperation on climate change based on the principles of “common but differentiated
responsibilities”, equity and respective capabilities, and with full
consideration of the historical responsibilities of developed countries and the
needs of developing countries for sustainable development.
（五）粮食安全 5.
Food Security
粮食安全是人类生存发展面临的首要问题，不仅攸关各国经济和民生，也事关人类发展和安全。世界粮食安全面临越来越多的非传统挑战和日趋复杂的形势。世界粮食安全的薄弱环节在发展中国家。利用粮食等生产生物燃料对粮食安全的影响不容忽视，气候变化对粮食安全也带来长期挑战。
Food
security is an issue of paramount importance for mankind’s survival and
development. It not only has a close bearing on the economy and people’s
livelihood of all countries, but also concerns the development and security of
mankind. Food security in the world is increasingly affected by non-traditional
challenges and the situation is ever more complex. Developing countries are the
weak link for ensuring world food security. The impact of food-based biofuel
production on food security is not to be overlooked, and climate change is also
posing a long-term challenge to food security.
中国高度重视农业和粮食问题，坚持立足国内、基本自给、适当利用进出口调剂余缺的政策，通过加大资金投入、加强农田水利建设、加快农业科技进步等政策和措施，稳定提高粮食和农业综合生产能力。中国用占不到世界9%的耕地，解决了世界近21%人口的吃饭问题，提前实现了联合国千年发展目标减贫目标。中国建立了长期保证国家粮食安全的体制、机制和充足的粮食储备，有信心、有能力长期主要立足国内生产保障粮食安全。
China
takes agriculture and food security very seriously. We have followed the policy
of basically relying on domestic supply to realize self-sufficiency while
making adjustments as appropriate through import and export. We have steadily
raised grain and agricultural productivity with the implementation of such
policies and measures as stepping up financial investment, strengthening
irrigation and water conservancy projects and accelerating the development of
agricultural science and technology. China has managed to feed nearly 21% of
the world’s population with less than 9% of the world’s farmland and achieved
the MDG on poverty alleviation ahead of schedule. China has established mechanisms
to ensure long-term food security and sufficient food reserve. We have the
confidence and capacity to ensure long-term food security by mainly relying on
domestic production.
中国政府在解决自身粮食安全问题的同时，还在南南合作框架内向有关发展中国家提供了力所能及的农业援助，包括建设农业技术示范中心、提供农业技术援助、提供紧急人道主义粮食援助等，为这些发展中国家提高粮食安全水平作出了自己的贡献。
While
addressing our own food security challenges, the Chinese government has also
provided agricultural assistance to the best of its ability to the relevant
developing countries within the framework of South-South cooperation, including
building agricultural technology demonstration centers and providing
agricultural technical assistance and emergency humanitarian food assistance,
thus making its own contribution to the improvement of food security in these
developing countries.
（六）能源安全 6.
Energy Security
能源安全同世界经济的稳定发展和各国人民的福祉息息相关。当前，全球能源版图出现重大变化，页岩气等非常规油气异军突起，美国和西半球成为能源重要供应地。国际油价深受国际经济金融环境的影响，起伏不定，未来存在较多不确定性。发展中国家缺乏能源定价权，确保能源长期稳定供应面临越来越多的挑战。
Energy
security has a close bearing on the stability and growth of the world economy and
the well-being of people in all countries. Major changes are taking place in
the global energy landscape. With the emergence and rapid growth of
non-conventional sources of oil and gas such as shale gas, the United States
and the western hemisphere have become major energy producers. Due to the
impact of the global economic and financial environment, the international oil
prices have kept fluctuating, and are expected to present lots of uncertainties
in the future. Developing countries, who have no say in setting energy prices,
are faced with more and more challenges in ensuring long-term and stable energy
supply.
国际社会应树立互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观，共同稳定能源等大宗商品价格、防止过度投机和炒作，保障各国特别是发展中国家能源需求，维护能源市场正常秩序。同时，各国应改善能源结构，加强先进能源技术的研发和推广，大力发展清洁和可再生能源，在相关领域积极开展国际合作。
The
international community should foster a new energy security outlook featuring
mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified development and coordinated
supply. Joint efforts should be made to stabilize the prices of energy and
other commodities and prevent excessive speculation and market hype, so as to
meet the energy demands of all countries, particularly the developing
countries, and maintain order in the energy market. Meanwhile, countries should
improve their own energy mix, promote the research, development and diffusion
of advanced energy technologies, vigorously develop clean and renewable
energies, and actively advance international cooperation in the relevant fields.
中国政府高度重视能源和能源安全问题，坚持节约优先、立足国内、多元发展、保护环境的原则。中国将积极推动能源生产和消费革命，控制能源消费总量，加强节能降耗，支持节能低碳产业和新能源、可再生能源发展。中国愿与世界各国一道共同努力，建立起能源合作长效机制，为保障全球能源安全、应对气候变化做出应有的贡献。
The
Chinese government attaches great importance to issues of energy and energy
security, and adheres to the principle of giving priority to conservation,
mainly relying on domestic supply, seeking diversified development and
protecting the environment. China will vigorously promote revolution in energy
production and consumption, keep total energy consumption under control,
promote energy conservation and support the development of energy-saving and
low-carbon industries as well as new and renewable energies. China is ready to
work with other countries to establish a long-term energy cooperation mechanism
and make its due contribution to ensuring global energy security and tackling
climate change.
（七）发展筹资 7.
Financing for Development
发展筹资不足一直是国际发展领域面临的主要挑战。当前发展筹资面临较大困难，发展中国家通过贸易、投资等渠道筹资困难加大。
The
inadequate financing for development has always been a major challenge to
international development. At present, as financing for development is
confronted with major difficulties, developing countries find it harder to
raise funds through trade and investment.
当务之急是建立并完善平等、互利、共赢的全球发展伙伴关系，切实落实《蒙特雷共识》，力争在2015年如期实现千年发展目标。中国主张应重点从五个方面做出努力：一是增加发展资源，加强发展机构。二是发达国家兑现官方发展援助占国民总收入0.7%的承诺，进一步对发展中国家减免债务和开放市场。三是应加强全球经济治理，切实增加发展中国家在国际经济和金融机构的代表性和发言权。四是抑制贸易保护主义，推动多哈回合谈判达成发展回合目标。五是为发展中国家创造良好外部发展环境。
The
pressing task now is to establish and improve a global development partnership
featuring equality, mutual benefit and win-win progress, earnestly implement
the Monterrey Consensus, and ensure
that the MDGs are met on schedule by 2015. China calls for efforts in the
following five priority areas: First, increase the resources and strengthen the
institutions of development. Second, developed countries should deliver on
their commitment to increase their official development assistance to 0.7% of
their gross national income, and further reduce or cancel debts owed by
developing countries and open markets to them. Third, strengthen global
economic governance and increase the representation and say of developing
countries in international economic and financial institutions. Fourth, curb
trade protectionism and make sure the Doha Round negotiations achieve its
development objectives. Fifth, create a favorable external development
environment for developing countries.
（八）南南合作 8.
South-South Cooperation
南南合作是发展中国家间优势互补、实现共同发展的重要渠道，是发展中国家相互帮助，携手应对各种发展挑战的重要途径。近年来，南南合作取得积极进展，发展中国家之间贸易、投资活跃。发展中国家间还建立了一些新机制和倡议，为南南合作注入新活力。
South-South
cooperation is an important channel for developing countries to draw on each
other’s strengths for common development, and an important means for developing
countries to meet development challenges through mutual assistance. In recent
years, South-South cooperation has made positive progress, and trade and
investment flows between developing countries are thriving. Some new mechanisms
and initiatives have been launched, injecting fresh vitality into South-South
cooperation.
南南合作是发展中国家互利合作的一种形式，具有互惠性、自发性和无条件性；南南合作不同于南北合作，只能是南北合作的补充，而非替代。南北合作标准并不适用于南南合作。发展中国家应在重大国际问题上加强协调，推动国际秩序和国际体系朝着公正合理的方向发展，共同维护正当权益；应根据形势发展和自身需要，本着平等互利原则，不断拓展合作渠道、丰富合作内涵、创新合作模式；应加强协调，有效利用多边机制，推动贸易和投资自由化便利化，反对各种形式的贸易保护主义。
South-South
cooperation is a form of win-win cooperation between developing countries. It
is mutually beneficial, voluntary and unconditional. It is different from
North-South cooperation and complements, rather than replaces, the latter. The
standards for North-South cooperation are not applicable to South-South
cooperation. Developing countries should conduct more coordination on major
international issues, work for a more just and reasonable international order
and system, and jointly uphold their legitimate rights and interests. They
should, in the spirit of equality and mutual benefit, continue to explore new
channels, content and models of cooperation in light of the evolving situation
and their own needs. They should also enhance coordination and make full use of
multilateral mechanisms, promote trade and investment liberalization and
facilitation, and oppose trade protectionism in all its forms.
（九）多哈回合谈判 9.
Doha Round Negotiations
继续推动并成功结束多哈回合谈判，有利于巩固和完善多边贸易体制，抑制贸易保护主义，推动世界经济复苏和可持续发展，符合各方共同利益。
To
advance and bring to a successful conclusion the Doha Round negotiations serves
the common interests of all parties as this will help consolidate and improve
the multilateral trading regime, curtail trade protectionism, and promote
global economic recovery and sustainable development.
中国致力于建立公正、合理、非歧视的多边贸易体制，一直以建设性姿态积极参与多哈回合谈判。中方呼吁各方拿出足够的政治意愿，切实推动谈判，使今年底举行的世界贸易组织第九次部长级会议达成“早期收获”。中方主张：一是必须坚持多哈谈判授权和已有成果；二是必须坚持发展目标，充分照顾发展中成员特别是最不发达国家的利益和关切；三是必须坚持最终达成一揽子协议。
China
is committed to building a fair, equitable and non-discriminatory multilateral
trading regime and has taken a constructive and positive approach toward the
Doha Round negotiations. We call on all parties to demonstrate sufficient
political will and advance the negotiations in real earnest, so that an “early
harvest” agreement can be achieved at the Ninth WTO Ministerial Conference at
the end of this year. In our view, first we must uphold the Doha mandate and the
existing achievements. Second, we must adhere to its development goal and take
into full account the interests and concerns of developing members,
particularly the least developed countries. Third, we must work to eventually
reach a package deal.
（十）国际金融体系改革 10.
Reform of the International Financial System
国际金融危机后，各方都认为应对现有国际金融体系进行必要改革。中方认为，改革的目标是建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序，并坚持全面性、均衡性、渐进性、实效性的原则。一要完善国际经济金融治理体系，切实增加新兴市场和发展中国家在国际金融机构和国际货币体系中的代表性；二要完善全球金融监管体系，加强对重要金融中心所在的发达经济体及其宏观经济政策的监督，加强对跨境资本流动和大宗商品衍生品的监管，改革主权信用评级机制；三要完善国际货币体系，健全储备货币发行调控机制，保持主要储备货币汇率相对稳定；四要加强国际金融机构的发展和减贫职能，缩小南北差距。
In
the wake of the international financial crisis, there has been consensus among
all parties over the necessity to reform the current international financial
system. China believes that the objective of the reform is to establish a fair,
equitable, inclusive and well-managed new international financial order under
the principles of being comprehensive, balanced, incremental, and
results-oriented. First, improve the international financial governance system
and increase the representation of emerging markets and developing countries in
international financial institutions and monetary system; second, improve the
international financial supervisory and regulatory regime, strengthen
supervision over developed economies hosting important financial centers and
their macroeconomic policies, strengthen regulation over cross-border capital
flow and commodity derivatives, and reform the sovereign credit rating
mechanism; third, improve the international monetary system, improve the
reserve currency issuance regulatory mechanism, maintain the relative stability
of the exchange rates of major reserve currencies; fourth, strengthen the
functions of international financial institutions in development and poverty
reduction, and narrow the North-South gap.
（十一）非洲发展 11.
Africa’s Development
维护非洲稳定和发展不仅是非洲国家的紧迫任务，也是国际社会的共同责任。近年来，非洲国家积极发展经济，经济增长呈现多点拉动的良好态势，“非洲发展机遇论”持续升温。为帮助非洲国家实现更大发展，国际社会特别是发达国家应继续加大对非援助和支持力度，切实兑现援非承诺，努力帮助非洲提升自主发展能力；应尊重非洲国家自主选择适合本国国情的发展道路，支持非洲一体化进程，支持其自主解决非洲事务的努力，帮助非洲维护和巩固和平稳定局面，为非洲发展提供保障；应尊重和支持非洲国家在可持续发展问题上的特殊关切，采取有力措施帮助非洲国家应对困难和挑战；应切实增加非洲在国际金融体系中的发言权和代表性，扩大非洲对全球治理的有效参与，增强非洲应对国际金融危机和气候变化等全球性挑战的能力。
Maintaining
stability and development in Africa is as much a common responsibility of the
international community as a pressing task of African countries. In recent
years, African countries have made vigorous efforts to promote their economic
growth, and their economies, driven by multiple sectors, have shown a sound
momentum of growth. The talk of Africa’s development opportunities is gaining
steam. To help African countries achieve greater development, the international
community, developed countries in particular, should provide more support and
help to Africa, honor the aid commitments and enhance African countries’
capacity for development. It should respect African countries’ independent
choice of development paths suited to their national conditions, and support
their efforts to independently address African issues and Africa’s integration
process. It should help the continent maintain and consolidate peace and
stability so as to put its development on a solid footing. It should respect
and support African countries’ special concerns on sustainable development
issues and take strong measures to help African countries tackle difficulties
and challenges. It should take concrete steps to increase the say and
representation of Africa in the international financial system, expand Africa’s
effective participation in global governance and strengthen Africa’s capacity
to tackle such global challenges as the international financial crisis and
climate change.
多年来，中国向非洲国家提供了真诚帮助，不断加大对非互利合作力度，为促进非洲经济社会发展作出了积极贡献。在中非合作论坛框架下，中国先后推出并落实了一系列支持非洲发展的合作举措。在2010年联合国千年发展目标高级别会议上，中国宣布了今后5年对外援助6项举措，非洲国家是主要受益国。在2012年7月举行的中非合作论坛第五届部长级会议上，中国又提出了一系列支持非洲和平发展事业的新举措。中国将认真落实这些举措，继续为非洲国家消除贫困、改善民生、提高自主发展能力作出自己的贡献。
For
decades, China has provided sincere help to African countries and continuously
strengthened mutually beneficial cooperation with Africa, contributing to the
economic and social development in Africa. China has introduced and implemented
a series of cooperation measures in support of Africa’s development within the
framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). At the UN High-level
Event on the MDGs in 2010, China announced six measures of foreign assistance
for the following five years of which African countries will be the main
beneficiaries. At the 5th Ministerial Conference of the FOCAC in July 2012,
China proposed a series of new measures supporting peace and development in
Africa. China will implement these measures in earnest and continue to make its
due contribution as African countries work to reduce poverty, improve people’s
life and enhance their capacity for independent development. |
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