2014年中国人权事业的进展（中英对照白皮书2015）

七、残疾人权利

VII. Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2014年，国家继续推出一系列保障和改善残疾人民生的措施，残疾人社会保障、就业、教育和公共服务等得到进一步提升。

In 2014, the government adopted a series of measures to protect and improve the well-being of persons with disabilities, and progress was made in social security, employment, education, and provision of public services for disabled people.

困难残疾人生活得到更好保障。民政部和中国残疾人联合会在部分地区推动实施建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度。共有19个省（自治区、直辖市）建立了困难残疾人生活补贴专项制度，15个省（自治区、直辖市）建立了重度残疾人护理补贴专项制度。全国至少实施一项补贴制度的覆盖率达到77.42%，700多万残疾人直接受益。

The lives of disabled persons with financial difficulties better secured. The Ministry of Civil Affairs and China Disabled Persons’ Federation supported the introduction of living expense subsidies to disabled persons with financial difficulties and of nursing subsidies to those suffering from a high degree of disability in some regions. Nineteen provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government adopted the policy of granting living expense subsidies to disabled persons with financial difficulties, and 15 had adopted the policy of granting nursing subsidies to those suffering from a high degree of disability. Nationwide, 77.42 percent of the entitled population had access to either of the two policies, benefiting more than seven million people with disabilities.

重点康复工程建设成效显著。2014年，中央专项彩票公益金投入10.63亿元，专门用于残疾人康复工作。通过实施一批重点康复工程，共751.5万残疾人得到不同程度的康复服务：完成白内障复明手术74.8万例，其中为贫困白内障患者免费实施复明手术30万例；为14.2万名低视力者配用助视器；为12.3万名盲人开展了定向行走训练；对3.2万名聋儿进行听力语言康复训练；对3.09万名智力残疾儿童开展机构康复训练；对7.34万名智力残疾儿童、3.48万名成人智力残疾人开展社区、家庭康复指导；对4万名脑瘫儿童进行机构康复训练及其家长培训；对36.7万名肢体残疾人开展社区、家庭康复训练；组织实施贫困肢体残疾儿童矫治手术8860例、麻风畸残矫治手术224例；为583.7万名精神病患者实施综合防治康复措施，对46.2万名贫困精神病患者实施医疗救助，对2万名孤独症儿童进行康复训练；为残疾人提供辅助器具152.4万件，其中国家彩票公益金项目为贫困残疾人免费发放40.32万件，为贫困残疾人减免费用装配普及型假肢2.9万例，矫形器6.4万例。大力开展康复人才培养，全国共培训康复管理人员2.58万人，5.59万名康复专业技术人员和16.98万名社区康复协调员接受培训。开展社区康复服务的市辖区累计达914个，县（市）累计达2023个，接受社区康复服务的残疾人数达614.45万人。

Notable achievements in key rehabilitation projects. In 2014, the central special lottery public welfare fund provided 1.063 billion yuan for the rehabilitation of the disabled. Thanks to a number of key rehabilitation projects, 7.515 million disabled people received rehabilitation services of various kinds: 748,000 received cataract surgery, including 300,000 free operations; 142,000 visually impaired people received visual aids; 123,000 blind people received orientation and mobility training; 32,000 children with hearing impairments received hearing restoration or language training; 30,900 children with intellectual disabilities received training in rehabilitation institutions; 73,400 children and 34,800 adults with intellectual disabilities received rehabilitation guidance in their communities or homes; 40,000 children with brain paralysis received training in rehabilitation institutions, and their parents also received relevant training; 367,000 physically challenged people received rehabilitation training in their communities or homes; 8,860 physically handicapped children from poor families and 224 persons suffering from leprosy received surgery; 5.837 million patients with mental disorder received comprehensive rehabilitation services, 462,000 indigent people with mental disorder received medical services, and 20,000 children with autistic disorders received rehabilitation training; 1.524 million assistance devices were provided to people with disabilities, of which 403,200 were provided gratis by the central special lottery public welfare fund for disabled people living in poverty; and 29,000 artificial limbs and 64,000 remedial aids were provided cheaply or free for disabled people living in poverty.

In addition, efforts were made to train rehabilitation personnel, including 25,800 rehabilitation management staff, 55,900 rehabilitation specialists and 169,800 community rehabilitation coordinators. In total, 914 municipal districts and 2,023 counties and county-level cities provided community rehabilitation services, benefiting 6.1445 million people.

无障碍设施建设加快推进。无障碍设施建设工作进入依法发展阶段。各省（自治区、直辖市）创建无障碍环境市县工作稳步推进，创建工作涉及全国650多个市和1600多个县。重点推进居住区缘石坡道、轮椅坡道、人行通道，以及建筑公共出入口、公共走道、地面、楼梯、电梯候梯厅及轿厢等设施和部位的无障碍改造。投入使用“贫困残疾人家庭无障碍改造数据库系统”，及时了解残疾人家庭无障碍设施建设工作进展。

Construction of barrier-free facilities accelerated. In 2014, the construction of a barrier-free environment progressed in accordance with the law. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government made steady headway in building barrier-free cities and counties, involving 650 cities and 1,600 counties nationwide. The focus was on building barrier-free curb ramps, ramps for wheelchairs and pavements in residential quarters, and barrier-free entry-exit, passages, floors, stairways, elevator landings and compartments, and other areas in public buildings. The “database of barrier-free renovation of deprived families with disabled members” was put into operation to promptly record the progress of barrier-free renovation work.

残疾人公共文化服务进一步完善。2014年，全国近5万所城乡公共文化服务设施已实现无障碍进入，有条件的文化站专门配备康复训练设施和适合残疾人使用的文化娱乐器材。全国公共图书馆盲文图书藏量超过80万册，盲人阅览室坐席数达18万多个。各级图书馆、文化馆（群艺馆）以“全国助残日”、“国际助残日”、“全国爱耳日”等为契机，广泛开展慰问演出、文化培训和资源配送等活动。国家为参加2014年高考的盲人提供盲文考卷、电子试卷，或安排专门工作人员对考生提供便利协助。

Public cultural services to persons with disabilities improved. In 2014, nearly 50,000 urban and rural centers of public cultural services provided barrier-free access, with rehabilitation facilities and cultural amusement devices available where conditions permitted. Public libraries nationwide had 800,000 copies of books in braille, and provided 180,000 reading seats for blind people. Libraries and cultural and art centers at all levels organized performances, cultural training programs and resources distribution around the “National Day for Assisting Disabled Persons,” “International Day of Persons with Disabilities” and “Ear Care Day.” Blind people who sat the national college entrance examinations in 2014, took the exams in braille, or with the assistance of audio device. Special staff were provided to assist them in taking the exams.

八、环境权利

VIII. Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment

2014年，中国政府以治理环境突出问题为重点，努力保障广大人民群众的环境权利，积极探索中国特色生态文明建设道路。

In 2014, the Chinese government gave the country’s major environmental problems high priority, making considerable efforts to safeguard the people’s right to a clean and healthy environment, and further exploring a new way to make ecological progress with Chinese characteristics.

环境生态保护制度体系进一步完善。2014年，国家对环境保护法进行了全面修订，强化了政府和企业的环保责任，明确了公民的环境权利和环保义务，规定了查封扣押、重点污染物排放总量控制、按日计罚、限产停产、移送拘留、环境公益诉讼、区域联防联控、公众参与等多项新制度。《突发环境事件调查处理办法》、《企业事业单位环境信息公开办法》、《环境保护主管部门实施限制生产、停产整治办法》、《环境保护主管部门实施按日连续处罚办法》、《环境保护主管部门实施查封、扣押办法》等配套规范性文件相继制定颁布，进一步完善了建设生态文明国家的法律制度体系。

The legal system for protecting the environment and eco-systems was further improved. In 2014, China made a comprehensive amendment to the Environmental Protection Law, by which governments at all levels and all enterprises are required to shoulder more responsibilities, the citizens’ right to a clean and healthy environment and their duties regarding the protection of the environment are clearly defined, and a series of new mechanisms concerning closing down or distraining facilities (causing environmental pollution), total quantity control of major pollutant emissions, fines accumulating by the day, production restriction and halts, detention, environmental public interests litigation, regional joint defense against and control of pollution, and public participation are included. Specific normative regulations were also drawn up and issued to support the newly amended law, including the Rules on Investigating and Handling Emergent Environmental Incidents, Rules on Environment Information Disclosure of Enterprises and Public Institutions, Rules for Environmental Administrations in Limiting or Halting Pollution-causing Production, Rules for Environmental Administrations in Levying Fines Accumulating by the Day and Rules for Environmental Administrations in Closing Down or Distraining Pollution-causing Facilities and Equipment. These have all greatly reinforced China’s legal system in the ecological and environmental field.

绿色生态建设取得新进展。2014年，全国造林602.7万公顷，重点生态修复工程完成造林199.9万公顷，城市建成区绿化覆盖面积增加9.6万公顷，沙化土地治理126.5万公顷，新启动封禁保护区试点县23个，国家沙漠公园试点32个，新建自然保护区11处，面积14万公顷，新增湿地保护面积50多万公顷。截至2014年底，全国自然保护区达到2729个，其中国家级自然保护区428个。2014年，全国各类草原违法案件立案1.78万起，结案1.74万起，结案率97.6%；清理排查非法侵占林地案件4.9万起，收回违法违规侵占林地3517.3公顷；森林和野生动物刑事案件立案3.1万起，破案2.5万起，比2013年上升14.1%，首次公开销毁执法查没象牙及制品6.1吨。西藏国家生态安全屏障保护与建设完成投资57亿元。

New progress achieved in ecological construction. In 2014, some 6.027 million ha of trees were planted all around China, among which 1.999 million ha was in the key ecological-rehabilitation projects. In addition, 96,000 ha of urban built-up areas were greened. The state improved 1.265 million ha of desertified lands, newly designated 23 counties as pilot areas for forest conservation, set up 32 national pilot desert parks, built 11 new nature reserves totaling 140,000 ha, and increased the areas of conserved wetlands by more than 500,000 ha. By the end of 2014, there were 2,729 nature reserves in China, including 428 national ones. In the same year, 17,800 cases concerning grassland damage were placed on file across the country, and 17,400 cases, or 97.6 percent, were closed; 49,000 cases of illegal encroachment on forest lands were investigated and settled, with 3,517.3 ha of forests illegally encroached upon being rehabilitated; 31,000 cases concerning forest and wildlife crimes were recorded by public security organs, among which 25,000 were solved, an increase of 14.1 percent over 2013; and 6.1 tons of illegal ivory and ivory products were destroyed publicly for the first time. In the meantime, China provided a total of 5.7 billion yuan in a project for building and protecting a national ecological security barrier in Tibet.

节能减排成效显著。大力调整产业结构，完成了钢铁、水泥等15个重点行业淘汰落后产能年度任务，超额完成了淘汰黄标车和老旧车指标。逐步推进大气环境保护目标责任制和考核评价制度。广东、西藏等地建立了可操作、具体化的环境污染防治目标责任考核办法。环境保护部对未履行环境保护职责或履行职责不到位的地方政府及相关部门负责人，依法进行告诫谈话，并督促整改到位。河南安阳、湖南衡阳、贵州六盘水、山东临沂、河北承德等地级市的“一把手”被环境保护部公开约谈。2014年，全国化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放继续下降，尤其是氮氧化物排放量下降6.7%，为历史上年度最大降幅。全年煤炭消费量下降2.9%，水电、风电、核电、天然气等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量的16.9%，万元国内生产总值能耗下降4.8%，万元工业增加值用水量下降5.6%。年末城市污水处理厂日处理能力达到12896万立方米，比上年末增长3.5%，城市污水处理率达到90.2%。

Remarkable results in energy conservation and emission reduction. In 2014, China made an enormous adjustment to its industrial structure, accomplishing the year’s goal of abolishing outdated production capacities in 15 key industries like steel and cement, and overfulfiling the targets for scrapping yellow-labeled and outdated vehicles whose emissions were above the national standards. A goal-oriented responsibility and assessment system for air protection was gradually put in place, with the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Guangdong and some other provinces having drawn up feasible and specific measures. The Ministry of Environmental Protection gave warnings in line with the law to heads of local governments and departments that had failed to fulfill their environmental protection duties or hadn’t performed them well, including the mayors of Anyang in Henan Province, Hengyang in Hunan Province, Liupanshui in Guizhou Province, Linyi in Shandong Province and Chengde in Hebei Province, and supervised their improvements. In 2014, the chemical oxygen demand, and the discharges of ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide continued to decrease, nitrogen oxide seeing the largest annual cut of 6.7 percent. The overall consumption of coal was reduced by 2.9 percent, and clean energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind energy, nuclear energy and natural gas, rose to 16.9 percent of all energy consumption in China during the year. In China energy used to produce 10,000 yuan of GDP declined by 4.8 percent and the amount of water used to produce 10,000 yuan added value of industry decreased by 5.6 percent. The daily treatment capacity of urban sewage plants had reached 128.96 million cubic meters by the end of the year, an increase of 3.5 percent over that by the end of the previous year, and 90.2 percent of urban sewage was treated.

对环境违法行为的惩戒力度加大。各级环保部门严格执行环境保护法，全年共出动环境执法人员216万余人次，检查企业84万家次，立案12531件，结案8373件，对1600余起案件进行了挂牌督办。积极探索跨区域、跨流域联合防治协调机制，逐步建立京津冀、长三角、珠三角等跨区域空气、水质质量联动规划、监测、预报和防治机制，完善信息共享机制。各级环保部门和公安机关逐步建立联动执法联席会议、常设联络员、重大案件会商督办“三项制度”和案件移送、联合调查、信息共享和奖惩“四项机制”。创新手段开展无人机环保执法检查，全年共飞行11架次，总航程超过2000公里，覆盖面积达1000多平方公里。

Punishments for activities violating environmental laws were intensified. Environmental administrations at all levels strictly executed laws concerning environmental protection, sending 2.16 million enforcement officers to inspect 840,000 enterprises, putting 12,531 cases on file and settling 8,373 of them, and particular supervision was given over the handling of 1,600 major cases. China actively explored a trans-regional and trans-river joint prevention and coordination mechanism, gradually established trans-regional joint planning, monitoring, forecasting, prevention and control systems for air and water quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas, and improved the relevant information-sharing mechanism. Environmental departments at all levels coordinated closely with public security organs, setting up the three systems of “joint enforcement conference,” “permanent liaison officers,” and “consultation on and joint supervision of major cases,” and the four mechanisms of “transferring cases,” “joint investigation,” “sharing information,” and “rewarding and punishing.” China introduced unmanned planes for inspecting pollution, and during the year 11 flights were made, flying more than 2,000 km and covering an area of 1,000 sq km.

环境权的司法保障进一步加强。最高人民法院设立专门的环境资源审判庭，实行环境司法专门化，对环境公益诉讼制度从管辖制度、审判程序、责任方式、赔偿范围和诉讼成本负担机制作出了操作性的规定，充分保障法律规定的机关和有关组织的环境民事公益诉权。2014年12月，最高人民法院通报了佛山市三英精细材料有限公司诉佛山市顺德区人民政府环保行政处罚案等十大环境保护行政案件。2014年因环境污染犯罪而被移送公安机关的案例数量超过了以往十年的总和。

The legal guarantee of the right to a clean environment was further strengthened. The Supreme People’s Court established a special tribunal to hear cases related to the environment and natural resources, and stipulated a practical environmental public interest litigation system covering jurisdiction, judicial procedure, liability, compensation scope and lawsuit costs, so as to fully safeguard the right of public interest litigation of the institutions and related civil organizations as stipulated by the law. In December 2014, the Supreme People’s Court announced ten typical administrative cases concerning environmental protection, including the Jincheng (Foshan) Scien Fine Materials Co., Ltd’ s lawsuit against an administrative penalty meted out by the Shunde District People’s Government of Foshan City, Guangdong Province for the company’s alleged environmental offence. The number of cases involving environmental offences that was transferred to public security organs in 2014 exceeded the total of the previous ten years.

公民参与环境事务管理的渠道进一步拓宽。修改后的环境保护法规定，环保部门应当公开环境信息，完善程序，为公众参与和监督环境保护提供便利；凡依法在设区的市级以上人民政府民政部门登记的，专门从事环境保护公益活动连续五年以上且无违法记录的社会组织，都能向人民法院提起公益诉讼；对符合条件的社会组织提起的诉讼，人民法院应当受理。各级政府机关还积极探索通过网络平台、问卷调查、听证会、座谈评议多种渠道吸纳民众意见。自2014年1月1日起，全国城市空气质量实时发布平台每天向社会实时发布约15万个空气质量数据和信息。环境保护部“12369”环保举报热线受理群众举报。截至2014年底，共受理公众举报1463件，目前已全部办结，按期办结率达100%。环境保护部印发《关于进一步做好突发环境事件信息公开工作的通知》，要求每月在《中国环境报》、环境保护部网站公开被举报企业名称、存在问题和处理情况。截至2014年底，已公开1479件举报件（含2013年受理、2014年办结的举报件）的办理情况和33件典型案例。

The channels for citizens to participate in the management of environment-related affairs were further broadened. The amended Environmental Protection Law stipulates that: The environmental departments should disclose information about the environment and improve their procedures, so as to facilitate the public’s participation in and supervision of environmental protection; the environmental NGOs which have registered with the civil affairs authorities at municipalities which contain districts or above, which are engaged in environmental protection for the public interest and have no law violation records for five consecutive years are eligible to file environmental public interest lawsuits to the people’s courts, and the latter should accept and hear all lawsuits filed by eligible NGOs. Governments at all levels also actively explored ways of soliciting public opinions through online platforms, questionnaire surveys, hearings and reviewing panels. Since January 1, 2014, the national air quality real-time announcement website has released 150,000 pieces of information on the air quality in cities. The Ministry of Environmental Protection listened to and dealt with the public’s complaints on environmental offences through the “12369” hotline. By the end of 2014, the hotline had handled 1,463 complaints from the public, and settled all of them on time. The ministry issued the Notice on Better Disclosure of Information Related to Emergent Environmental Incidents, requiring related departments to publish the names of reported offending enterprises, their problems and the handling of their problems in the China Environment News and the website of the ministry every month. By the end of 2014, the handling of 1,479 complaints (including those received in 2013 but settled in 2014) and 33 typical cases had been made known to the public.