中国共产党尊重和保障人权的伟大实践文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection – A 100-Year Quest文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
2021年6月文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
June 2021文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
目录文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/11619.html
Contents
前言
Foreword
一、为人民解放和幸福而奋斗
I. For People’s Liberation and Wellbeing
二、尊重和保障人权的执政方略
II. The Principle of Respecting and Protecting Human Rights Embedded in Governance
三、筑牢人民当家作主的根本制度
III. Ensuring the People’s Position as Masters of the Country
四、促进各项人权全面发展
IV. Making Comprehensive Progress in Human Rights
五、依法保障公民基本权利
V. Protecting the Basic Rights of Citizens in Accordance with the Law
六、推进世界人权事业发展
VI. Advancing Human Rights Around the World
七、丰富发展了人权文明多样性
VII. Adding Diversity to the Concept of Human Rights
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Foreword
2021年是中国共产党成立100周年。中国共产党的100年，创造了尊重和保障人权的伟大奇迹，谱写了人权文明的新篇章。
The year 2021 marks the centenary of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the CPC has invested a huge effort in human rights protection, adding significantly to global human rights progress.
100年前，在中华民族面临内忧外患的危急关头，担负着救国救民使命的中国共产党诞生了。中国产生了共产党，这是开天辟地的大事变。在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民开启了为实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福而奋斗的崭新历程。
A hundred years ago, the CPC came into being – its mission to salvage the country and save the Chinese people at a perilous time of domestic upheaval and foreign aggression. This was an epoch-changing moment. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people embarked on a new journey towards prosperity, national rejuvenation, and wellbeing.
100年来，中国共产党团结带领中国人民推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义“三座大山”，建立了中华人民共和国，完成了新民主主义革命和社会主义革命，为有效保障人民各项权利和自由奠定了根本政治前提和牢固制度基础。经过艰辛探索，中国开创了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，开启了中国特色社会主义新时代，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，踏上了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。
Over this period of one hundred years, the CPC has united and led the people in toppling the “three mountains” of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, creating the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and completing the New Democratic Revolution and the Socialist Revolution. The political and institutional foundations were thereby laid down to ensure the rights and freedoms of the people. Through successes and setbacks, China has pioneered reform and opening up, set the goal of socialist modernization, and ushered in a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese nation has stood up, become better off, and grown in strength. Now, it is embarking on a new journey to build a modern socialist country in all respects.
100年来，中国共产党坚持人民至上，坚持将人权的普遍性原则与中国实际相结合，坚持生存权、发展权是首要的基本人权，坚持人民幸福生活是最大的人权，坚持促进人的全面发展，不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感，成功走出了一条中国特色社会主义人权发展道路。
For a hundred years, the CPC has always put people first, applying the principle of universality of human rights in the context of the national conditions. It regards the rights to subsistence and development as the primary and basic human rights, and believes that living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. It promotes the well-rounded development of the individual, and strives to give every person a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security. Its success in pioneering human rights in a socialist country is unique and readily apparent.
100年来，中国共产党心怀天下，坚持走和平发展道路，坚持促进共同发展。中国坚定维护世界和平，坚持以合作促发展，以发展促人权，积极参与国际人权事务，为全球人权治理贡献中国智慧、提供中国方案，推动世界人权事业发展，与世界各国一道，共同构建人类命运共同体。
For a hundred years, the CPC has committed itself to peaceful development and common progress. China is firm in its international stance – to safeguard world peace and seek progress through cooperation, ensuring human rights with the benefits deriving from development. It has been an active participant in matters of international human rights, providing a Chinese contribution to global human rights governance and progress, and working with other countries to forge a global community of shared future.
一、为人民解放和幸福而奋斗
I. For People’s Liberation and Wellbeing
（一）近代中国人民的人权惨遭践踏
1. Human Rights Trampled after the Mid-19th Century
中华民族是有着5000多年辉煌灿烂文明史的伟大民族。在人类历史长河中，中国综合国力曾长期居世界前列。但到清朝（1636－1911年）的中后期，特别是1840年鸦片战争之后，由于西方列强对中国的侵略日甚一日，由于统治者的腐败无能，中国的发展开始陷入停滞，逐渐成为半殖民地半封建社会，人民惨遭压迫奴役，陷入深重苦难之中。
The Chinese nation is a great nation boasting a civilization spanning five millennia. China once led the world in composite national strength over a long period of time. But beginning in the middle and latter half of the Qing Dynasty (1636-1911), and especially after the Opium War in 1840, China plunged into stagnation due to a corrupt, incompetent government and ever-growing Western aggression. It was eventually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state where the people were enslaved and suffered immeasurably.
从1840年开始，列强通过对中国的多次侵略战争和其他方法，与中国政府签订了数以百计的不平等条约、章程、专条，强迫中国割地、赔款，攫取种种特权，构建起殖民、掠夺中国的系统性结构。列强入侵及其殖民政策，成为加在中国人民身上的沉重枷锁，中国人民的尊严和生存权利遭到严重践踏。
Beginning in 1840, the Western imperialist powers, through war and other aggressive means, forced the Chinese government into hundreds of unequal treaties, regulations and conventions, grabbing territory, demanding reparations and privileges, and engaging in a process of colonization and plunder throughout China. Western invasion and colonization shackled the Chinese people, trampling on their dignity and putting their very lives in jeopardy.
国家的不幸就是人民的不幸。在帝国主义、封建主义、官僚资本主义压迫之下，饥饿、贫穷、落后、挨打，是近代中国人权状况的真实写照。
It was a tragedy for the country and the people. Oppressed by imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, the Chinese people suffered from hunger and poverty and the nation from backwardness and subjugation.
近代中国人民遭遇的生存危机是全方位的。在经济上，中国的农业生产力落后，土地兼并加之苛捐杂税，自然灾害加之战乱破坏，导致大量农民破产沦为雇农甚至流民；工商业虽有一定发展，但规模小、产量低、结构失衡，并且受到外国资本和国内官僚资本的操控，难以为国计民生提供有力支持。经济衰败、民生凋敝，人民在生存线苦苦挣扎。据估算，当时全国有80%的人长期处于饥饿、半饥饿状态，几乎每年都有几万乃至几十万人因饥饿而死。
The subsistence crisis raged in all directions. The economy was in a shambles. Low agricultural productivity, land annexation, harsh taxes and levies, natural disasters, and frequent wars turned large numbers of small farmers and peasants into farm laborers for hire or homeless poor. Industry and commerce developed to a certain extent, but was small in scale, low in productivity and unbalanced in structure. Manipulated by foreign and domestic bureaucrat capital, it was impossible to sustain the nation or the people. Under a shattered economy, the people were destitute and struggled to survive. It is estimated that 80 percent of the population was constantly haunted by dire hunger or inadequate food supply, and that tens or even hundreds of thousands of people starved to death every year.
除了物质上的匮乏，中国人民还面临病疫的折磨和精神上的贫瘠。当时的中国疫病横行，鼠疫、天花、霍乱等传染病肆虐，几乎无年不疫、无省不疫，加之医疗条件差，民众健康状况十分恶劣，旧中国人均寿命仅有35岁。新中国成立时，全国5.4亿人口中，文盲率高达80%，小学实际入学率不到20%，高等教育在校生仅有11.7万人。对于当时中国人民的悲惨遭遇，毛泽东曾指出，“中国人民的贫困和不自由的程度，是世界所少见的”。中国人民的生存权都无法得到保障，更遑论其他基本权利。
China was also tortured by diseases and hindered by the lack of education among its people. Epidemics such as plague, smallpox and cholera swept across the country and recurred every year, taking a heavy toll on the populace due to the lack of health services. The average life expectancy in old China was only 35 years. When the PRC was founded in 1949, 80 percent of the 540 million population were illiterate, less than 20 percent of school-age children were in elementary schools, and there were only 117,000 students receiving higher education. Commenting on the miseries of the people, Mao Zedong said, “The poverty and lack of freedom among the Chinese people are on a scale seldom found.” With the people struggling for survival, it was impossible to talk about any other rights.
（二）中国共产党担负起救国救民使命
2. National Salvation on the Shoulders of the CPC
面对山河破碎、生灵涂炭，许多献身于民族进步事业的仁人志士发动了农民起义、洋务自救、维新改良、资产阶级革命等不同形式的救亡图存运动，但都没能使中国人民脱离被压迫被奴役的悲惨境地。实现民族独立、人民解放的重任，历史地落在了中国共产党肩上。
With the nation under threat and the people in pain, many people of lofty ideals and insight devoted themselves to the cause of national salvation – leading peasant uprisings, creating initiatives to learn from the West, attempting reformist experiments, and launching a bourgeois revolution. But none of these freed the Chinese from oppression and slavery. The mission of national independence and the liberation of the people fell to the CPC.
1921年7月，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会召开，正式宣告中国共产党成立。从此，中国革命进入了全新的发展阶段，中国人民的命运开始发生根本性转变，一条属于广大人民的人权保障之路开始铺就。中国最早的一批马克思主义者，如陈独秀、李大钊、毛泽东等，将民族解放、国家独立与人民切身利益紧密地联系在一起。他们深刻地认识到，只有通过革命，才能真正争取与维护无产阶级和劳动人民的权利，使中国摆脱积贫积弱，使中国人民摆脱苦难屈辱。
In July 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China announced the founding of the Party, heralding a new stage in the Chinese revolution. It reversed the tragic fate of the Chinese people and laid down the foundations for them to enjoy their basic rights. The first Marxists in China, including Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong, already understood the close connection between liberation, independence and the people’s interests. They knew well that only through revolution could the proletariat and the working people establish and maintain their rights, and that only through revolution could China get back on its feet and its people emerge from poverty and humiliation.
中国共产党自成立之日起，就以无产阶级政党的面貌出现，通过各种纲领、主张、宣言，鲜明地宣扬了救国救民和争取人权的立场与主张。为中国人民谋幸福，为中华民族谋复兴，是中国共产党人的初心和使命，也是中国共产党人权思想之本。中国共产党以鲜明的人民立场，赢得了中国人民的拥护和支持，成为领导中国革命的核心力量。
The CPC was a party of the proletariat from the very beginning. Through its programs, proposals, and declarations, it made its mission clear and its stance known – to save the nation and secure human rights for its people. The original aspiration and the mission of the Party is to seek happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is also the root of its stance on human rights. The CPC, with its people-centered position, has won the support of the Chinese people, making it the spine of the Chinese revolution.
（三）新民主主义革命时期的人权保障实践
3. Human Rights Protection During the New Democratic Revolution
在领导人民争取自由解放、实现当家作主的新民主主义革命伟大斗争中，中国共产党始终将马克思主义人权理论同中国实际相结合，开创了既符合人权的普遍性原则又具有鲜明中国特色的人权保障之路。
In the New Democratic Revolution to liberate and free the people and make them masters of the country, the CPC always applied Marxist human rights theory to the Chinese context, pioneering a path of human rights predicated on the universality of human rights and one that is distinctively Chinese.
自大革命时期（1924－1927年）开始，中国共产党就将改善民生、保障人民生存权作为重要任务。在土地革命战争时期（1927－1937年），中国共产党领导中华苏维埃政府颁布并实施了土地法，不仅让农民在政治上翻身，而且在经济上分到田地，获得基本生存权利。全面抗日战争时期（1937－1945年），中国共产党制定了一系列保障人权的条例细则，领导陕甘宁边区实行“减租减息”政策。解放战争时期（1945－1949年），中国共产党提出保障人权、解救民生，领导制定《中国土地法大纲》等文件，在拥有1亿多人口的解放区开展土地改革，实行耕者有其田，消灭了封建生产关系。中国共产党还积极组织生产运动，确保自给自足，鼓励发展私营工商业，出台社会优抚等政策措施，努力保障民生。
In the Great Revolution (1924-1927), the CPC took on improving people’s lives and protecting their right to subsistence as key objectives. In the Agrarian Revolutionary War (1927-1937), the CPC-led Chinese Soviet Government promulgated the Land Law, giving the peasants political rights as well as land to till, so that they could make a living. In the full-scale phase of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1945), the Party formulated a series of regulations and measures for human rights protection, and enacted tax and interest reduction policies in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. In the War of Liberation (1945-1949), the Party emphasized protection of human rights and ensuring basic livelihoods for the people, formulated the Outline of the Land Law of China and carried out land reform among 100 million people in the liberated areas, distributing land among peasants and putting an end to feudal production relations. It organized production campaigns to ensure self-sufficiency, encouraged privately-owned industrial and commercial businesses, and provided social relief, all to ensure the people’s wellbeing.
实现人民当家作主是新民主主义革命人权保障的主要任务。在中国共产党领导的中央苏区、陕甘宁边区实行普选制度，给长期受到压迫的人民以参政议政的权利。抗战时期，抗日根据地实行“三三制”，建立抗日民主政权（共产党员、党外进步人士和中间派各占1/3）。这些政策和制度，大大提高了人民群众参与革命、参与政权管理的热情。
Making the people masters of the country was a primary goal in ensuring human rights during the New Democratic Revolution. Universal suffrage was implemented in the CPC-led Central Soviet Area and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, and the long-oppressed people finally had the right to participate in politics and have their voice heard. During the War Against Japanese Aggression, the base areas established democratic governments with CPC members, progressive non-CPC figures, and centrists each occupying one third of the official posts. These policies and systems greatly encouraged the people to take part in revolution and political administration.
保护妇女合法权益。中共中央制定有关妇女解放和改革婚姻家庭问题的政策纲领，各边区政府特别是中央工农民主政府先后制定适用于全苏区的婚姻法和婚姻条例，废除封建包办买卖婚姻，禁止蓄婢纳妾，确立一夫一妻的婚姻制度，实行婚姻自由，婚后所得财产为夫妻共同财产，第一次使广大妇女在人身上、经济上获得了解放，提高了广大妇女的社会地位，激发了妇女参与革命和生产的积极性。
The legitimate rights and interests of women were protected. Following the guidelines of the CPC Central Committee on women’s liberation and marriage reform, and the marriage laws and regulations enacted and applied to all the soviet areas, arranged and mercenary marriage was abolished, and keeping maids or concubines was forbidden. Monogamy was established along with freedom of marriage, and postnuptial property was regarded as community property. For the first time, women gained the freedom of their person and economic equality in marriage. With rising social status, women became more active in revolution and in the workplace.
文教卫生事业也在中国共产党领导的地区发展起来。中央苏区颁布了《中华苏维埃共和国宪法大纲》，明确劳苦大众享有平等的受教育权，并兴建学校，组织各类讲习班，着力提高人民群众文化水平。在陕甘宁边区，政府采取夜校、读报组等方式扫除文盲，并因陋就简开设中小学校，创办鲁迅艺术学院、延安自然科学院等高校与研究机构，努力发展文化科学事业。中华苏维埃共和国成立中央防疫委员会，省、县、区三级设立卫生部（科），大力建设工农医院、贫民诊所和公共卫生所，培养医务人员，组织群众性防疫卫生运动，明显改善了人民医疗卫生状况。
Culture, education, and health services flourished in the CPC-led areas. In the Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic promulgated in the Central Soviet Area, it was stipulated that the working masses enjoyed equal right to education. Schools were built and training sessions organized to help improve people’s educational levels. In the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region the government set up night schools and newspaper reading groups to eliminate illiteracy, opened elementary and middle schools despite the difficult conditions, and founded the Lu Xun School of the Arts, the Yan’an Academy of Natural Sciences, and other institutions of higher education and research.
The Chinese Soviet Republic formed an epidemic prevention and control committee at the central level, and health departments (offices) were set up at the district, county and provincial levels. Hospitals were built for workers and peasants, as well as clinics for the poor and public health centers. The cohort of health workers was strengthened and mass campaigns were rolled out to prevent and control epidemics. All this significantly improved people’s health.
（四）新中国为保障人权开辟广阔道路
4. Human Rights Protection in the PRC
1949年新中国成立，标志着人民权利新的时代到来，标志着近代以来中国人民遭受剥削、压迫和奴役历史的终结，也标志着一个共产党领导的东方社会主义大国人权实践新的开始。
The founding of the PRC in 1949 ushered in a new era for people’s rights. It put an end to the exploitation, oppression and slavery that had shackled the Chinese nation for a century, and signified the beginning of substantial progress in human rights in a socialist country under the leadership of the CPC.
新中国成立以来，中国人权事业的发展经历了三个历史阶段：
Since 1949, human rights in China have undergone three stages of development.
第一个阶段：新中国成立后，中国共产党领导中国人民进行社会主义革命和建设，确立了社会主义基本制度，完成了中国历史上最为广泛而深刻的社会变革，制定我国第一部社会主义类型的宪法，为中国人权事业发展奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础。在政治建设方面，建立和巩固了人民民主的政治制度，确立了人民民主原则和社会主义原则，确立了人民代表大会制度，从制度上保障了国家一切权力属于人民。在经济建设方面，基本完成土地改革，激发了人民群众巨大创造力；对农业、手工业和资本主义工商业进行社会主义改造，建立起社会主义的基本经济制度，保证了人民平等参与经济发展和分享劳动成果。在社会建设方面，颁布实施婚姻法，“实行男女婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女权利平等、保护妇女和子女合法利益的新民主主义婚姻制度”；促进教育、医疗卫生事业发展，建立起省、市、县和县、乡、村三级医疗预防保健网，建立劳动保险和社会救济制度。在民族政策方面，反对和否定民族压迫和歧视，坚持民族平等，实行民族区域自治制度。在法制建设方面，依据《中华人民共和国宪法》，制定并实施其他重要法律，保障公民基本权利。
Stage 1: Beginning in 1949, the Chinese people committed themselves to socialist revolution and economic development under CPC leadership, establishing the basic systems of socialism, completing the most extensive and profound process of social change in Chinese history, and promulgating the first socialist constitution. All these laid the political and institutional foundation for human rights in China.
From a political perspective, the system of people’s democracy was established and consolidated, with democracy of the people and socialism as the basic principles. With the implementation of the system of people’s congresses, it was guaranteed that all rights of the state belonged to the people.
From an economic perspective, the completion of the land reform triggered a burst of great creativity among the people. Socialist transformation was completed in agriculture, individual craft industries, and capitalist industry and commerce, and the basic socialist system was formed to ensure equal access to economic development and the sharing of economic gains.
From a social perspective, the Marriage Law was promulgated, stipulating the free choice of spouses, the principle of monogamy, equal rights for men and women, and the protection of the lawful rights and interests of women and children. Efforts were made to promote education and health services, and medical and preventive care networks were established at every local level – village, township, county, city and province. Labor insurance was created and social relief was provided. The government stood firmly against ethnic oppression and discrimination, upheld equality among all ethnic groups, and introduced regional ethnic autonomy. In developing the legal framework, important laws were formulated and promulgated in line with the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China to protect citizens’ basic rights.
第二个阶段：改革开放以来，中国共产党领导中国人民成功开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，极大地解放和发展了社会生产力，人民生存权、发展权和各项基本权利得到更好保障，中国人权事业得到大发展。改革开放是中国共产党领导人民进行的一场伟大革命。中国共产党把发展作为执政兴国的第一要务和解决中国所有问题的关键，大力发展社会生产力，努力以发展促进人权保障，不断提高人民生活水平，极大地调动了人民的积极性。在中国共产党的领导下，中国坚持全面依法治国，将尊重和保障人权写入宪法作为国家治理的一条重要原则，促进人权事业发展被纳入国家发展战略和规划，适合本国国情的人权保障制度建立并不断完善，中国特色人权保障体系初步形成。
Stage 2: Beginning in 1978, when reform and opening up was introduced, the CPC led the Chinese people on a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, unleashing an immense wave of social development and productivity. Thanks to tremendous progress in human rights the people enjoyed better protection of their rights to subsistence and development and other basic rights. Reform and opening up is a great revolution on the part of the Chinese people under CPC leadership. The Party pursues development as its top priority in governance and as the key to solving the problems of China; it strives to promote social productivity and improve human rights protection through development. During this stage the people enjoyed better lives and grew more active economically and socially. Under CPC leadership, China upheld the rule of law in all areas, and included in the Constitution as an important principle of national governance respect for and protection of human rights. Human rights progress was included in national development strategies and plans, the mechanisms for ensuring human rights in the context of China’s realities were improved, and the system for ensuring human rights with Chinese characteristics began to take shape.
第三个阶段：中共十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，脱贫攻坚目标任务如期完成，决胜全面建成小康社会取得决定性成就，中国人权事业全面发展。中国共产党坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，立足新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局，以推动高质量发展为主题，以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感大幅提升。中国倡议的“一带一路”建设扎实推进，构建人类命运共同体重大理念成为广泛共识。
Stage 3: Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. China has completed the mission of eradicating absolute poverty as scheduled under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core. Decisive success has been achieved in the final stage of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and human rights protection has been brought to new heights. Upholding people-centered development, the CPC is grounding its efforts in the new development stage, applying the new development philosophy, and creating a new framework of development. Focusing on high-quality development, it endeavors to meet the fundamental goal of satisfying the people’s growing desire for a better life. Implementing the Five-sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, the Party has made sure that the people enjoy a greater sense of gain, happiness and security. As the Belt and Road Initiative builds momentum, the concept of a global community of shared future has been widely recognized.
二、尊重和保障人权的执政方略
II. The Principle of Respecting and Protecting Human Rights Embedded in Governance
（一）尊重和保障人权的宪法原则
1. In the Constitution as a Guiding Principle
宪法是国家的根本法，是公民权利的保障书。在中国共产党的领导下，中国建立了以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系，为保障人权夯实法治基础。
As the fundamental law of a country, the Constitution is a written guarantee of the rights of citizens. Under the leadership of the CPC, China has established a Chinese socialist legal system with the Constitution at the core, thus laying a solid legal foundation for ensuring human rights.
1954年9月，第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过《中华人民共和国宪法》，宣告“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”，规定公民在政治、经济、社会、文化、人身等方面享有的广泛权利与自由。1982年12月，第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过的现行宪法，将“公民的基本权利和义务”提前到第二章，置于第一章“总纲”之后，更彰显了公民权利的重要地位，同时也扩大了权利保护的范围。此后，全国人大又分别在1988、1993、1999、2004、2018年五次通过宪法修正案，从基本经济制度、分配制度、保护公民私有财产、建立健全社会保障制度等方面，不断加强对人权的保障。
In September 1954, the First Session of the First National People’s Congress (NPC) adopted the Constitution of the PRC, which declared that all power in the country belongs to the people. It provided a wide range of rights and freedom that citizens enjoy in political, economic, social, cultural, personal and other respects. In December 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC adopted the current Constitution of the PRC, in which “The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens” was moved forward and made second only to Chapter I, “General Principles”. This adjustment highlighted the importance of citizens’ rights. Meanwhile, this Constitution also expanded the range of rights under protection. Later, the NPC adopted five amendments to the Constitution in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004 and 2018, to better protect human rights. These involved the basic economic system, distribution system, protection of citizens’ private property, and the social security system.
2004年3月，第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》，正式将“国家尊重和保障人权”载入宪法，由此，“尊重和保障人权”就成为整个中国特色社会主义法治体系的基本原则，也成为所有国家机关、武装力量、政党、社会团体、企业事业组织必须遵守的行为准则和法律义务，一切法律法规规章规范性文件都不得与之相抵触，任何与之相违背的行为都必须予以追究。
The amendment adopted at the Second Session of the 10th NPC, held in March 2004, added the line “The state respects and safeguards human rights” into the Constitution. Since then, respecting and protecting human rights has been a basic principle of the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and a binding rule of conduct and a legal obligation of all state organs, armed forces, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and public institutions. No laws, regulations, rules and normative documents can be in conflict with the principle, and accountability must be enforced on all acts that violate it.
中国共产党带领人民全面认真实施宪法，带头履行尊重和保障人权的宪法责任。中国通过健全法律法规和制度体系，发展国家各项事业等，推动宪法实施，落实宪法规定的人权保障原则和精神。建立适合政治制度和基本国情的宪法实施和监督机制，设立全国人大宪法和法律委员会，推进合宪性审查，加强宪法实施和监督，确保宪法规定落到实处，更好维护宪法权威。
The CPC leads the people in fully and strictly enforcing the Constitution and takes the lead in fulfilling the constitutional responsibility of respecting and protecting human rights. This has been achieved through improving laws, regulations and institutional systems and developing various undertakings of the state. China has established mechanisms best suited to its political systems and national conditions for enforcing the Constitution and the oversight thereof. It has set up the NPC Constitution and Law Committee to carry out constitutional review, so as to better uphold the authority of the Constitution and ensure that the provisions of the Constitution are observed.
（二）尊重和保障人权的执政理念
2. In State Governance as a Philosophy
全心全意为人民服务是中国共产党的根本宗旨。中国共产党奉行以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持执政为民，做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，将尊重和保障人权贯穿于执政和自身建设之中。
Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the CPC. The Party adheres to a people-centered philosophy of development, exercises power for the people, and ensures that development is for the people and by the people and that its benefits are shared by the people. It embodies the principle of respecting and protecting human rights in its governance and self-improvement.
1997年召开的中共十五大，首次将“保证人民依法享有广泛的权利和自由，尊重和保障人权”写入大会报告之中。2002年召开的中共十六大，重申“尊重和保障人权”，并将“人民的政治、经济和文化权益得到切实尊重和保障”“促进人的全面发展”等内容纳入全面建设小康社会的目标之中。2007年召开的中共十七大，将“尊重和保障人权，依法保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利”写入大会报告，并将“尊重和保障人权”正式载入《中国共产党章程》。
At the 15th CPC National Congress held in 1997, the report to the congress included for the first time the following expression: “ensuring that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedom endowed by law, and respecting and guaranteeing human rights”. The 16th CPC National Congress held in 2002 reiterated that “human rights are respected and guaranteed”, and included the following words in the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects: “The political, economic and cultural rights and interests of the people will be respected and guaranteed in real earnest” and “promoting the all-round development of people”. The report to the 17th CPC National Congress held in 2007 read that “We must respect and guarantee human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law”, and “It [the CPC] respects and safeguards human rights” was formally added into the CPC Constitution.
中共十八大以来，中国共产党从全面深化改革、加快推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化出发，更加注重健全尊重和保障人权的体制机制。2012年，中共十八大将“人权得到切实尊重和保障”写入大会报告，并提升为全面建成小康社会和全面深化改革开放的重要战略目标之一。2014年，中共十八届四中全会通过《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》，强调“加强人权司法保障”“增强全社会尊重和保障人权意识”，明确提出加强人权司法保障和重点领域立法，依法保障公民权利，加快完善体现权利公平、机会公平、规则公平的法律制度，保障公民人身权、财产权、基本政治权利等各项权利不受侵犯，保障公民经济、文化、社会等各方面权利得到落实，实现公民权利保障法治化。2015年，中共十八届五中全会明确，“人权得到切实保障”是整个“十三五”期间法治建设的一个主要目标。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress held in 2012, to further reform on all fronts and accelerate the modernization of China’s governance system and capacity, the CPC has attached greater importance to improving the systems and mechanisms for respecting and protecting human rights. At the 18th CPC National Congress, the principle that “human rights should be fully respected and protected” was included in the report to the congress and listed as one of the key strategic goals of building a moderately prosperous society and furthering reform and opening up in an all- round way. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law. The resolution emphasized the need to “provide stronger judicial protection of human rights” and to “strengthen awareness throughout the whole of society about the need to respect and safeguard human rights”. It stipulated ways to ensure that citizens’ rights are protected by the law: enhancing judicial protection of human rights and legislation in key areas, protecting citizens’ rights in accordance with the law, establishing a legal system featuring equal rights, equal opportunities and fair rules for all, ensuring the inviolability of citizens’ rights including personal rights, property rights and basic political rights, and making sure that citizens enjoy rights in economic, cultural, social and all other respects. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2015 made it clear that “human rights should be fully protected” is a major goal of promoting the rule of law during the entire 13th Five-year Plan period.
2017年，中共十九大报告明确，新时代中国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，不断促进人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕。中共十九大报告绘就了中国人权事业的美好蓝图：从2020年到2035年，在全面建成小康社会的基础上，人民平等参与、平等发展权利得到充分保障；从2035年到本世纪中叶，在基本实现现代化的基础上，把中国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，全体人民共同富裕基本实现，中国人民将享有更加幸福安康的生活；加强人权法治保障，保证人民依法享有广泛权利和自由。2019年，中共十九届四中全会指出，增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展是中国共产党立党为公、执政为民的本质要求。2020年，中共十九届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》，将“促进人的全面发展和社会全面进步”“促进人权事业全面发展”等作为中国发展的更高目标。
In 2017, the report to the 19th CPC National Congress stated: “the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. We must therefore continue commitment to our people-centered philosophy of development, and work to promote well-rounded human development and common prosperity for everyone.”
The report drew a blueprint for future progress in China’s human rights: From 2020 to 2035, on the basis of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the rights of the people to participate and to develop as equals will be adequately protected; from 2035 to the middle of the 21st century, building on having achieved basic modernization, we will develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful; common prosperity for everyone will be largely achieved; the Chinese people will enjoy happier, safer, and healthier lives; we will strengthen legal protection for human rights to ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law.
In 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee pointed out that improving the wellbeing of the people and promoting well-rounded human development are essential to the Party’s commitment to serving the public good and exercising power in the interests of the people. In 2020, the proposal of the CPC Central Committee on formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for economic and social development and the long-range objectives through the year 2035 was adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee. The proposal set higher goals for China’s development, which include promoting well-rounded human development and all-round social advancement and promoting comprehensive progress in human rights.
（三）尊重和保障人权的国家发展规划
3. In National Development Plans for Its Realization
从1953年到2021年，中国已制定了十四个国民经济和社会发展规划（计划），对国家经济、社会、文化、环境等方面发展作出安排。
From 1953 to 2021, China has formulated 14 plans for national economic and social development, providing for the country’s development in economic, social, cultural, environmental and other respects.
根据中共十九届五中全会建议，2021年3月召开的第十三届全国人民代表大会第四次会议，讨论通过了《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》，具体提出了未来五年及十五年中国经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设等各方面建设的目标、任务、方针、措施。其中强调，坚持以人民为中心，坚持新发展理念，坚持人民主体地位，坚持共同富裕方向，维护人民根本利益，激发全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性，促进社会公平正义，增进人民福祉，不断实现人民对美好生活的向往。这些发展思想蕴含着极其丰富的尊重和保障人权精神。
In accordance with the proposal adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, the Fourth Session of the 13th NPC held in March 2021 deliberated and adopted the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the PRC. The outline set forth specific objectives, tasks, policies and measures for China’s development in economic, political, cultural, social, ecological and other fields in the next five years and 15 years. In the outline, it was emphasized that we must pursue people-centered development, adopt a new vision for development, and ensure the principal status of the people; we must move steadily toward common prosperity, safeguard the fundamental interests of the people, and unleash their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity; we must promote social equity and justice, improve the wellbeing of the people, and realize the people’s aspiration for a better life. This approach to development embodies the principle of respecting and protecting human rights.
保障经济、社会和文化权利，特别是工作权利、基本生活水准权利、社会保障权利、健康权利、受教育权利、文化权利、环境权利、财产权利等，关系到每个人的生存发展。国家制定各项事业发展纲要、规划、计划等，不断推进公民基本权利保障。仅过去十年，中国政府有关部门就制定并实施了《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011－2020年）》《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010－2020年）》《人力资源和社会保障事业发展“十三五”规划纲要》《全国生态环境保护纲要》《“十三五”促进民族地区和人口较少民族发展规划》《中国妇女发展纲要（2011－2020年）》《中国儿童发展纲要（2011－2020年）》《“十三五”国家老龄事业发展和养老体系建设规划》《中国残疾人事业“十三五”发展纲要》《乡村振兴战略规划（2018－2022年）》等几十个涉及多领域的保障人民生存权、发展权的政策文件。国家还就保障公民权利与政治权利，特别是保障公民的人身权利、获得公正审判的权利、宗教信仰自由、知情权参与权表达权监督权等，制定了一系列保障性制度和措施。
Protecting people’s economic, social and cultural rights, especially their rights to employment, basic living, social security, health, education, culture, environment, property and other services, is essential to the rights of all to life and development. The state makes constant progress in protecting citizens’ basic rights by formulating outlines and plans for the development of various undertakings. In the past 10 years alone, the Chinese government formulated dozens of policy documents concerning people’s rights to subsistence and development in many fields. These include the Outline of Development-Driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2011-2020), the Outline of Healthy China 2030, the Outline of National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Education Reform and Development (2010-2020), the Outline of the Development of Human Resources and Social Security Undertakings During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, the Outline of China’s Environmental Protection, the Program for Developing Ethnic Minority Areas and Ethnic Groups with Small Populations During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, the Program for the Development of Women in China (2011-2020), the Program for the Development of Children in China (2011-2020), the Plan for the Development of China’s Old-Age Programs and Elderly-Care System, the Outline for the Development of People with Disabilities During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, and the Rural Revitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022). China also worked out a series of institutions and measures to protect citizens’ civil and political rights, particularly citizens’ personal rights, their rights to fair trial, freedom of religion, the rights to be informed, to be engaged and to be heard, and the right to oversee.
中国积极响应国际社会倡议，自2009年以来，已制定实施3期国家人权行动计划，成为世界上为数不多的连续制定人权行动计划的国家。目前，第4期《国家人权行动计划（2021－2025年）》的制定工作也已展开。中国的国家人权行动计划已实现与国家发展规划的对接和统一。
China actively responds to the initiatives of the international community. Since 2009, it has worked out three national human rights action plans, which is quite unusual among countries of the world. Currently, the work has begun to produce the fourth – the National Human Rights Action Plan (2021-2025). China has integrated its national human rights action plans with its national development plans.
注：关注下方公众号获取全文，回复20210624。
