“一国两制”在香港特别行政区的实践（中英对照白皮书2014）

三、香港特别行政区各项事业取得全面进步

III. Comprehensive Progress Made in Various Undertakings in the HKSAR

香港特别行政区成立以来，在中央政府和祖国内地的大力支持下，特别行政区政府团结带领香港各界人士，攻坚克难，砥砺奋进，充分发挥“一国两制”的制度优势，保持香港社会经济政治大局稳定，推动各项事业向前发展，不断取得新成就、新进步。

Since the establishment of the HKSAR, the government of the Special Administrative Region has, with energetic support from the central government and the mainland, rallied people of all walks of life in Hong Kong, worked hard and overcome difficulties, made full use of the advantage of the policy of “one country, two systems,” maintained overall social, economic and political stability, promoted the development of all undertakings and made new achievements one after another.

——香港居民的基本权利和自由得到充分保护。香港居民依法享有的基本权利和自由，受到宪法、香港基本法以及香港本地法律的充分保障。宪法和香港基本法从宪制层面确保了香港特别行政区居民的基本权利和自由，香港特别行政区还通过实施《性别歧视条例》、《种族歧视条例》、《个人资料（私隐）条例》、《独立监察警方处理投诉委员会条例》、《最低工资条例》等法例，为香港居民的权利和自由提供进一步保障。特别行政区政府设立平等机会委员会、个人资料私隐专员公署、申诉专员公署、法律援助署、独立监察警方处理投诉委员会、法律援助服务局、妇女委员会、扶贫委员会等多个机构，协助推广、保护居民的基本权利和自由。

– HKSAR residents’ fundamental rights and freedoms are fully protected. Hong Kong residents enjoy basic rights and freedoms in accordance with the law, which are under the full protection of the Constitution, the Basic Law and the local laws. The Constitution and the Basic Law safeguard the HKSAR residents’ fundamental rights and freedoms at the constitutional level. The HKSAR provides further protection to residents’ rights and freedoms by enacting the Sex Discrimination Ordinance, Race Discrimination Ordinance, Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) Ordinance, Minimum Wage Ordinance and other ordinances. A multitude of organs, including the Equal Opportunity Commission, Office of the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, Office of the Ombudsman, Legal Aid Department, Independent Police Complaints Council, Legal Aid Services Council, Women’s Commission and Commission on Poverty, have been set up by the HKSAR government to help promote and protect HKSAR residents’ fundamental rights and freedoms.

此外，香港基本法明确规定，香港特别行政区居民中的中国公民依法参与国家事务的管理。根据全国人大确定的名额和代表产生办法，由香港居民中的中国公民选出香港特别行政区的全国人大代表，参加最高国家权力机关的工作。香港特别行政区先后举行四届全国人大代表选举，每届均由具有广泛代表性的全国人大代表选举会议选举产生36名代表。中国人民政治协商会议历来重视吸收香港同胞参加，除特邀香港人士界别外，其他一些界别也吸收香港社会代表性人士。政协第十二届全国委员会特邀香港人士界别有香港地区委员124人，其他16个界别有香港地区委员82人。

In addition, the Basic Law explicitly stipulates that Chinese citizens who are residents of the HKSAR shall be entitled to participation in the management of state affairs according to law. In accordance with the assigned number of seats and the selection method specified by the NPC, the Chinese citizens among the HKSAR residents elect deputies of the region to the NPC to participate in the work of China’s supreme organ of state power. The HKSAR has held in succession four such elections and 36 deputies were elected each time by the broadly representative Conference for Electing Deputies of the HKSAR to the NPC. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) always values the participation of Hong Kong compatriots. Aside from specially inviting Hong Kong personages, other CPPCC groups also include representatives from Hong Kong. The 12th CPPCC National Committee had a 124-member Hong Kong group, and 16 other CPPCC groups had 82 members from Hong Kong.

——民主政制依法稳步推进。香港回归前，英国委派总督在香港实行了150多年的殖民统治。回归后，香港特别行政区政府和立法机关由当地人组成。行政长官在当地通过选举或协商产生，由中央人民政府任命；立法机关由选举产生。香港基本法明确规定行政长官和立法会全部议员最终由普选产生，使之成为法定目标。香港特别行政区成立以来，中央政府和香港特别行政区政府坚定不移地按照香港基本法和全国人大常委会有关决定的规定，推动以行政长官产生办法和立法会产生办法为主要内容的民主政制循序渐进向前发展。

– The democratic political system has been steadily promoted. Before the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, the United Kingdom designated governors to enforce colonial rule over Hong Kong for more than 150 years. Since 1997, the HKSAR government and the legislature have been composed of local residents. The chief executive of the HKSAR is appointed by the Central People’s Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations held locally; the legislature of the HKSAR is established by elections. The Basic Law of the HKSAR explicitly stipulates that the chief executive and all the members of the Legislative Council must be elected by universal suffrage, making universal suffrage a legal objective. Since the establishment of the HKSAR, the central government and the HKSAR government have unswervingly and steadily promoted Hong Kong’s democratic political system, featuring the election methods for the chief executive and the Legislative Council, according to the Basic Law and relevant decisions of the NPC Standing Committee.

行政长官选举的民主程度不断提高。第一任行政长官人选经400人组成的推选委员会选举产生，第二任至第四任行政长官人选经选举委员会选举产生，选举委员会的规模由800人增至1200人。选举委员会由“工商、金融界”，“专业界”，“劳工、社会服务、宗教等界”以及“立法会议员、区议会议员的代表、乡议局的代表、香港特别行政区全国人大代表、香港特别行政区全国政协委员的代表”四大界别人士按相同比例组成，体现了均衡参与，具有广泛代表性。

The election of the chief executive of the HKSAR has become increasingly democratic. Candidates for the first chief executive were elected by a 400-member Selection Committee, while candidates for the second, third and fourth chief executives were elected by the Election Committee, the membership of which in the meantime had grown from 800 to 1,200. Members of the Election Committee came from the four major sectors of “industry, commerce and finance,” “the professions,” “labor, social services, religious and other sectors” and “members of the Legislative Council, representatives of district boards and Heung Yee Kuk, HKSAR deputies to the NPC, and representatives of HKSAR members of the National Committee of the CPPCC” in equal proportions. Such a composition is an expression of equal participation and broad representativeness.

立法会选举的直选因素不断增加。1998年选举产生的第一届立法会包括20名分区直接选举的议员，30名功能团体选举的议员和10名选举委员会选举的议员。2000年选举产生的第二届立法会包括24名分区直接选举的议员，30名功能团体选举的议员和6名选举委员会选举的议员。2004年选举产生的第三届立法会和2008年选举产生的第四届立法会，分区直接选举的议员和功能团体选举的议员各为30名。2012年第五届立法会选举时，立法会议员人数增加至70人，分区直接选举的议员和功能团体选举的议员各为35名，其中新增加的5个功能团体选举议席由区议会议员提名、并经全港原来没有功能团体选举权的选民一人一票选举产生。

The election of the Legislative Council is becoming more and more direct. The first Legislative Council formed in 1998 had 20 members elected directly by geographical constituencies, 30 members by functional constituencies, and ten members by the Election Committee. The second Legislative Council formed in 2000 had 24 members elected directly by geographical constituencies, 30 members by functional constituencies, and six members by the Election Committee. The third and fourth Legislative Councils formed respectively in 2004 and 2008 both had 30 members elected directly by geographical constituencies, and 30 members by functional constituencies. The membership of the fifth Legislative Council elected in 2012 expanded to 70, including 35 members elected directly by geographical constituencies and 35 members by functional constituencies. The additional five members elected by functional constituencies were nominated by district boards, and elected by voters who had enjoyed no right to vote under functional constituencies.

设定普选时间表。2007年12月29日，第十届全国人大常委会第三十一次会议决定，2017年香港特别行政区第五任行政长官的选举可以实行由普选产生的办法；在行政长官由普选产生以后，香港特别行政区立法会的选举可以实行全部议员由普选产生的办法，为行政长官和立法会全部议员普选设定了时间表。2013年12月4日至2014年5月3日，香港特别行政区政府就2017年行政长官和2016年立法会产生办法进行为期5个月的公众咨询，启动了实现普选的有关程序。

The timetable has been set for universal suffrage. The 31st Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth NPC made a decision on December 29, 2007 “that the election of the fifth chief executive of the HKSAR in 2017 may be implemented by the method of universal suffrage; that after the chief executive is selected by universal suffrage, the election of the Legislative Council of the HKSAR may be implemented by the method of electing all the members by universal suffrage,” thus setting a timetable for the selection of the chief executive and all members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage. From December 4, 2013 to May 3, 2014, the HKSAR government initiated a five-month public consultation on the election of the chief executive in 2017 and that of the Legislative Council in 2016, starting the relevant procedures for introducing universal suffrage.

——经济保持平稳发展。整体经济保持增长。1997年至2013年，香港本地生产总值年均实质增长3.4%，人均本地生产总值按美元累计增长39.3%。根据国际货币基金组织2013年数据，按购买力平价（PPP）计算，香港本地生产总值位居全球第35位，人均本地生产总值位居全球第7位。

– The HKSAR has maintained steady economic growth. From 1997 to 2013, Hong Kong’s Gross Regional Product (GRP) grew by 3.4 percent annually in real terms, and its per-capita GRP increased by a total of 39.3 percent calculated in US dollar. According to the 2013 statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Hong Kong’s GRP and per-capita GRP, respectively, ranked the 35th and 7th in the world, as calculated by purchasing power parity.

国际金融、贸易、航运中心地位得以保持和提升。香港是重要的国际银行中心、全球第六大证券市场和第五大外汇市场。在多项国际金融中心的世界排名中，香港位居前列。香港是全球第九大贸易经济体，与世界上几乎所有的国家和地区保持贸易联系。香港是全球最大的集装箱港口之一和第四大船舶注册中心。香港国际机场是世界最繁忙的航空港之一，客运量位居全球第五位，货运量多年高居全球首位。

Hong Kong has maintained and enhanced its status as an international financial, trade and shipping center. As an important international banking center, Hong Kong boasts the world’s sixth-largest securities market and fifth-largest foreign exchange market. Hong Kong ranks high in various lists of international financial centers. As the world’s ninth-largest trading economy, Hong Kong has regular trading ties with almost every country and region in the world. Hong Kong is one of the world’s largest container shipping ports and fourth-largest ship-registration center. The Hong Kong International Airport is one of the world’s busiest. Its air freight volume has led the world for many years, and its passenger transport volume ranks fifth.

传统优势产业不断巩固和发展。贸易及物流、旅游、金融、专业服务及其他工商业支援服务四大支柱产业继续发挥重要作用。2012年，四大产业增加值共占香港本地生产总值的58%，吸纳就业人数占总就业人数的47.2%。香港还着力培育和发展文化及创意、创新及科技、检测认证、环保等产业。

Hong Kong’s robust industries have been strengthened even further. Trade and logistics, tourism, finance, and professional services and support services for industry and commerce continue to play an important role as Hong Kong’s four pillar industries. In 2012, these four sectors employed 47.2 percent of Hong Kong’s total working population, and their added value accounted for 58 percent of Hong Kong’s total GRP. Hong Kong also focuses on the cultivation and development of the cultural and creative, innovation and technology, testing and certification, and environmental protection industries.

营商环境保持良好。香港是全球公认的最自由经济体之一。在世界银行对全球185个经济体营商环境的排名中，香港多年位居前列。根据联合国贸易和发展会议《2013年世界投资报告》，香港在吸收外来直接投资方面位居全球第三位。在瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院《世界竞争力年报》排名中，香港多年来都被评为全球最具竞争力经济体之一。

Hong Kong has maintained a sound business environment, and is generally recognized as one of the world’s freest economies. For many years, it has ranked high in the World Bank’s evaluation of business environments of 185 economies. In its World Investment Report 2013, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ranked Hong Kong the third in the world in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). For many years, Hong Kong has been listed among the world’s most competitive economies by the World Competitiveness Yearbook compiled by the International Institute for Management Development based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

——各项社会事业迈上新台阶。教育事业在亚太地区保持领先地位。香港特别行政区政府持续加大对教育投入，2014-2015财政年度教育总支出预算为753.7亿港元，是政府开支的第一大项目。2008-2009学年开始在公营学校实施十二年免费教育。根据英国泰晤士高等教育研究机构公布的2013年亚洲大学排行榜，香港大学、香港科技大学进入前十名；2013-2014年世界大学排名中，香港大学名列第43位。在反映基础教育水平的“国际学生评估（PISA）” 2012年全球测试中，香港继续名列前茅。

– Social programs have been further enhanced. Hong Kong leads the Asia-Pacific region in education, as the HKSAR government continues to increase its investment in education, the biggest government expenditure item. During the 2014-2015 fiscal year, the HKSAR government’s current budgetary spending on education reached HK$75.37 billion. Since the 2008-2009 school year, Hong Kong has implemented 12-year free education in public schools. The University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology are among Asia’s top-ten universities, according to the Times Higher Education Asian University Rankings 2013. The University of Hong Kong was the 43rd according to the World University Rankings 2013-2014. Hong Kong continues to rank high in the global test of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012, which reflects the quality of primary education.

医疗卫生事业不断进步。2014-2015财政年度用于医疗服务的财政预算支出524亿港元，占政府经常开支的17%。香港居民可平等享受价格低廉的公立医院服务。截至2012年底，香港各类医疗卫生机构共有病床3.55万张。香港婴儿死亡率由1997年的4‰下降至2013年的1.6‰，是全球婴儿死亡率最低的地方之一。2013年香港男性与女性的预期寿命分别为80.9岁及86.6岁，是全球预期寿命最高的地方之一。

Hong Kong continues to provide quality medical and health care services. During the 2014-2015 fiscal year, the HKSAR government’s budget for expenditure on medical and health care is HK$52.4 billion, accounting for 17 percent of the government’s recurrent expenditure. All Hong Kong residents enjoy equal access to affordable public medical services. By the end of 2012, Hong Kong had more than 35,500 beds in various medical institutions. The infant mortality rate dropped from 4 per thousand in 1997 to 1.6 per thousand in 2013, which is among the world’s lowest. In 2013, the life expectancy of Hong Kong’s male and female residents was 80.9 years and 86.6 years, respectively, which are among the world’s highest.

文化、体育事业蓬勃发展。香港中外文化荟萃，特别行政区政府鼓励文化艺术多元发展，促进相互交流。香港已有潮人盂兰胜会、大坑舞火龙、大澳端午龙舟游涌、长洲太平清醮等4个独有项目被列入第三批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。香港2008年协办北京奥运会马术比赛项目，2009年主办第五届东亚运动会。帆板、乒乓球、自行车、武术等项目的运动员在奥运会、世锦赛、亚锦赛等国际赛场上屡创佳绩。

Cultural and sports activities are flourishing in Hong Kong, where the Chinese and foreign cultures intermingle. The HKSAR government encourages the diverse development of Hong Kong’s culture and promotes cultural exchanges. Four unique Hong Kong cultural events were added to the third batch of the State-level Non-material Cultural Heritage List, namely, Yu Lan Ghost Festival, Tai Hang fire dragon dance, Tai O dragon boat parade, and Cheung Chau Jiao Festival. Hong Kong hosted the equestrian events of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and the fifth East Asian Games in 2009. Hong Kong athletes have excelled themselves in events such as windsurfing, table tennis, cycling and martial arts during the Olympics, World Championships and Asian Championships.

社会保障逐步完善。香港特别行政区政府在社会福利方面的开支总额由1997-1998财政年度的204亿港元增长到2014-2015财政年度预算的619亿港元，增长了2.03倍。香港已形成多层次、多元化的社会保障和福利服务体系。社会服务机构共有400多家，注册社工从1998年底的8300名发展到目前的1.8万多名。特别行政区政府还积极推动公共房屋建设，协助基层市民入住公共房屋，资助市民自置居所。香港约有一半市民居住在政府提供或资助的房屋，其中超过200万人租住公共房屋，100多万人居住在政府资助的自置房屋。

Hong Kong’s social security service has been continuously improved. During the fiscal year 2014-2015 the HKSAR government’s budget for social welfare reached HK$61.9 billion, 3.03 times as compared with the HK$20.4 billion during the fiscal year 1997-1998. Hong Kong has put in place a multilayer and diversified social security and welfare service system. Hong Kong has more than 400 social service agencies, and the number of registered social workers has increased from 8,300 at the end of 1998 to more than 18,000 today. The HKSAR government actively promotes the construction of public housing, moves low-wage residents into public housing, and provides financial aid to those who purchase housing units. Around half of Hong Kong’s residents live in housing provided or funded by the government. Among them, more than 2 million live in rented public housing, and over 1 million have purchased housing units with government financial aid.

——对外交往和国际影响进一步扩大。对外联系更加广泛。截至2013年6月，香港以中国政府代表团成员或其他适当身份参与以国家为单位参加的共41个政府间国际组织相关活动，参加不限主权国家参加的政府间国际组织37个。香港以中国政府代表团成员身份或其他适当身份参加有关国际会议1400多次，以“中国香港”名义参加不以国家为单位参加的国际会议2万余次,共举办或协办国际会议1000多次。香港特别行政区已与42个国家签署互免签证协议，150个国家和地区单方面给予特别行政区护照持有人免签或落地签待遇。香港特别行政区还与多个国家签署了民用航空运输、避免双重征税、促进和保护投资、刑事司法协助等协定。香港特别行政区政府在日内瓦、伦敦、东京、纽约、柏林等11个地方设立了驻外经济贸易办事处。欧盟委员会等6个国际组织在香港设立了代表机构。

– Hong Kong’s international exchanges and its international influence have further expanded. Hong Kong’s international exchanges have been broadened. By June 2013, Hong Kong, as a member of a Chinese government delegation or in other appropriate capacities, had participated in 41 events held by inter-governmental international organizations, and joined 37 inter-governmental international organizations whose membership is not limited to sovereign states. As a member of a Chinese government delegation or in other appropriate capacities, Hong Kong has attended more than 1,400 international meetings; using the name of “Hong Kong, China” it has attended more than 20,000 international meetings not limited to states. It has also hosted or co-hosted more than 1,000 international meetings. The HKSAR has visa waiver agreements with 42 countries, and 150 countries or regions provide visa-free entry or grant visas upon arrival to HKSAR passports holders. Hong Kong has civil air transport agreements, agreements on avoidance of double taxation, agreements on investment promotion and protection, and agreements on criminal justice assistance with many countries. The HKSAR government has economic and trade offices in 11 places, such as Geneva, London, Tokyo, New York and Berlin. Six international organizations, including the European Commission, have representative offices in Hong Kong.

杰出专业人士担任国际组织重要职位。在中央政府的大力支持下，香港特别行政区政府卫生署原署长陈冯富珍女士2006年11月当选为世界卫生组织总干事，并于2012年5月成功连任，是联合国成立以来第一位担任政府间国际组织最高负责人的中国人；香港天文台台长岑智明先生2010年2月当选为世界气象组织航空气象学委员会主席。

Outstanding Hong Kong professionals have taken important positions in international organizations. Supported by the central government, Chan Fung Fu-chun, former director of health of the HKSAR, was elected director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) in November 2006, and was reelected in May 2012. She is the first Chinese to head an inter-government international organization since the founding of the United Nations. Shun Chi-ming, director of the Hong Kong Observatory, was elected president of the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology of the World Meteorological Organization in February 2010.