五、关于妇女和儿童权利 V. On
Women and Children’s Rights
美国仍然存在严重的性别歧视，儿童权利保障不力。
Sex discrimination is still
serious, and children’s rights are not well protected in the United States.
女性面临严重的就业歧视。《洛杉矶时报》2013年12月2日报道，在美国消防员中，女性仅占3%。这一比例从1995年没有增长。女性的工作薪酬远低于男性。根据美国劳工统计局2013年3月20日发布的数据，2012年，全职工作的女性年薪仅为男性收入中位数的81%。（见注47）另据美国国家统计局年度调查统计的数据，女性年均收入比男性少11500美元，非洲裔女性的工资为男性的69%，拉丁裔女性的工资为男性的58%。（见注48）
Women are facing serious employment
discrimination. According to a report carried by the Los Angeles Times on December 2, 2013, the ratio of women
firefighters in the uniformed ranks remains at just under 3 percent -- the same
as in 1995. Women’s salary is far lower than men’s. On average in 2012, women
made about 81 percent of the median earnings of male full-time wage and salary
workers, according to figures released by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
on March 20, 2013 (www.bls.gov, October 2013). Women’s average annual income is
11,500 U.S. dollars less than that of men’s. African American women are paid 69
cents for every dollar paid to all men, and Latinas are paid just 58 cents for
every dollar paid to all men, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s
annual survey (www.nationalpartnershipforwomen&families.org, September 17,
2013).
妇女和儿童经常遭受暴力和性侵犯。2013年，女性犯罪嫌疑人被强行脱衣搜查的诉讼频发。《芝加哥论坛报》2013年10月10日报道，一名女性犯罪嫌疑人因酒驾被捕后，遭到剃头和殴打，还被男性警员脱衣搜身，造成面部多处骨折。家庭暴力问题在美国依然十分突出。美国终止家庭暴力全国网络2013年发布报告称，基于2012年9月的一项调查，全国各地的反家暴项目在一天之内即向64324名家庭暴力受害者提供了帮助。但受资金限制，仍有10471名家庭暴力受害者未得到及时有效的帮助。（见注49）
Women and children experienced
frequent violent attacks and sexual assaults. In 2013, lawsuits on female
suspects being strip-searched were frequently reported. According to a report
from the Chicago Tribune on October
10, 2013, several bones were shattered in a woman’s face after she was arrested
for drunk-driving. She was shoved, beaten and strip-searched by police.
Domestic violence is still serious in the U.S.. According to a report by the
National Network to End Domestic Violence in 2013, a survey conducted in
September 2012 showed in just one 24-hour period, local domestic violence
programs across the country provided help and safety to 64,324 domestic
violence victims. Sadly, 10,471 requests of domestic violence victims went
unmet on that same day due to lack of funds (www.nnedv.org).
美国女性军人在服役期间经常遭受性骚扰和性侵害。据《陆军时报》网站报道，2012年有6.1%的女性军人遭受性侵。（见注50）从2010年到2012年，美军队中性侵犯和性骚扰的案件上升了35%，其中只有14%的受害者向有关机构报告，只有64%的性侵者被军队开除。（见注51）儿童性侵害、性剥削案件频发。《洛杉矶时报》网站2013年7月29日报道，2013年7月，美国联邦调查局在全国76个城市进行了为期3天的专项行动，从卖淫组织者手中解救了105名未成年人，其中绝大多数是女童，年纪最小的仅13岁。
U.S. female soldiers experienced
frequent sexual harassment and assault. According to the website of the Military Times, 6.1 percent of active
duty women say they experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012
(www.militarytimes.com, May 7, 2013). From 2010 to 2012, there was a 35 percent
increase in sexual assault and harassment cases in the military. Fourteen
percent of military victims report their assaults and 64 percent of convicted
sexual perpetrators were discharged from the military (www.airforcetimes.com,
July 23, 2013). Cases of children sexual abuse and exploitation occurred
frequently. According to a report on the website of Los Angeles Times on July
29, 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation launched a three-day
sex-trafficking sweep in 76 cities in July 2013. Some 105 sexually exploited
teenagers, some as young as 13, were rescued during the nationwide campaign.
Nearly all of them are girls.
儿童人身安全得不到有效保障。儿童家庭安全问题突出。据《芝加哥论坛报》2013年11月16日报道，2012年仅伊利诺伊州就有111名儿童因虐待或者疏于照料而死于家中，为有记录以来最多的一年，死者中绝大多数年仅1岁。据不完全统计，同期全美有1545名儿童因受虐待或者疏于照料而丧生。《洛杉矶时报》2013年12月18日报道，加利福尼亚州儿童寄养体系，特别是私人承担的寄养机构存在严重的虐待儿童现象。在缺乏监控的寄养体系下，一些有过儿童虐待纪录的寄养机构可以继续寄养儿童。近5年来，洛杉矶郡至少有4名寄养儿童因受虐待致死。儿童频繁成为暴力犯罪的受害者。据《芝加哥论坛报》2013年9月15日报道，2013年夏天，芝加哥各主要医院急诊收治被枪击的幼童达到每周一例。受伤幼童家长惊呼：“我们在哪里都不安全！”
Children’s security cannot be
effectively protected. Children’s security in family is a prominent problem.
According to a report carried by the Chicago
Tribune on November 16, 2013, 111 children lost their lives from abuse or
neglect in Illinois in 2012, a year of record child deaths from abuse and
neglect. The majority died before they were one year old. Nationally, the
number of child deaths from abuse and neglect was 1,545. According to a report
from the Los Angeles Times on December 18, 2013, child abuse is serious under
California’s privatized foster care system. The system is so poorly monitored
that foster care agencies with a history of abuse can continue caring for
children for years. In Los Angeles County, at least four children died as a
result of abuse or neglect over the last five years in homes overseen by
private agencies. Children have become frequent victims of violent crimes.
According to a report carried by the Chicago Tribune on September 15, 2013, all
summer long, wounded little children arrived in Chicago’s emergency rooms at a
pace of about one a week. Victims’ parents had this revelation: “We’re not safe
anywhere!”
农业童工大量存在。根据美国全国职业安全和卫生研究所在2012年完成的一项农业童工工伤调查，全美有41310个16岁以下的未成年农业工人。而保护童工运动负责人则认为美国2012年农业童工约为40-50万人。有许多工种直接危害儿童的健康与安全，甚至有致命威胁，比如农业机械操作、杀虫剂喷洒等工作。（见注52）据美国全国涉农儿童健康与安全中心2013年12月发布的统计数据，美国每天有38名儿童在与农业有关的事故中受伤。2013年3月，美国公共广播电台和公共电视网分别播出专题节目，报道了伊利诺伊州1名14岁的男孩在谷仓中被谷物淹没而死的惨剧，同时披露20%谷仓窒息事故死亡者是童工。（见注53）
Large amount of child labors in
agriculture. According to the 2012 childhood agricultural injury survey
conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 41,310
youth under the age of 16 were hired on farms. But a representative from the
Children in the Fields Campaign believed there were about 400,000 to 500,000
kids who were working in the fields in 2012. Some types of chores, such as
agricultural machine operation and pesticide spraying, have directly threatened
children’s health, security, or even life (www.usatoday.com, October 25, 2013).
Statistics released by the National Children’s Center For Rural And
Agricultural Health and Safety in December 2013 showed that 38 children were
injured in agriculture-related accidents each day in the U.S.. In March, 2013,
the National Public Radio and the Public Broadcasting System broadcast in-depth
stories about a 14-year-old child who was engulfed by grain and killed while
working in a silo in Illinois. And 20 percent of the victims of grain
engulfment are young workers (stopchildlabor.org, March 29, 2013).
六、关于侵犯他国人权 VI. On
Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations
美国是世界上侵犯他国人权最为严重的国家，棱镜门项目、无人机袭击、关塔那摩监狱、全球性虐囚等事件都受到国际社会的严厉谴责。
The United States is the world’s
biggest violator of human rights of non-American persons and has been strongly
denounced by the international community in cases of the PRISM program, drone
strikes, Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp and prisoner torture around the globe.
大规模海外监听项目侵犯他国主权和公民权利。美国国家安全局等情报机构长期监听他国国家元首和其他领导人、外交机构和民众。据爱德华·斯诺登公开的机密文件，美国国家安全局监控了35个他国领导人的电话。（见注54）国家安全局还通过技术手段在全球范围内追踪并窃取手机活动信息，每天收集的记录高达50亿条。（见注55）2013年4月，联合国人权理事会言论自由问题特别报告员拉卢在向联合国人权理事会提交的报告中指出，美国修订“外国情报监控修正案法”，扩大美国政府对境外非美籍人士进行监控的权力，监控内容包括任何利用美国的云服务主机进行的通信。（见注56）9月9日，联合国人权高专在与联合国人权理事会第24次对话时，对美国安全监视体系对个人隐私和其他人权的影响再次提出关切。（见注57）针对美国的全球监听行动，第68届联合国大会通过“数字时代的隐私权”决议，强调非法或任意监控、截取通信、非法搜集个人数据是对隐私权和言论自由的侵犯。一些国家在决议通过前发言，指责美国不仅侵犯隐私权等基本人权，也违背了尊重国家主权和领土完整、不干涉内政等《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则。（见注58）
A large number of overseas
surveillance projects conducted by the U.S. violated other countries’
sovereignty and the civil rights of their people. State heads and other
leaders, diplomatic agencies and citizens of other countries have long been
under surveillance of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). According to a
classified document provided by whistleblower Edward Snowden, the NSA monitored
the phone conversations of 35 leaders of other countries and collected five
billion pieces of information every day through tracking cell phone movements
around the world (www.theguardian.com, October 25, 2013; swampland.time.com,
December 4, 2013). In April 2013, the United Nations special rapporteur on the
promotion and protection of the rights to freedom of opinion and expression
Frank La Rue noted in a report that “the United States renewed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Amendment
Act of 2008 extending the Government’s power to conduct surveillance of
non-American persons located outside the United States, including any foreign
individual whose communications are hosted by cloud services located in the
United States” (UN document A/HRC/23/40). On September 9, 2013, the UN Human
Rights Chief Navi Pillay expressed concern about the impact of the U.S.
surveillance on the individuals’ right to privacy and other human rights during
the opening of the 24th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva
(www.ohchr.org, September 9, 2013). The UN General Assembly adopted a
resolution of protecting the right to privacy in the digital age at its 68th
session on December 19, 2013, stressing that unlawful, arbitrary surveillance,
interception, and data collection are a breach of the right to privacy and
freedom of expression. Some countries condemned the U.S. as a violator of human
rights, as well as the UN Charter principles of respect for national
sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in internal affairs
(www.un.org, December 19, 2013).
频繁使用无人机，造成他国大量平民伤亡。英国非盈利组织新闻调查局统计显示，2004年以来美国已在巴基斯坦进行了376次无人机袭击，造成多达926名平民死亡。（见注59）2013年5月9日，巴基斯坦白沙瓦高级法院裁定，美国无人机在巴基斯坦的非法袭击侵犯了国家主权，公然践踏基本人权以及《日内瓦公约》相关规定。（见注60）2013年12月12日，美国无人机在也门袭击了一个婚礼车队，造成包括两名部落长老在内的14人死亡、22人受伤，经查其中没有任何恐怖分子嫌疑人。（见注61）同年10月，联合国人权理事会在反恐行动中促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员埃默森要求美国进一步公开无人机项目。（见注62）在提交联大第三委员会的报告中，联合国人权理事会法外处决问题特别报告员、反恐中保护人权问题特别报告员均重点讨论武装无人机导致平民伤亡问题。对于联合国及有关政府组织呼吁美国说明袭击理由、标准和为减少平民伤亡所采取举措等要求，美国一概予以拒绝。（见注63）
Frequent drone strikes by the
U.S. have caused a large amount of non-American civilian casualties. According
to the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, an independent not-for-profit
organization in the UK, the U.S. has carried out 376 drone strikes in Pakistan
since 2004, and up to 926 civilians were reported dead (www.reuters.com,
October 22, 2013). On May 9, 2013, the Peshawar High Court in Pakistan ruled
that the U.S. drone strikes on targets in Pakistan illegally breached national
sovereignty and were in “blatant violation of Basic Human Rights” and
provisions of the Geneva Conventions,
according to the New York-based Open Society Foundations
(www.opensocietyfoundations.org, May 28, 2013). On December 12, 2013, a U.S.
drone mistakenly targeted a wedding convoy in Yemen’s al-Baitha province after intelligence
reports identified the vehicles as carrying al Qaeda militants, with 14 people
killed and 22 others injured, two Yemeni national security officials told CNN
(www.edition.cnn.com, December 13, 2013). In October, the UN special rapporteur
on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while
countering terrorism Ben Emmerson, urged the U.S. to disclose more information
about its drone programs (www.un.org, October 31, 2013). The UN special
rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions and on the protection of human rights
while countering terrorism focused on the issue of civilian casualties caused
by drone strikes in their reports to the third committee of the UN General
Assembly. The U.S. refused to account for those strikes and take measures to
reduce civilian casualties as requested by the UN or other government
organizations (www.un.org, October 31, 2013).
在其他国家和地区实施虐囚行为。2013年3月，联合国人权理事会在反恐行动中促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员埃默森提交报告指出，美国中央情报局在一些国家设立秘密拘留场所，用来关押恐怖嫌犯，并采取秘密转移囚犯的所谓“特殊引渡”程序。尽管中央情报局的有关非法行为广受批评，但迄今为止美国没有任何官员因此被问责。（见注64）美国这一计划是不通过司法程序，将嫌犯悄悄送往全球各个秘密监狱进行审讯甚至拷打。（见注65）据报道至少136人被非正式引渡或秘密拘留。（见注66）
The U.S. tortures prisoners in
other countries and regions. In March 2013, the special rapporteur Ben Emmerson
noted in a report that on September 17, 2001, the former U.S. President Bush
authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to operate a secret detention
program which involved the establishment of clandestine detention facilities
known as “black sites” on the territory of other states, and allegedly
authorized the CIA to carry out “extraordinary renditions.” Despite wide
criticism against the CIA’s illegal action, no American official has so far
been brought to justice (UN document A/HRC/22/52). The program saw terror
suspects spirited to secret prisons around the globe without legal process,
interrogated and sometimes tortured (www.independent.co.uk, February 18, 2013).
The Open Society Foundation said at least 136 individuals were reportedly
extraordinarily rendered or secretly detained by the CIA
(www.opensocietyfoundations.org, February 5, 2013).
关塔那摩监狱被关押人员的权利受到严重侵害。该监狱中的被关押人员多数未经审判而被无限期关押。联合国人权高专办网站2013年10月3日发布的有关声明指出，无限期羁押构成任意拘留，明显违反国际人权法和人权标准。（见注67）2013年2月起，关塔那摩监狱被关押人员陆续开始绝食，抗议遭受无限期关押和恶劣对待，（见注68）参加绝食抗议的人数多达92人。美国军方用强制进食的办法来对付这些绝食者。强制喂食每天进行两次。绝食者被绑在椅子上，由海军医务人员通过其鼻孔插入导管，强制进食。（见注69）联合国人权高专办公室就此发布声明重申，此种强制进食行为违反国际法。（见注70）2013年10月3日，联合国人权理事会酷刑问题特别报告员门德斯表示，关塔那摩监狱中的无限期羁押、单独囚禁、强制绝食者进食等行为构成酷刑行为，违反国际人权法。（见注71）联合国人权高专在2013年5月联合国人权理事会第23次会议上，批评美国关塔那摩监狱是反恐过程中未能有效保障人权的典型案例。（见注72）
Guantanamo Bay detainees’ human
rights were severely damaged with many of them held there indefinitely without
trial. On October 3 2013, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human
Rights said on its official website the continuing indefinite incarceration of
the detainees amounts to arbitrary detention and is in clear breach of
international law (www.un.org, October 3, 2013). A total of 92 Guantanamo
military prisoners joined in the hunger strike that began in February 2013, to
protest indefinite incarceration and bad treatment (www.ohchr.org, October 3,
2013). Force feedings were carried out. Inmates were chained to chairs by Army
guars, tubes were inserted through their noses by Navy medical workers
(www.upi.com, April 24, 2013). The UN human rights office announced that the
force feedings of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay Detention facility is a
breach of international law (www.commondreams.org, May 1, 2013). On October 3,
2013, the special rapporteur on torture noted indefinite incarceration, solitary
confinement, force feeding are a breach of international law (www.ohchr.org,
October 3, 2013). The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said in May 2013
that the Guantanamo Bay camp is a typical case of violating human rights while
countering terrorism (www.ohchr.org, October 3, 2013).
对发展中国家的生存权与发展权持否定态度。2013年10月29日，第68届联合国大会以压倒性多数第22次通过“必须终止美国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁”决议，谴责了美国对古巴人民生存权和发展权的严重侵犯。188个国家投赞成票，3个国家投弃权票，仅美国等两个国家投反对票。（见注73）美国对广大发展中国家关心的发展权态度冷淡。2013年9月，联合国人权理事会第24次会议通过“发展权”决议，只有美国投反对票。（见注74）
The U.S. denies the right to subsistence and development of people in developing countries. On October 29, 2013, the 68th session of the UN General Assembly adopted its twenty-second consecutive resolution calling for an end to the U.S. decades-long economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba, with a recorded vote of 188 in favor to 2 (the U.S. and Israel) against with 3 abstentions. The General Assembly criticized the U.S. for violating the Cubans’ right to subsistence and development (www.ohchr.org, October 29, 2013). The U.S. is indifferent to the right of development of people in developing countries. In September 2013, the twenty-fourth session of the UN Human Rights Council adopted the resolution reaffirming the declaration on the right to development, with a recorded vote of 46 to 1 (the U.S.), with no abstentions (UN document A/68/53/Add.1). |
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