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二、提升投融资合作层次 II.
Improving the Level of Investment and Financing Cooperation 经济基础薄弱、建设资金匮乏一直是非洲国家发展的主要瓶颈。中国政府鼓励、支持企业和金融机构扩大对非投资，努力提升中非合作的质量和水平。 A poor economic foundation and
insufficient construction funds have always been factors limiting the development
of African countries. The Chinese government encourages and supports
enterprises and financial institutions to increase investment in Africa,
striving to improve the quality and level of China-Africa cooperation. 2009年以来，非洲地区吸收外国直接投资连续下滑，但中国对非直接投资快速增加。据统计，2009—2012年，中国对非直接投资流量由14.4亿美元增至25.2亿美元，年均增长20.5％，存量由93.3亿美元增至212.3亿美元，增长1.3倍。中国对非投资的快速增长，一方面说明非洲的发展潜力和投资吸引力，另一方面也体现出中非合作的互补性。
Since 2009, Africa has seen a
decrease of foreign direct investment, but an accelerated growth of direct
investment from China during this same period. From 2009 to 2012, China’s
direct investment in Africa increased from US$1.44 billion to US$2.52 billion,
with an annual growth rate of 20.5%. Over the same period, China’s accumulative
direct investment in Africa increased from US$9.33 billion to US$21.23 billion,
2.3 times the 2009 figure. The rapid growth of China’s direct investment in
Africa is indicative of Africa’s development potential and investment appeal,
and also points to the mutually beneficial nature of China-Africa cooperation. 在投资总量扩大的同时，中国对非投资层次也不断提升。目前，有超过2000家的中国企业在非洲50多个国家和地区投资兴业，合作领域从传统的农业、采矿、建筑等，逐步拓展到资源产品深加工、工业制造、金融、商贸物流、地产等。
While increasing aggregate investment, China is also improving the level of its investment in Africa. Currently, over 2,000 Chinese enterprises are investing and developing in more than 50 African countries and regions, and cooperation fields have expanded from agriculture, mining and building industry to intensive processing of resource products, industrial manufacturing, finance, commercial logistics and real estate.
近年来，中国对非投资机制不断完善。截至2012年底，中国已与32个非洲国家签署双边投资保护协定，与45个国家建立经贸联委会机制。作为中非合作论坛北京峰会推出的八项举措之一，截至2012年底，中非发展基金在非洲30个国家投资61个项目，决策投资额23.85亿美元，并已对53个项目实际投资18.06亿美元。初步统计，决策投资项目全部实施后，可带动对非投资超过100亿美元，每年增加非洲当地出口约20亿美元、超过70万人从中受益。中国金融机构通过多种手段，积极扩大对非融资支持。2009年中非合作论坛第四届部长级会议上，中国宣布设立“非洲中小企业发展专项贷款”。截至2012年底，专项贷款累计承诺贷款12.13亿美元，已签合同金额10.28亿美元，发放贷款6.66亿美元，有力支持了农林牧渔、加工制造、贸易流通等与非洲民生密切相关行业的发展。
In recent years, China has
improved its mechanisms for investment in Africa. By the end of 2012, China had
signed bilateral investment treaties (BIT) with 32 African countries, and
established joint economic commission mechanisms with 45 African countries. The
China-Africa Development Fund, established as one of the eight pledges China
made at the FOCAC Beijing Summit, had by the end of 2012 agreed to invest
US$2.385 billion in 61 projects in 30 African countries, and had already
invested US$1.806 billion for 53 projects. According to preliminary statistics,
the agreed upon investment projects will bring US$10 billion worth of
investment to Africa, increase local exports by about US$2 billion annually,
and benefit more than 700,000 people. China’s financial institutions have
actively expanded financing support for Africa. At the Fourth FOCAC Ministerial
Conference in 2009, China announced the establishment of “a special loan for
small and medium-sized African businesses.” By the end of 2012, the special
loan service had promised to offer loans totaling US$1.213 billion, with
contract value of US$1.028 billion and loans granted worth US$666 million,
providing strong support for the development of agriculture, forestry, animal
husbandry, fishing, processing and manufacturing, trade and logistics, and
other industries closely associated with people’s livelihoods in Africa. 能矿资源开发是非洲国家经济起飞和发展的重要动力。在这一领域，中国企业帮助非洲国家建立和发展上下游一体化的产业链，把资源优势转化为经济发展优势，并积极参与项目所在地的公共福利设施建设。在刚果（金），中国企业在开发铜钴矿的同时，建设了包括公路、医院在内的多个公共项目。在南非，进行矿产开发和加工的中国公司设立捐赠基金，赞助矿区医疗、减贫和教育事业，并建成先进的水处理设施。中国企业还捐资开展中非“光明行”活动，组织中国一流的眼科医生赴津巴布韦、赞比亚，为623名患者实施白内障复明手术。
Energy and mineral resource
exploitation is the major impetus for the economic booms of many African
countries. In this area, Chinese enterprises have helped African countries
establish an upstream-downstream-integrated industry chain, transforming
resource advantages into economic growth opportunities, and actively
participated in local public welfare infrastructure construction. In the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chinese enterprises have built highways,
hospitals and other public infrastructure while extracting copper-cobalt ores. In
the Republic of South Africa, Chinese mineral exploitation and processing
enterprises have set up endowment funds to sponsor medical care, poverty
reduction and education in local areas, and built advanced water treatment
facilities. Chinese enterprises have sponsored the “Brightness Action” and
organized first-rate ophthalmologists to perform cataract extraction surgeries
for 623 patients in Zimbabwe and Zambia.
制造业是中国对非投资的重点领域。2009—2012年，中国企业对非制造业直接投资额合计达13.3亿美元，2012年底，在非制造业投资存量达34.3亿美元。其中，马里、埃塞俄比亚等资源贫瘠国吸引了大量中国投资。中国企业在马里投资糖厂，在埃塞俄比亚建立玻璃、皮革、药用胶囊和汽车生产企业，在乌干达投资纺织和钢管生产项目等，弥补了所在国自然条件、资源禀赋的不足，创造了大量税收和就业，延长了“非洲制造”的增值链。中国企业的投资给非洲社会发展带来了全方位的变化。如在津巴布韦，投资经济作物种植的中国企业向当地农户提供无息贷款，改善生产基础设施条件，进行生产全程技术指导，组织当地员工赴华访问，资助当地建设学校、孤儿院，促进了中国企业与当地的良性互动和共同发展。
Manufacturing is China’s key
investment field in Africa. From 2009 to 2012, Chinese enterprises’ direct
investment volume in Africa’s manufacturing sector totaled US$1.33 billion. By
the end of 2012, China’s investment in Africa’s manufacturing industry had
reached US$3.43 billion. Mali, Ethiopia and other resource-poor countries have
also attracted a large amount of Chinese investment. Chinese enterprises have
invested in sugar refineries in Mali, set up glass, fur, medical capsule and
automobile factories in Ethiopia, and invested in textile and steel pipe
manufacturing projects in Uganda. All of these investments have compensated for
these countries’ unfavorable natural conditions and resources, increased their
tax revenues and employment, and extended the value adding chain of “made in
Africa” products.
Chinese enterprises’ investments
have brought about changes to all dimensions of Africa’s social development.
For example, those that invest in cash crop cultivation in Zimbabwe have
provided interest-free loans to local farmer households, improved production
infrastructure, offered technical guidance for the whole production process,
organized local employees to visit China, and funded local schools and
orphanages. These have promoted the positive interaction and common development
of Chinese enterprises and local society.
服务业具有无污染、低能耗的特点，是近年来中非投资合作的新亮点，中国企业在金融、商贸、科技服务、电力供应等领域均进行了投资。截至2012年底，中国对非洲金融业直接投资存量已达38.7亿美元，占全部对非投资的17.8％，一定程度上弥补了当地企业建设发展资金的不足。在商贸领域，中国企业与当地公司合作开发的安哥拉国际商贸城项目已经开工，建成后将成为西南部非洲最大的商贸物流中心、会展中心和投资服务中心。当前，还有众多中国中小投资者在非洲从事农副产品加工、小商品生产等，他们提供的产品和服务与非洲人民生活息息相关，对满足非洲人民生活需求、吸纳当地就业、促进中非经贸往来发挥了积极作用。随着中非人民相互了解与认知程度的加深和中非政府间的通力合作，这些中小投资者也将进一步融入当地社会，与当地人民共享发展成果。
Service industries that produce
zero pollution and consume little energy have become a new highlight of
China-Africa cooperation in recent years. Chinese enterprises have invested in
finance, trade, science and technology services, power supply and other fields
in Africa. By the end of 2012, China’s direct investment in Africa’s financial
sector had reached US$3.87 billion, accounting for 17.8% of its total
investment volume in Africa. To some extent, this was able to make up for the
lack of sufficient development funds available to local enterprises. In the
field of commerce and trade, the construction of the Angola International Trade
Center, jointly initiated by Chinese and local enterprises, has been started.
When completed, the project will be the largest commercial logistics,
convention and investment service center in southwest Africa. There are now
also a large number of small and medium-sized Chinese investors engaged in
agricultural and sideline product processing and petty commodity production in
Africa. Their products and services are closely linked with African people’s
livelihoods, playing an active role in meeting local needs, boosting local
employment and promoting China-Africa trade contacts. As the mutual
understanding between Chinese and African peoples is deepened and the
cooperation between Chinese and African governments enhanced, these small and
medium-sized Chinese investors will further incorporate into local society and
share the fruits of development with local people.
近年来，随着非洲各国经济实力的增强和中非关系的日益密切，非洲企业也积极开展对华投资。截至2012年，非洲国家对华直接投资达142.42亿美元，较2009年增长44％。其中，2012年直接投资额为13.88亿美元，投资来源国包括毛里求斯、塞舌尔、南非、尼日利亚等，涉及石油化工、加工制造、批发零售等行业。
In recent years, as the economic
strength of African countries has increased and China-Africa relations have
grown closer, African enterprises have started to invest in China. By the end
of 2012, the volume of African countries’ direct investment in China totaled
US$14.242 billion, increasing by 44% over 2009 levels. Of that, the figure for
2012 was US$1.388 billion. Investing countries included Mauritius, Seychelles,
South Africa and Nigeria, and their investments covered petrochemical
industries, manufacturing and processing, and wholesale and retail, among other
fields.
中非投融资合作巩固了非洲经济发展的基础，增强了非洲自主发展能力，提升了非洲在全球经济格局中的竞争力，也推动了中国企业的国际化发展。今后，中国将继续扩大同非洲的投融资合作，落实好向非洲提供200亿美元贷款额度的承诺，重点支持双方在非洲基础设施建设、农业、制造业、中小企业发展等领域开展合作。继续积极引导中国企业在非洲建立加工和制造业基地；加大在商贸服务、交通运输及咨询管理等服务行业的投资；鼓励和支持中国企业在非洲开展多领域投资合作，支持非洲国家不断优化经济发展的外部环境。
China-Africa investment and
financing cooperation has solidified the foundation of Africa’s economic
development, increased Africa’s capacity of independent development, improved
Africa’s competitiveness in the global economic sphere, and advanced Chinese
enterprises’ internationalized development. In the future, China will further
expand investment and financing cooperation with Africa, fulfill its commitment
on the provision of US$20 billion-worth of loans to Africa, which will be used
for infrastructure construction, as well as the development of agriculture,
manufacturing and small and medium-sized enterprises. China will give guidance
to its enterprises on the establishment of processing and manufacturing bases
in Africa, and increase investment in business services, transport,
consultation management and other service industries. China will also encourage
its enterprises to carry out multiple-field investment cooperation in Africa,
and help African countries improve their external economic development
environments.
三、加强农业与粮食安全合作 III.
Strengthening Cooperation in Agriculture and Food Security
农业事关非洲的发展稳定和脱贫减困，是大部分非洲国家的支柱产业和优先发展领域，中非双方在农业领域具有良好的合作条件和广阔的合作前景。中国政府重视同非洲国家在农业领域的互利合作，帮助非洲国家把资源优势转化为发展优势，实现农业可持续发展。
Agriculture is crucial for stable
development and poverty reduction efforts in Africa. It is a pillar industry
and a priority field for development in most African countries. China and
Africa see favorable conditions and broad prospects for future agricultural
cooperation. The Chinese government attaches great importance to its mutually
beneficial agricultural cooperation with Africa, and works hard to help African
countries turn resource advantages into developmental ones and sustainably
develop their agricultural capacities.
近年来，中非农产品贸易发展迅速。2009—2012年，中国对非洲农产品出口从15.8亿美元上升至24.9亿美元，增长了57.6％；中国自非洲农产品进口从11.6亿美元上升至28.6亿美元，增长了1.46倍，进口农产品中大部分是非食品类商品，包括棉麻丝、油籽和其他农产品。非洲农产品对华出口迅速增长的一个主要原因是，中国政府自2005年开始实行非洲国家部分输华商品零关税政策，非洲特色农产品作为主要受惠产品之一，对华出口得以快速增长。以芝麻为例，从2002年开始，中国自非洲少量进口芝麻。在零关税政策推动下，中国自非洲进口芝麻快速增长，进口额从2005年的0.97亿美元增加到2011年的4.41亿美元，年均增长率高达28.7％，高于同期中国自非洲进口全部商品的年均增速。
In recent years, Sino-African
trade in agricultural products has grown quickly. From 2009 to 2012, China’s
agricultural exports to Africa grew from US$1.58 billion to US$2.49 billion, an
increase of 57.6%. During the same period, China’s agricultural imports from
Africa grew from US$1.16 billion to US$2.86 billion, a 146% increase. Most
imported agricultural products are non-food items, including cotton, hemp,
silk, oil seeds and other such products.
A major reason for the rapid
increase in Chinese imports of African agricultural products is the zero-tariff
policy that the Chinese government adopted in 2005 for some African products.
Agricultural products are a major category benefiting from this policy and, as
a result, the export of specialty African agricultural products to China has
grown rapidly. One example of the impact of this policy is provided by sesame.
China started importing small amounts of sesame from Africa in 2002. After the
zero-tariff policy was adopted, sesame imports grew rapidly, from US$97 million
in 2005 to US$441 million in 2011, an annual increase of 28.7%. This rate of
import increase is higher than the average growth rate of all products imported
from Africa during the same period.
最近几年，中国企业在非洲开展了良种培育、粮食和经济作物种植、农产品加工等投资活动。2009—2012年，中国在非洲农业领域直接投资额由3000万美元增长到8247万美元，增长了1.75倍。中国企业在非洲从事农业投资，增加了驻在国的粮食供给，提升了非洲国家农业综合生产能力。如在莫桑比克，中国投资农场的300公顷水稻试验种植，连续三年获得每公顷9—10吨的高产，中国专家指导当地农民耕种的水稻田产量，由原来每公顷3吨提高到5吨。在马拉维、莫桑比克、赞比亚，由中国企业和中非发展基金合作投资的棉花种植加工项目，采取“公司＋农户”的经营模式，带动了当地数万种植户，有效增强了当地棉花加工生产能力。中国企业还在非洲国家积极开展农田整修、水利建设和改造，改善当地农业生产条件。其中，由非洲开发银行出资、中国企业承建的农田整治项目是卢旺达农业领域的最大项目，建成后将有效改善卢旺达境内主河流的整治和水资源利用。
In recent years, Chinese
enterprises have invested in Africa in such fields as breeding improved seeds,
planting grain and cash crops, and processing agricultural products. From 2009
to 2012, China’s direct investment in African agriculture grew from US$30
million to US$82.47 million, a 175% increase. Investment by Chinese enterprises
in African agriculture has increased grain supplies in the countries concerned
and enhanced the comprehensive agricultural productivity of those countries. In
Mozambique, for example, 300 hectares of experimental paddy fields supported by
Chinese investment yielded 9-10 tons per hectare for three successive years.
With the help of Chinese rice experts, local farmers see their paddy fields
yield five tons per hectare, two tons more than previous yields. In Malawi,
Mozambique and Zambia, Chinese enterprises and the China-Africa Development
Fund jointly invested in a cotton planting and processing project modeled on
having enterprises work with farming households. The project was able to
involve tens of thousands of local growers, effectively enhancing local capabilities
in cotton processing.
Chinese enterprises have also
worked to improve local farmland, water conservancy and conditions for
agricultural production. Currently, the biggest agricultural project in Rwanda
is a farmland improvement project supported by investment from the African
Development Bank and contracted to Chinese enterprises. When completed, the
project will effectively control major rivers and improve the utilization of
water resources in Rwanda.
中国政府通过援建农业技术示范中心，派遣高级农业专家和农业技术人员，传授推广农业生产管理经验和实用技术等方式，帮助非洲提高农业自主发展能力。2006年以来，中国已在卢旺达、刚果（布）、莫桑比克等国援助建成15个农业技术示范中心，并正在规划实施另外7个农业技术示范中心。同时，中国还向非洲派出农业技术组和数百名农业技术专家，提供政策咨询，传授实用技术，培训当地人员。如中国与乍得开展培育高产优质品种的农业技术合作项目，实现增产25％以上，推广种植面积500多公顷，培训当地农民数千人次。
The Chinese government has tried
to enhance Africa’s self-reliance capacity to develop its agriculture by
providing assistance in the construction of demonstration centers of
agricultural technology, and sending senior agricultural experts and
technicians to teach the locals managerial experience and practical techniques
in agricultural production. Since 2006, China has helped set up 15 agricultural
demonstration centers in Rwanda, the Republic of Congo, Mozambique and some
other countries, and is planning to establish another seven. At the same time,
China has sent technical groups and several hundred technicians to Africa to
provide policy consulting, teach practical techniques and train local staff.
With China’s aid in a project to breed high-yield and high-quality crop
varieties, Chad sees its yields grow by over 25% on over 500 hectares planted
with improved varieties, and several thousand farmers trained.
今后，中国将在平等互利、共同发展的原则下，全面推进中非农业领域合作。建立和完善中非农业合作机制，加强中非双方在农业技术、品种资源、农业信息、农产品加工与贸易、农业基础设施建设，以及人力资源培训等领域的合作。深化企业间合作，鼓励和支持中国有实力的企业到非洲国家进行农业领域的投资与技术合作。根据非洲国家的实际情况，安排实施适当数量的农业技术示范中心项目。深化在联合国粮农组织、国际农业发展基金会框架下的合作。
In the future, China will advance
agricultural cooperation with Africa in all respects while ensuring that this
cooperation puts both parties on an equal footing, is mutually beneficial, and
advances common development. It will work to establish and improve a mechanism
for bilateral agricultural cooperation, and strengthen Sino-African cooperation
in the sharing of agricultural technologies, resource varieties and
agricultural information, the processing and trade of agricultural products,
agricultural infrastructure construction, and human resource training. China
will continue to encourage and support investment by established Chinese
enterprises to put money into agriculture or technological cooperation in
Africa. It will arrange and launch an appropriate number of agricultural
demonstration centers in African countries, depending on their actual needs.
China will also work to deepen Sino-African cooperation within the frameworks
of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) and the
International Fund for Agricultural Development. |
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