六、全面深化能源体制改革
VI. Deeper Reform of the Energy System in All Areas文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
充分发挥市场在能源资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，深化重点领域和关键环节市场化改革，破除妨碍发展的体制机制障碍，着力解决市场体系不完善等问题，为维护国家能源安全、推进能源高质量发展提供制度保障。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
China will fully leverage the decisive role of the market in allocating energy resources, and ensure the government better play its part in this regard. It will extend market-oriented reform in key areas and on vital issues to remove institutional barriers, solve the problem of an incomplete market system, provide strong institutional guarantees for China’s energy security and boost the high-quality development of the energy sector.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
（一）构建有效竞争的能源市场文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
1. Creating an Energy Market with Effective Competition文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/10292.html
大力培育多元市场主体，打破垄断、放宽准入、鼓励竞争，构建统一开放、竞争有序的能源市场体系，着力清除市场壁垒，提高能源资源配置效率和公平性。
China is working hard to cultivate a variety of market entities, break up monopolies, ease market access, and encourage competition. It is building an energy market system that is unified, open, competitive and yet orderly, removing market barriers, and making the allocation of energy resources more efficient and fairer.
培育多元能源市场主体。支持各类市场主体依法平等进入负面清单以外的能源领域，形成多元市场主体共同参与的格局。深化油气勘查开采体制改革，开放油气勘查开采市场，实行勘查区块竞争出让和更加严格的区块退出机制。支持符合条件的企业进口原油。改革油气管网运营机制，实现管输和销售业务分离。稳步推进售电侧改革，有序向社会资本开放配售电业务，深化电网企业主辅分离。积极培育配售电、储能、综合能源服务等新兴市场主体。深化国有能源企业改革，支持非公有制发展，积极稳妥开展能源领域混合所有制改革，激发企业活力动力。
Diversifying market entities. China supports a variety of market entities to operate in segments of the energy sector that are not on the entry negative list, in accordance with the law and on equal footing. China has extended systemic reform of oil and gas exploration and exploitation and opened up the market in this regard. It has implemented competitive trading of oil and gas exploration blocks, and adopted a more rigorous exit mechanism for oil- and gas-bearing zones. China encourages qualified enterprises to import crude oil. It has reformed the oil and gas pipeline operation system to separate transport from sales. In an effort to reform electricity distribution, China is opening up electricity distribution and sales to non-government investment in an orderly manner, and is separating power grid enterprises’ secondary business from their core business. New market entities are being cultivated in the fields of electricity distribution and sales, energy storage, and comprehensive energy services. Meanwhile, China is extending reform of energy SOEs, supporting development of the non-public sector, and conducting active yet prudent mixed-ownership reform in the energy industry to boost the vitality and motivation of energy enterprises.
建设统一开放、竞争有序的能源市场体系。根据不同能源品种特点，搭建煤炭、电力、石油和天然气交易平台，促进供需互动。推动建设现代化煤炭市场体系，发展动力煤、炼焦煤、原油期货交易和天然气现货交易。全面放开经营性电力用户发用电计划，建设中长期交易、现货交易等电能量交易和辅助服务交易相结合的电力市场。积极推进全国统一电力市场和全国碳排放权交易市场建设。
Building an energy market system that is unified, open, and competitive yet orderly. China has established trading platforms for coal, electricity, petroleum and natural gas to facilitate interaction between demand and supply. A modern coal market system is under construction. Futures trading of thermal coal, coking coal and crude oil and spot trading of natural gas are under way. Restrictions have been lifted on the generation and consumption of electricity by commercial consumers. An electricity market is under way to incorporate medium- and long-term trading, spot trading and other forms of trading of electricity. China is also working to build a unified electricity market across the country and a national carbon emissions trading market.
（二）完善主要由市场决定能源价格的机制
2. Improving the Market-Based Mechanism for Deciding Energy Prices
按照“管住中间、放开两头”总体思路，稳步放开竞争性领域和竞争性环节价格，促进价格反映市场供求、引导资源配置；严格政府定价成本监审，推进科学合理定价。
Following the principle of “allowing for more competition in electricity generation, sales and consumption while tightening government regulation of power grid, transmission and distribution”, China has lifted price control over competitive areas and links. The goal is to allow prices to reflect market demand, and thereby guide the allocation of resources. It has also conducted strict government oversight of the determination of pricing to cover reasonable costs.
有序放开竞争性环节价格。推动分步实现公益性以外的发售电价格由市场形成，电力用户或售电主体可与发电企业通过市场化方式确定交易价格。进一步深化燃煤发电上网电价机制改革，实行“基准价+上下浮动”的市场化价格机制。稳步推进以竞争性招标方式确定新建风电、光伏发电项目上网电价。推动按照“风险共担、利益共享”原则协商或通过市场化方式形成跨省跨区送电价格。完善成品油价格形成机制，推进天然气价格市场化改革。坚持保基本、促节约原则，全面推行居民阶梯电价、阶梯气价制度。
Lifting price control over competitive links in an orderly manner. China is steadily fostering a market-based pricing mechanism of commercial electricity generation and distribution, and allowing prices to be decided by electricity users, sellers and producers through market-based modalities. China has extended reform of the price-setting mechanism for on-grid electricity from coal-fired power plants, and introduced a market-based pricing mechanism in which electricity prices may fluctuate above or below the benchmark. Steady progress has been made in determining the price of on-grid electricity from new wind and solar PV power plants through competitive bidding. Relevant parties are encouraged to negotiate on the basis of sharing risks and benefits, and set through market-based modalities the price for trans-provincial or trans-regional transmission of electricity. The pricing mechanism for oil products is being improved. Reform is ongoing in having the market determine gas prices. China has enforced progressive pricing for household consumption of electricity and gas across the nation, ensuring basic living needs are met while encouraging conservation.
科学核定自然垄断环节价格。按照“准许成本+合理收益”原则，合理制定电网、天然气管网输配价格。开展两个监管周期输配电定价成本监审和电价核定。强化输配气价格监管，开展成本监审，构建天然气输配领域全环节价格监管体系。
Appropriately deciding prices for natural monopoly operations. Allowing recovery of costs plus reasonable profits, China has set appropriate transmission and distribution prices for power grids and gas pipelines. It has analyzed costs and verified prices for electricity transmission and distribution over two regulatory periods. China has also stepped up the price regulation of gas transmission and distribution and analyzed gas costs in order to establish a price regulation system that covers the whole process of gas transmission and distribution.
（三）创新能源科学管理和优化服务
3. Innovative Management of the Energy Sector and Improved Government Services
进一步转变政府职能，简政放权、放管结合、优化服务，着力打造服务型政府。发挥能源战略规划和宏观政策导向作用，集中力量办大事。强化能源市场监管，提升监管效能，促进各类市场主体公平竞争。坚持人民至上、生命至上理念，牢牢守住能源安全生产底线。
Working to become a service-oriented government, the Chinese government has further transformed its functions, streamlined administration, delegated powers, improved regulation and upgraded services. It employs strategic plans and macro-policies on energy, and mobilizes resources for major undertakings. Better oversight and regulation of the energy market will deliver better results and promote fair competition among all market entities. Putting people and lives above everything else, China has remained firm in its commitment to safe production in the energy industry.
激发市场主体活力。深化能源“放管服”改革，减少中央政府层面能源项目核准，将部分能源项目审批核准权限下放地方，取消可由市场主体自主决策的能源项目审批。减少前置审批事项，降低市场准入门槛，加强和规范事中事后监管。提升“获得电力”服务水平，压减办电时间、环节和成本。推行“互联网+政务”服务，推进能源政务服务事项“一窗受理”“应进必进”，提升“一站式”服务水平。
Igniting the vitality of market entities. China has extended reform in the energy sector to delegate powers, improve regulation, and upgrade services. This includes reducing approval by the central government for energy projects and delegating the approval power to local authorities for some projects. The requirement for government review and approval has been rescinded for energy projects about which market entities can decide at their own discretion. The number of items of preliminary review has been slashed and the threshold for market access has been lowered, while supervision during and after production has been enhanced and standardized. “Access to electricity” services have been improved. As a result, the time, procedures and cost needed for businesses to connect to the power grid have all been cut down. In addition, China has promoted the “internet plus government services” model, and expanded the practice of providing all energy-related government services at one simple window in localities where all relevant authorities have outlets, thereby improving one-stop services.
引导资源配置方向。制定实施《能源生产和消费革命战略（2016－2030）》以及能源发展规划和系列专项规划、行动计划，明确能源发展的总体目标和重点任务，引导社会主体的投资方向。完善能源领域财政、税收、产业和投融资政策，全面实施原油、天然气、煤炭资源税从价计征，提高成品油消费税，引导市场主体合理开发利用能源资源。构建绿色金融正向激励体系，推广新能源汽车，发展清洁能源。支持大宗能源商品贸易人民币计价结算。
Guiding the allocation of resources. In addition to other plans, including special plans and action plans, China has drawn up and implemented the “Strategy for Energy Production and Consumption Revolution (2016-2030)” for developing the energy sector. These define the overall goals and key tasks, and guide investment in the sector. In order to encourage market entities to appropriately explore and utilize energy resources, China has refined its fiscal, taxation, industrial, financing, and investment policies, implemented a nationwide ad valorem tax on crude oil, natural gas and coal, and raised excise tax on oil products. It is building a green finance incentive system to promote new energy vehicles and develop clean energy. China also encourages Renminbi settlement for trading in bulk energy commodities.
促进市场公平竞争。理顺能源监管职责关系，逐步实现电力监管向综合能源监管转型。严格电力交易、调度、供电服务和市场秩序监管，强化电网公平接入、电网投资行为、成本及投资运行效率监管。加强油气管网设施公平开放监管，推进油气管网设施企业信息公开，提高油气管网设施利用率。全面推行“双随机、一公开”监管，提高监管公平公正性。加强能源行业信用体系建设，依法依规建立严重失信主体名单制度，实施失信惩戒，提升信用监管效能。包容审慎监管新兴业态，促进新动能发展壮大。畅通能源监管热线，发挥社会监督作用。
Promoting fair competition. China has overhauled the government’s regulatory power and responsibilities, and gradually transformed regulation of the electricity sector to comprehensive regulation of the entire energy sector. It has tightened regulation of electricity transaction, distribution and supply, the market order, equitable connection to the power grid, and grid investment, cost and efficiency. China has also reinforced oversight of the opening of oil and gas pipeline facilities to all eligible users, increased information transparency of pipeline operators, and increased the utilization rate of these facilities. Random inspection by randomly selected staff and prompt release of inspection results have been expanded to the whole energy sector. Efforts have been intensified to establish a credit system in the energy industry, created in accordance with law lists of entities that have committed serious acts of bad faith, and to take joint punitive action against such acts, hence increasing the effectiveness of credit regulation. China exercises prudential regulation of new business forms to develop new drivers of growth. It also keeps energy hotlines open to ensure oversight by the public.
筑牢安全生产底线。健全煤矿安全生产责任体系，提高煤矿安全监管监察执法效能，建设煤矿安全生产标准化管理体系，增强防灾治灾能力，煤矿安全生产形势总体好转。落实电力安全企业主体责任、行业监管责任和属地管理责任，提升电力系统网络安全监督管理，加强电力建设工程施工安全监管和质量监督，电力系统安全风险总体可控，未发生大面积停电事故。加强油气全产业链安全监管，油气安全生产形势保持稳定。持续强化核安全监管体系建设，提高核安全监管能力，核电厂和研究堆总体安全状况良好，在建工程建造质量整体受控。
Ensuring production safety. China has improved the accountability system for coal mine safety, raised the efficiency of coal mine supervision, regulation and law enforcement, created a standardized management system for coal mine safety, and built up its capacity for disaster prevention and control. As a result, coal mine safety has much improved. Enterprises share the main responsibility for power safety, industry regulators share the regulatory responsibility, and local authorities have the overall responsibility for safety in their respective jurisdictions. Oversight and management have been improved to ensure cybersecurity of the electricity system, as well as the safety and quality of electricity construction projects. Safety risks in the supply of electricity are manageable in general, and there has been no instance of extensive blackout. Meanwhile, through stronger safety regulation of the entire oil and gas industrial chain, China has maintained safety in oil and gas production. Thanks to sustained efforts to improve its system and capacity for nuclear safety regulation, China’s nuclear power plants and research reactors are generally safe and secure, and the quality of nuclear projects under construction is well controlled as a whole.
（四）健全能源法治体系
4. Improving the Rule of Law in the Energy Sector
发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，坚持能源立法同改革发展相衔接，及时修改和废止不适应改革发展要求的法律法规；坚持法定职责必须为、法无授权不可为，依法全面履行政府职能。
Implementation of the rule of law is essential in the energy sector. It stabilizes expectations and creates long-term benefits. China aligns law making with reform and development in the energy industry, and has amended or abolished laws and regulations incompatible with the needs of reform and development in the sector. China adheres to the principle that administrative bodies must fulfill their statutory obligations and must not take any action that is not mandated by law, and sees that the government fully performs its functions in accordance with the law.
完善能源法律体系。推进能源领域法律及行政法规制修订工作，加强能源领域法律法规实施监督检查，加快电力、煤炭、石油、天然气、核电、新能源等领域规章规范性文件的“立改废”进程，将改革成果体现在法律法规和重大政策中。
Improving the system of energy laws. More laws and administrative regulations concerning the energy sector have been formulated or amended. Supervision and inspection of the enforcement of energy laws and regulations has been intensified. The work to enact, amend or repeal regulations and normative documents in the fields of electricity, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power and new energy has been accelerated, in order to incorporate reform results into China’s laws, regulations and major policies.
推进能源依法治理。推进法治政府建设，推动将法治贯穿于能源战略、规划、政策、标准的制定、实施和监督管理全过程。构建政企联动、互为支撑的能源普法新格局，形成尊法、学法、守法、用法良好氛围。创新行政执法方式，全面推行行政执法公示制度、行政执法全过程记录制度、重大执法决定法制审核制度，全面落实行政执法责任制。畅通行政复议和行政诉讼渠道，确保案件依法依规办理，依法保护行政相对人合法权益，让人民在每一个案件中切实感受到公平正义。
Improving law-based governance of the energy sector. China is working to ensure law-based governance and see that the rule of law materializes in the entire process of making, enforcing, overseeing and managing energy strategies, plans, policies and standards. To raise awareness of the law, it is developing a new paradigm that features interaction and mutual support between the government and enterprises, which will help create an enabling environment across the nation for respecting, studying and observing the law. China has adopted new practices in administrative law enforcement by introducing a nationwide system for disclosing information on administrative law enforcement, a system for recording the entire enforcement process, a system for reviewing the legality of major enforcement decisions, and an accountability system. China will ensure that the channels for applying administrative reconsideration and filing administrative lawsuits remain open, that cases are handled in accordance with laws and regulations, that the legitimate rights and interests of administrative counterparts are protected in accordance with the law, and that people can see in every case that justice has been served.
