2015年美国的人权纪录（中英对照）

三、经济和社会权利难以有效实现

III. Economic and Social Rights under Challenge

2015年，美国在经济和社会权利保障方面缺乏实质性进步，工人为维护工作权利举行大规模罢工，食物无保障者和无家可归者数量庞大，公众健康状况堪忧。

In 2015, no substantial progress concerning the economic and social rights of U.S. citizens were made. Workers carried out mass strikes to claim their rights at work. Food-insecure and homeless populations remained huge. Many U.S. people suffered from poor health.

劳动者的工作权利未能得到有效保障。据半岛电视台美国频道网站2015年10月6日报道，美国4400万受雇于私人部门的劳动者无法享受带薪病假的权利，占私人部门劳动者总数的40%。很多行业出现了大规模的罢工。2015年2月，加利福尼亚、得克萨斯、肯塔基和华盛顿州9个炼油厂的工人举行罢工，抗议繁重的加班、不稳定的岗位和危险的工作环境。（注28）2015年4月，230个城市的快餐店职员罢工，以争取15美元的最低工资；11月，数百个城市的快餐店职员为此再次罢工并示威游行，全美7个主要机场的2000多名工作人员也进行了罢工以抗议过低的工资水平。（注29）

The rights of laborers at work were not effectively protected. On October 6, 2015, Al Jazeera America reported that about 40 percent of private-sector workers, or 44 million people in America, did not have access to paid sick leave. Large scale strikes in many industries were reported. In February 2015, workers at nine oil refineries in California, Texas, Kentucky and Washington states carried out strikes, protesting onerous overtime, unsafe staffing levels and dangerous conditions (america.aljazeera.com, February 2, October 6, 2015). In April, the same year, fast food workers walked off the job in 230 cities, staging a strike aimed at a minimum wage of 15 U.S. dollars. In November, they walked out in hundreds of cities for the same reason. About 2,000 workers at seven major U.S. airports went on strike in November to protest low wages (thinkprogress.org, April 15, 2015; www.usatoday.com, November 10, November 19, 2015).

贫富差距悬殊。美国最穷的20%人口的收入仅占全民总收入的3.1%，而最富有的20%人口的收入占到51.4%。（注30）官方公布的2014年的贫困人口达到4670万人。（注31）以特拉华州为例，生活在贫困线以下的人口由2013年的11.7%上升到了12.5%，其中威尔明顿市贫困线以下的人口占到了近25%，儿童的贫困率则高达20%左右。美国民众对社会经济波动前景感到悲观，79%的人相信更多人会掉出而不是上升到中产阶级行列。（注32）

There was huge income gap between the rich and the poor. In the United States, 3.1 percent of income earned annually went to the poorest 20 percent of people, while 51.4 percent was earned by the richest 20 percent (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2015). Official data showed that 46.7 million people were living in poverty in 2014. (www.census.gov). In Delaware, the percentage of people living below the federal poverty line in 2014 was 12.5 percent, creeping up from 11.7 percent in 2013. Nearly a quarter of residents of Wilmington, Delaware lived below the poverty line. The poverty rate for children was around 20 percent. U.S. people were pessimistic about the prospects of social and economic instability. Seventy-nine percent of Americans believed it was more common for people to fall out of the middle class than rise up to it (www.usatoday.com, June 9, November 23, 2015).

食物无保障者规模庞大。据英国《卫报》网站2015年11月26日报道，2008至2014年间，美国每年至少有4810万人被官方认定为“食物无保障者”，包括19.2%有孩子的家庭，这意味着他们的均衡饮食难以保障。（注33）据美国疾病控制与防治中心评估，每年有4800万人会患上食源性疾病，其中12.8万人需要住院治疗，3000人因此丧命。（注34）根据美国农业部的最新数据，大约五分之一的儿童生活在食品保障不足的家庭。（注35）

There was a large food-insecure population in the United States. According to a report published on the Guardian website on November 26, 2015, government statistics suggested that between 2008 and 2014 at least 48.1 million people a year were classed as “food insecure”, including 19.2 percent of all households with children, meaning they could not always afford to eat balanced meals (www.theguardian.com, November 26, 2015). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that each year, 48 million people suffered from a foodborne illness, resulting in 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths (www.pewtrusts.org, December 4, 2015). Approximately one fifth of all U.S. children lived in food-insecure households, according to the most recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (america.aljazeera.com, October 8, 2015).

数十万人无家可归。《今日美国》网站2015年6月9日报道，美国近几年住房价格快速上涨，而居民收入却停滞不前，55%的民众不得不为住房付出更高代价。全美地产经纪商协会的报告指出，房租和家庭收入之间的差距已经扩大到无法维持的水平。（注36）据美国住房和城市发展部的报告，截至2015年11月18日，全国超过56万人无家可归，其中包括25%的18岁以下儿童。（注37）以纽约为例，2015年10月共有59568名无家可归者每天夜里在庇护所里度过，比2005年高出86%，其中包括14361个家庭和23858名儿童。露宿街头的无家可归者普遍面临着缺乏如厕和洗澡场所等问题。（注38）洛杉矶、西雅图、波特兰和夏威夷州近年来都曾因无家可归者增多而宣布进入紧急状态。（注39）

Hundreds of thousands of U.S. people were homeless. A report published on the USA Today website on June 9, 2015 said housing prices had skyrocketed in the United States in recent years, while income levels remained stagnant. Fifty-five percent of Americans had made more financial sacrifice to afford their housing. According to a report by the National Association of Realtors, the gap between rental costs and household income had been widening to unsustainable levels (www.usatoday.com, June 9, July 31, 2015). A study by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) found that more than 560,000 people were homeless in the United States as of November 18, 2015. About one fourth of them were children under the age of 18 (www.hud.gov). In New York City, there were 59,568 homeless people, including 14,361 homeless families with 23,858 homeless children, sleeping each night in municipal shelters in October 2015, 86 percent higher than the number in 2005. People living on streets had no access to toilets or showers (www.pewtrusts.org, November 11, 2015). In recent years, Los Angeles, Seattle, Portland and the state of Hawaii have all recently declared emergencies over the rise of homelessness (www.presstv.ir, November 20, 2015).

健康权保障不力。据美国政策创新研究所2015年9月18日发表的分析报告，尽管美国国会在2010年就通过了政府提出的医疗改革法案，承诺要建立全民医保体系，但至今仍有3300万人没有医疗保险。（注40）美国医疗护理水平在11个发达国家中倒数第1，婴儿死亡率最高。（注41）全国有超过6200个地方缺乏初级护理医生。（注42）全国艾滋病感染者超过120万人，其中八分之一的感染者并不知情。（注43）贫富群体的健康保障存在显著差异。据法新社2015年10月14日报道，纽约市布鲁克林区布朗斯维尔街区近40%的人生活在贫困线以下，其居民新感染艾滋病毒的比率为全纽约的2倍多，人均寿命比曼哈顿金融区的居民少11年。（注44）

Human right to health of U.S. people was not fully protected. According to a report of the Institute for Policy Innovation released on September 18, 2015, there were still 33 million people in the United States uninsured, although U.S. Congress had passed the health care reform bill in 2010, promising to establish a universal healthcare system (www.ipi.org, September 18, 2015). The United States was reported to have the worst medical care system and the highest number of infant mortalities out of 11 developed countries (borgenproject.org, August 23, 2015). There were more than 6,200 places nationwide with a shortage of primary care physicians (www.washingtonpost.com, December 12, 2015). Today, more than 1.2 million people in the United States were HIV-positive. About one in eight of those infected were unaware of their status (edition.cnn.com, December 9, 2015). There was a significant difference between the health conditions of the rich and the poor. According to an AFP report on October 14, 2015, in Brooklyn’s poorest neighborhood of Brownsville, New York City, nearly 40 percent of its citizens lived below the federal poverty level. Brownsville suffered more than twice the rates of new HIV diagnoses in New York City. Its people died 11 years earlier than those living around Manhattan’s financial district. (AFP, October 14, 2015).

药物滥用致死率再创新高。据美国疾病控制与防治中心报告显示，药物滥用成为当前美国主要的致病原因。药物滥用致死率1999年至2013年增长了1倍多，从每十万居民6.0人上升至13.8人。2014年，因药物滥用造成超过47000人死亡，比2013年增加3018人。在所有药物滥用中，海洛因滥用尤为突出。2002年至2013年，海洛因过量使用致死人数翻了近两番，达到8200多人，2014年又猛增至10574人。在海洛因吸食者中，青年和女性增长明显。与2002年至2004年相比，2011年至2013年吸食海洛因的18至25岁青年人数增长了109%，女性增长了100%。（注45）

Case fatality rate due to drug overdose set new record high. According to a CDC report, drug overdose was the leading cause of diseases in the United States. The death rate from drug overdose more than doubled from 6.0 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 13.8 in 2013. More than 47,000 people died from drug overdoses in 2014, an increase of 3,018 from 2013. Heroin poses the biggest issue among all forms of drug overdose. In 2013, deaths from heroin-related overdose exceeded 8,200, nearly quadrupling that of 2002. In 2014, the number surged to 10,574. Increasing number of young people and females took heroin. Compared with figures in the period from 2002 to 2004, the number of young heroin addicts aged between 18 and 25 in 2011-2013 period increased by 109 percent, while female users doubled (www.cdc.gov, October 16, December 29, 2015; www.usnews.com, December 18, 2015).