2015年美国的人权纪录（中英对照）

四、种族歧视变本加厉

IV. Racial Discrimination Worse Than Ever

2015年，美国的种族关系持续恶化，执法司法领域依然是种族歧视的重灾区，种族仇恨犯罪时有发生，反穆斯林言论甚嚣尘上，少数族裔在经济和社会生活中的弱势地位难以扭转。

In 2015, racial relations in the United States kept deteriorating. Law enforcement and justice fields were heavily influenced by racial discrimination, and race-based hate crimes occurred occasionally. Anti-Muslim remarks caused a great clamor, and minority races were unable to change their vulnerable status in economic and social lives.

种族关系为近20年来最糟糕年份。美国哥伦比亚广播公司与《纽约时报》2015年5月4日联合发布的调查显示，61%的美国人认为美国的种族关系差，这是1992年以来的最高点，大多数非洲裔和白人美国人均认为美国种族关系处于糟糕状态。（注46）《华尔街日报》和美国全国广播公司新闻网2015年12月的联合调查显示，认为美国的种族关系处于良好状态的美国人从2009年1月的77%下降到34%。（注47）美国公共宗教研究所2015年11月发布的调查结果显示，35%的被调查者认为自己居住的社区存在种族紧张问题，比2012年增长了18个百分点。（注48）皮尤中心2015年8月发布的数据显示，50%的美国人认为种族主义是美国社会的严重问题；60%的美国人认为国家需要继续努力促进种族平等，比一年前高出14个百分点。（注49）

Americans’ view of race relations was at a two-decade low. A poll jointly released by the CBS News and The New York Times on May 4, 2015 showed that 61 percent of Americans characterized race relations in the United States as “bad,” including a majority of white and black respondents. The figure was the highest since 1992 (newyork.cbslocal.com, May 4, 2015). A Wall Street Journal-NBC News poll in December 2015 showed that only 34 percent of Americans believe race relations in the United States were fairly good or very good, down from a high of 77 percent in January 2009 (blogs.wsj.com, December 16, 2015). A survey released in November 2015 by the Public Religion Research Institute in the United States showed that 35 percent of Americans believed racial tensions were a major concern in their own communities, jumping 18 percentage points from 2012 (publicreligion.org, November 17, 2015). Figures released in August 2015 by Pew Research Center showed that 50 percent of Americans said that racism was a big problem in the U.S. society; 60 percent Americans said the country needed to continue making changes to achieve racial equality, up 14 percentage points from a year ago (www.people-press.org, August 5, 2015).

警察杀害非洲裔美国人的案件屡屡发生。2015年11月15日，明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市24岁非洲裔男子贾马尔·克拉克被白人警察开枪打死。事发时，两名警察正试图逮捕他。据目击者称，克拉克头部中枪时双手戴着手铐。一个名为 “黑人生命很重要” 的民权团体在全国多个城市组织抗议游行。活动组织者在社交网站上表示，“现在整个美国都弥漫着反对有色人种的白人至上恐怖主义。”（注50）2015年4月12日，25岁的非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷在马里兰州西巴尔的摩地区遭警方逮捕时，被警察用膝盖顶住背部和头部、双手反铐在背后、脸朝下拖进警车。在发现格雷呼吸困难并要求帮助后，警察并未理会。格雷随后出现昏迷，直至送医院后死亡，死因是脊柱严重受伤。事件引发巴尔的摩市居民大规模抗议示威。示威活动27日演变成暴力冲突，导致马里兰州宣布进入紧急状态，并出动国民警卫队维持秩序。这是继2014年白人警察枪杀非洲裔少年布朗引发弗格森骚乱后，美国州政府6个月内第二次动用国民警卫队维护秩序。《纽约时报》4月28日评论称，“格雷成为这个国家警察暴行的最新象征”。（注51）据《华盛顿邮报》网站统计，截至2015年12月24日，警察全年共射杀965人，其中36人是手无寸铁的非洲裔美国人。（注52）美国哥伦比亚广播公司与《纽约时报》2015年5月4日联合发布的调查显示，79%的非洲裔美国人认为警察更容易针对非洲裔使用致命性武器，非洲裔比白人更倾向于认为地方警察带给他们的是焦虑感而不是安全感。（注53）全美律师协会公布的一项调查显示，88%的非洲裔和59%的白人相信非洲裔美国人遭受到警察不公正的对待。（注54）

Cases of African-Americans being killed by police occurred repeatedly. On November 15, 2015, the 24-year-old African-American Jamar Clark was shot dead by white police officers. The fatal shooting occurred when two police officers were trying to arrest him. Witnesses said that Clark was handcuffed when he was shot in the head. The civil rights organization “Black Lives Matter” organized protests in multiple cities across the country. In a Facebook post, Black Lives Matter activists noted “the era of white supremacist terrorism against people of color across the U.S.,” (www.theatlantic.com, November 18, 2015; www.mprnews.org, November 20, 2015; www.huffingtonpost.com, November 24, 2015) On April 12, 2015, as 25-year-old African-American Freddie Gray was being arrested, police handcuffed him and had knees on his back and his head. Gray was dragged and thrown into the back of a police van with his face down. Gray requested medical attention while being transported in the van but the request was denied. Gray lapsed into a coma following the journey on April 12 and died a week later in a hospital. He died of a severe spinal cord injury. The incident sparked large-scale protests in Baltimore. The protests turned violent on April 27, and Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard. It was the second time in six months that a state called out the National Guard to enforce order after a white police officer killed a black teenager, Michael Brown, in Ferguson in 2014. The New York Times said that Gray had become the nation’s latest symbol of police brutality in an April 28 story. (edition.cnn.com, April 29, 2015; www.bbc.com, May 5, 2015; baltimore.cbslocal.com, April 27, 2015; www.nytimes.com, April 27 and 28, 2015) According to The Washington Post website, police fatally shot 965 people in 2015 as of December 24, 2015, including 36 unarmed African-Americans (www.washingtonpost.com, December 24, 2015). The CBS News-New York Times poll released on May 4, 2015 showed that 79 percent of African-Americans believed police were more likely to use deadly force against a black person than against a white person, and black respondents were more likely than white respondents to believe their local police made them feel anxious rather than safe (newyork.cbslocal.com, May 4, 2015). According to a poll released by the National Bar Association in the United States, 88 percent of blacks believed black people were treated unfairly by police, compared with 59 percent of whites who shared that view (www.usatoday.com, September 9, 2015).

刑事司法领域种族歧视严重。2015年盖勒普公司的一项调查显示，68%的非洲裔美国人和37%的白人认为美国的刑事司法体系存在种族歧视。（注55）公共宗教研究所的调查显示，51%的美国人认为非洲裔和其他少数族裔在刑事司法体系中与白人相比受到了不平等对待，78%的非洲裔美国人认为他们在刑事司法体系中受到不平等待遇。（注56）在一些案件审判过程中，公诉人在选任陪审团成员时会刻意将符合条件的非洲裔陪审员排除出去。在美国南部地区，这种操纵陪审团种族构成的做法极为常见。（注57）

Racial discrimination in the criminal justice system was severe. A Gallup survey in 2015 showed that 68 percent of African-Americans believed the American criminal justice system was racially biased, while 37 percent of whites said the same (www.usatoday.com, June 18, 2015). According to a survey released by the Public Religion Research Institute, 51 percent of Americans disagreed that blacks and other minorities received equal treatment as whites in the criminal justice system, and 78 percent of black Americans disagreed that blacks and other minorities received equal treatment to whites in the criminal justice system (publicreligion.org, May 7, 2015). Prosecutors intentionally struck black people from juries in trials of black defendants. In the South, the practice for prosecutors to strike jurors based on race remained common (www.newyorker.com, June 5, 2015).

种族仇恨犯罪时有发生。46岁的克雷格·斯蒂芬·希克斯于2015年2月10日在北卡罗莱纳大学附近枪杀三名穆斯林学生，凶手此前时常在网络上发表各种反宗教言论。（注58）21岁的白人男子戴伦·鲁夫2015年6月17日晚在南卡罗莱纳州查尔斯顿一个非洲裔美国人教堂内枪杀了包括牧师在内的9人。鲁夫在行凶时对受害者大喊：“你们强奸我们的妇女，占领我们的国家，你们必须滚出去。”（注59）

Race-related hate crimes occurred occasionally. Craig Stephen Hicks, 46, shot dead three Muslim students near the University of North Carolina on February 10, 2015. Hicks had frequently posted messages critical of various religions on the Internet (indianexpress.com, June 5, 2015). On June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white man, opened fire and killed nine people, including a pastor, at an African-American church in Charleston in South Carolina. According to witnesses, Roof told the victims, “You rape our women and you’re taking over our country, and you have to go (www.cbsnews.com, June 17, 2015; www.bbc.com, June 19, 2015).”

反穆斯林言论甚嚣尘上。英国《卫报》网站2015年11月19日报道，一位共和党总统参选人公开发表言论，称会考虑对穆斯林实施未经授权的搜查，增加对清真寺的监控，并声称不排除建立追踪美国穆斯林的数据库，或给穆斯林颁发标明其宗教信仰的特殊身份证。（注60）12月7日，该参选人又声称“应全面禁止穆斯林进入美国”。（注61）近年来，美国人对伊斯兰教的看法变得越来越负面。美国公共宗教研究所的调查发现，56%的美国民众认为伊斯兰教与美国基本价值相冲突，持此观点的共和党人高达76%。（注62）联合国人权委员会对美国“执法人员对某些族裔群体特别是穆斯林的监视表示关切”。（注63）

Anti-Muslim remarks caused a great clamor. The Guardian reported on November 19, 2015 that a Republican presidential candidate made public comments, saying that he would consider warrantless searches of Muslims and increased surveillance of mosques, and that he would not rule out tracking Muslim Americans in a database or giving them “a special form of identification that noted their religion (www.theguardian.com, November 19, 2015).” On December 7, the presidential candidate made a statement calling for “a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States (www.economist.com, December 8, 2015).” In recent years, Americans’ view on Islam became more and more negative. According to a survey by the Public Religion Research Institute, 56 percent of Americans said that the values of Islam were “at odds” with America’s values and way of life, and 76 percent of Republicans were especially likely to have the same opinion (www.washingtonpost.com, November 17, 2015). The Human Rights Committee remained concerned about the practice of racial profiling and surveillance by law enforcement officials targeting certain ethnic minorities, notably Muslims (daccess-dds-ny.un.org).

少数族裔处境艰难。美国劳工统计局数据显示，2015年11月白人失业率为4.3%，非洲裔为9.4%，拉美裔为6.4%。非洲裔失业率是白人失业率的两倍以上，拉美裔失业率比白人高出近50%。（注64）非洲裔大学生失业率与白人高中生失业率大致相当。（注65）在爱荷华州，33%的非洲裔家庭年收入低于2万美元，而只有8%的白人家庭低于此数。超过20%的白人家庭年收入超过10万美元，而只有8%的非洲裔家庭能达到同样水平。（注66）在纽约无家可归者收容所的受助者中，约57%是非洲裔，31%是拉美裔，8%是白人。（注67）据美国有线电视新闻网网站2015年2月18日报道，种族之间的收入不平等进一步扩大，白人拥有的财富是非洲裔的12倍，是拉美裔的近11倍，“对于很多非洲裔和拉美裔美国家庭而言，美国梦仍然遥不可及。”（注68）非洲裔美国人达内尔·沃克拍摄的名为《寻求避难》的纪录片在互联网上放映后，引起强烈反响。该片记录了非洲裔美国人的困境。由于警察的野蛮执法等原因，一些非洲裔美国人在美国不再感到安全，希望转到其他地方定居。针对美国连续发生的警察杀害非洲裔事件，2004年从美国移居法国的作家迈尔斯·马歇尔·刘易斯在2014年出版了《黑人没有国家》一书。（注69）

Minority races were in a dire situation. According to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rates in November 2015 were 4.3 percent for whites, 9.4 percent for blacks and 6.4 percent for Hispanics. The unemployment rate for blacks more than doubled that for whites, and the figure for Hispanics was 50 percent higher than that for whites (www.bls.gov). The unemployment rate for black college graduates was roughly equal to the rate for white Americans with associate degrees (huffingtonpost.com, December 18, 2015). A third of Iowa’s black households earned less than 20,000 U.S. dollars annually, compared with 8 percent of white households. More than one fifth of white households in Iowa earned 100,000 U.S. dollars or more in a year, but only eight percent of black households did (www.usatoday.com, October 31, 2015). Approximately 57 percent of New York City homeless shelter residents were African-American, 31 percent were Latino, 8 percent were white (www.coalitionforthehomeless.org, March 18, 2015). According to a CNN report on February 18, 2015, financial inequality was pervading the country and it was getting worse. Whites had 12 times the wealth of blacks and nearly 10 times more than Hispanics. “The American Dream remains out of reach for many African-American and Hispanic families.” (money.cnn.com, February 18, 2015) The documentary Seeking Asylum by African-American Darnell Walker triggered heated responses after debuting online, chronicling the plight of black Americans who no longer felt safe in the United States due to rampant police brutality and were looking to settle elsewhere. Miles Marshall Lewis, who moved to France in 2004 from the United States, published his book “No Country for Black Men” in 2014, a response to the wave of police killings targeting blacks (www.thedailybeast.com, November 11, 2015).