四、关于种族歧视 IV. On
Racial Discrimination
种族歧视在美国社会系统性地存在，少数族裔人权状况堪忧。
Racial discrimination
systematically exists in the U.S society. The situation of ethnic minorities’
human rights is grim.
执法司法领域普遍存在对少数族裔的歧视。2012年一项调查结果显示，当年至少有136名手无寸铁的非洲裔美国人被警察或保安杀害。（见注33）24岁的黑人青年乔纳森·法瑞尔在发生车祸后向他人寻求帮助，在没有携带任何武器的情况下被赶来的警察连续多枪射杀。（见注34）25岁的黑人女孩狄格里斯因未支付罚款而被捕并遭到两名白人警察的毒打。（见注35）带有种族偏见的街头拦截盘查时有发生。美国地区法官判定纽约市警察局所实施的至少200000起街头拦截缺乏合理怀疑的根据。（见注36）美国民权联盟的最新报告揭示，黑人和白人吸食大麻的比例相当，但是黑人因携带大麻被捕的可能性是白人的四倍。其主要原因是司法系统普遍存在对少数族裔的偏见。（见注37）与之类似，数据显示白人女性使用毒品的比例大致与少数族裔女性相当，但因贩卖毒品罪入狱的女性罪犯中2/3是西班牙裔和非洲裔。（见注38）
Racial discrimination is
prevalent in the field of law enforcement and justice. According to a survey
carried out in 2012, at least 136 unarmed African-Americans were killed by
policemen or security guards in the year (www.un.org, September 3, 2013).
Unarmed black youth Jonathan Ferrell, 24, sought help after a car accident, but
was shot multiple times and killed by police (New York Daily News, September
16, 2013). Black lady Diggles, 25, was handcuffed and brutally beaten by two
white cops for an unpaid fine (www. dailymail.co.uk, June 4, 2013). Racially
biased stops and interrogations often occur at streets. The U.S. district judge
declared that at least 200,000 stops were made by New York police without
reasonable suspicion (www.usatoday.com, August 18, 2013). A latest report
released by the American Civil Liberties Union revealed that despite the fact
that marijuana use was about the same for both black and white Americans,
blacks were four times as likely as whites to be arrested for marijuana
possession. One primary reason is that racial bias prevalently exists in the
field of justice (www.usatoday.com, June 24, 2013). Similarly, even though data
collected have shown that white women use drugs at roughly the same rate as
minority women, two-thirds of women in state prisons incarcerated for drug
offenses are Hispanic or black (www.humaneexposures.com, December 12, 2013).
2013年7月，枪杀黑人青年特雷沃恩·马丁的白人协警乔治·齐默尔曼被判无罪，在美国多个城市引发了抗议示威活动。（见注39）美国人权领袖杰西·杰克逊认为这使“美国的司法系统再次丧失了公正”。（见注40）2013年9月3日，联合国人权理事会非洲人后裔问题专家工作组和当代形式种族主义问题特别报告员联合要求美国政府尽快重新调查马丁案，审查可能对非洲裔人存在歧视性影响的法律。（见注41）
In July 2013, protests took place
in several cities in the U.S. after a white neighborhood watch volunteer George
Zimmerman was not found guilty of murdering black youth Trayvon Martin by gunshot
(www.abc.net.au, July 15, 2013). The U.S. civil rights leader Jesse Jackson
said that “the American legal system has once again failed justice”
(www.bbc.co.uk, July 14, 2013). On September 3, 2013, the Working Group of
Experts on Peoples of African Descent with the United Nations Human Rights
Council and Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism lodged a joint
appeal, asking the American government to reinvestigate into the Martin case as
soon as possible and review the laws that may lead to racial discrimination
against African-Americans (www.un.org, September 3, 2013).
公共场所频繁发生种族歧视事件。据《洛杉矶时报》2013年12月2日报道，洛杉矶消防局在录用工作人员以及日常工作场所中，存在种族歧视和性别歧视现象。2006年至2010年，洛杉矶市消防局共支付了1700万美元用于种族歧视和骚扰事件的赔偿。《纽约每日新闻》2013年10月26日报道称，黑人影星罗伯·布朗在梅西百货为妈妈购买了一块价值1350美元的手表，店方因他是黑人而怀疑他使用假信用卡，警方将他戴上手铐押走并拘留一个小时之久。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2013年10月23日报道称，黑人大学生特雷因·克里斯汀在巴尼百货公司购买了一条价值350美金的皮带，店员怀疑交易涉嫌欺诈并报警，他在出示了购买凭证以及身份的情况下，依然被警察戴上手铐带到当地警局讯问。克里斯汀的辩护律师说：“他唯一的罪行就是身为一个年轻的黑人。”
Racial discrimination is rampant
in public places. The Los Angeles Times reported on December 2, 2013, racial
and sex discrimination exists in the employment and daily workplaces of the Los
Angeles Fire Department. From 2006 to 2010, payouts in Los Angeles Fire
Department discrimination and harassment cases cost more than 17 million U.S.
dollars. New York Daily News reported on October 26, 2013, black star Rob Brown
bought his mom a 1,350 U.S. dollars watch at Macy’s, but was suspected of using
a fake credit card after being racially profiled by the store. The police
handcuffed and detained him for an hour. According to a report by
huffingtonpost.com on October 23, 2013, black college student Trayon Christian
was buying a 350 U.S. dollars belt at Barneys, but a Barneys sales clerk
believed the transaction was fraudulent and called police. Despite showing the
officers the receipt for the belt and his ID, he was still handcuffed and taken
to a local precinct. Christian’s attorney said that “His only crime was being a
young black man.”
部分主流媒体、社会组织和政客宣扬种族主义言论。美国广播公司在2013年10月16日的吉米·基梅尔脱口秀节目中曝出“杀光中国人”的言论，宣扬种族仇恨，引起美国亚裔尤其是华裔的不安与抗议。（见注42）美国主要的宗教权益组织美国家庭联合会宣称：“拉美裔选民都是贪婪又懒惰的社会主义者，这就是他们都不投票给共和党的原因。”（见注43）科罗拉多州白人女参议员借烧烤与鸡肉暗指黑人寿命及疾病问题是由于不良的习惯与饮食造成，其言论被认为具有种族主义倾向。（见注44）
Some mainstream media, social
organizations and politicians publicize racist comments. On October 16, 2013,
American Broadcasting Company’s Jimmy Kimmel Show aired a segment saying “kill
everyone in China” and promoted racial hatred. It aroused unease and protests
from Asian Americans especially Chinese Americans (www.washingtonpost.com,
November 8, 2013). The American Family Association, one of the leading
religious right groups, claimed that “Latino voters are greedy and lazy
socialist, and that’s why they don’t vote for Republicans”
(www.voiceofrussia.com, March 30, 2013). A white women Colorado lawmaker
insinuated, via mentioning barbecue and chicken, poor habits and diets should
be considered factors to the life expectancy and diseases of blacks. Her remarks
were regarded as having a tendency to racism (www.usatoday.com, August 22,
2013).
侵犯原住民权利的现象大量存在。2013年2月13日，联合国人权理事会原住民权利问题特别报告员安娜亚指出，美国原住民妇女遭到非原住民暴力侵害的案件多发。9月10日，安娜亚再次指出，印第安儿童福利法的实施面临障碍，呼吁美国政府切实保护印第安儿童的权利。（见注45）2013年9月10日，国际少数族裔权益组织指责美国资本能源公司伯利兹分公司未取得当地原住民社区同意，就在伯利兹玛雅文化传统区域开展石油勘探活动。（见注46）
Encroachment on indigenous
peoples’ rights prevalently exists. On February 13, 2013, Anaya, the United
Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples highlighted high
rates of violence against American indigenous women by non-indigenous men. On
September 10, Anaya reiterated the obstacles to implementing the law on
ensuring Indian children’s wellbeing and called on the U.S. government to take
all necessary measures to safeguard the human rights of Indian children
(www.unsr.jamesanaya.org, February 13, 2013). On September 10, 2013, the
Minority Rights Group International accused the U.S. Capital Energy Belize, Ltd
of oil exploration in Belize’s Maya communities without consent of indigenous
peoples (www.minorityrights.org, September 10, 2013). |
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