一、关于生命与人身安全 I. On
Life and Personal Security
2013年公开资料显示，美国暴力犯罪案件增加，枪击案件不断发生，公民的生命与人身安全环境持续恶化。
The U.S. was haunted by an
increasing number of violent crimes in 2013 with frequent occurrence of
firearms-related criminal cases, public information show. American citizens’
lives and personal safety are threatened by an increasingly dangerous
environment.
暴力犯罪案件数量上升势头明显。据美国联邦调查局2013年发布的年度《统一犯罪报告》，2012年，美国共发生暴力犯罪案件1214464起，其中谋杀、误杀和过失杀人案件14827起，强奸案件84376起，抢劫案件354522起，严重暴力伤害案件760739起。又据美国司法统计局2013年10月24日发布的报告，与2011年相比，2012年美国12岁以上公民每千人遭受暴力侵害的人数从22.6人增加到26.1人。
The number of violent crimes has
risen sharply. According to the Uniform
Crime Reports, released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in
2013, the U.S. registered 1,214,464 violent crimes in 2012, of which 14,827 are
murders and nonnegligent manslaughters, 84,376 forcible rapes, 354,522
robberies and 760,739 aggravated assaults. According to statistics revealed by
the Bureau of Justice on October 24, 2013, the rate of violent victimization
increased from 22.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older in 2011 to
26.1 in 2012.
2013年4月15日，美国波士顿马拉松比赛现场发生连环炸弹袭击事件，造成264人受伤，3人遇难，其中包括一名8岁儿童。美国相关部门认定这是一起严重的恐怖主义事件。（见注1）
On April 15, 2013, twin bombings
ripped through Boston Marathon, leaving three dead and 264 injured. Among the
killed was an 8-year-old. U.S. authorities called the bombings a terrorist
attack (USA Today, December 6, 2013).
据《华盛顿邮报》2014年1月1日报道，21岁的罗伯特·森坎·斯潘塞于2013年9月17日，在华盛顿西南街被谋杀，成为该区域2013年第80个被谋杀的受害者。而2013年该区域共发生103起谋杀案，比2012年的88起大幅增长。
The Washington Post reported on January 1, 2014, that Robert Senquan
Spencer, 21, was dead from a shotgun blast on a Southwest Washington street,
becoming the District’s 80th homicide victim of 2013. The District had 103
homicides in 2013 - a sharp increase from 88 in 2012.
世界上私人拥枪数量最多的国家。根据美国联邦调查局2013年发布的资料，2013年，美国针对有购买枪支意愿的人进行了21093273人次的背景审查，比2012年的19592303人次增加了1500970人次。（见注2）2013年底，美国人拥有枪支达到3亿。大量枪支散布在美国社会，导致枪击事件频繁发生。近年来，美国每年都有10万多人遭遇枪击，其中有3万多人丧命枪口，这些人或是死于枪击暴力犯罪，或是死于自杀、误杀等事件。美国政府未能采取有效措施管制枪支。（见注3）
American citizens keep the world’s
largest number of privately owned guns. According to figures released by the
FBI in 2013, the total number of background checks conducted for gun sales in
2013 add up to 21,093,273, beating the previous 2012 record of 19,592,303 by
1,500,970 (www.townhall.com, January 7, 2014). As of 2013, there were about 300
million guns in the U.S.. On average, more than 100,000 Americans are being
shot each year, and 30,000 deaths are caused by the use of guns. Victims are
either killed in gun-related crimes or died in suicide or nonnegligent
manslaughter. The U.S. government failed to take effective measures to control
guns. (www.gunfaq.org, www.guncrimestatistics.com).
2012年，科罗拉多枪击案和桑迪胡克校园枪击案发生后，美国舆论强烈要求政府加强枪支管理。美国政府提出了包括扩大购枪者背景审查和禁止购买攻击性武器及高容量弹夹在内的控枪方案。进入立法程序后，由民主党和共和党议员联合提出的控枪法案却删除了禁止购买攻击性武器和高容量弹夹的条款，仅仅保留要求扩大购枪者背景调查范围的条款。即使这么一项相当有限的控枪法案，也在4月17日被美国参议院否决了。（见注4）与此同时，美国各州持续放宽对私人携带枪支的限制。随着伊利诺伊州于2014年1月5日正式实施隐蔽持枪法，隐蔽持有和携带武器在美国50个州全部合法。这意味着，除学校、公园和餐馆等少数公共场所外，获得持枪证的人在其他任何场所都可以隐蔽携带枪支。（见注5）
After the mass shootings in
Colorado and Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012, there were strong calls in
the United States for stricter controls on firearms. On April 17, a bipartisan
bill to support expanded background checks on firearms was blocked in the
Senate. Previously, plans for a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity
magazines had already been removed from the gun-control bill (www.bbc.co.uk,
April 17, 2013). At the same time, states in the U.S. continue to loosen their
gun laws. On January 5, Illinois became the last state in the U.S. to allow
average citizens to carry around concealed firearms. Anyone with firearm owner’s
identification card in the U.S. is allowed to pack heat in places except the
no-go zones including schools, parks and restaurants (www.usatoday.com, January
8, 2014).
枪击暴力犯罪严重。据统计，美国每年死于枪击暴力犯罪的有11000人。（见注6）根据美国联邦调查局2013年秋季发布的年度《统一犯罪报告》的统计，发生在美国的谋杀案件中有69.3%使用了枪支，抢劫案件中有41.0%使用了枪支，严重暴力袭击案件中有21.8%使用了枪支。美国每年都发生多起严重的枪击暴力事件。美国司法部长2013年10月21日说，近年来美国的大规模枪击事件数量增加了2倍。从2009年到2012年，有404人在大规模枪击事件中遭到枪击，其中有207人死亡。（见注7）根据《今日美国报》2013年12月16日报道，2013年美国发生30起死亡4人以上的枪击事件，造成137人死亡。
Gun violence is rampant in the
U.S.. There are 11,000 Americans killed by gun violence every year
(www.telegraph.co.uk, December 17, 2013). Information collected regarding types
of weapons used in violent crime showed that firearms were used in 69.3 percent
of the nation’s murders, 41 percent of robberies, and 21.8 percent of
aggravated assaults, according to the Uniform Crime Reports released by the FBI
in 2013. Every year, there is serious gun violence in the U.S.. On October 21,
2013, Attorney General Eric Holder said the average number of mass shooting
incidents has tripled in recent years. According to Justice Department figures
on mass shootings, 404 people were shot and 207 people were killed from 2009 to
2012 (www.huffingtonpost.com, October 21, 2013). According to a report
published on the USA Today on December 16, 2013, 137 people died in 30 mass
killings – four or more people killed, not including the killer – in 2013.
2013年9月16日，美国华盛顿海军海洋系统司令部内发生了一起枪击事件。德克萨斯军事承包商阿龙·亚历克西斯于16日上午进入美国华盛顿海军海洋系统司令部楼内，从4楼中庭向一楼人来人往的餐厅肆意射击，在与执法人员持续交火30分钟后被击毙。这次事件导致12人死亡，多人受伤。（见注8）
On September 16, 2013, civilian
contractor and military veteran Aaron Alexis, a resident of Texas, went on a
shooting rampage after he entered the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems
Command in Washington, D.C. in the morning, killing 12 people and injuring
several others. An eye witness said the gunman began shooting from a fourth-floor
overlook in the hallway and was aiming down at people in the building’s
cafeteria on the first floor. Aaron Alexis was shot dead in a 30 minutes’
exchange of gunfire with authorities (www.usatoday.com, September 17, 2013). |
/2 
