一、与时俱进的发展权理念
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
拥有平等的发展机会，共享发展成果，使每个人都得到全面发展，实现充分的发展权，是人类社会的理想追求。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
Equal access to development opportunities and development benefits are the ideals of human society wherein each and every citizen can achieve well-rounded development and enjoy full right to development.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中华民族是勤劳智慧、善于创新、追求进步的民族。中国传统文化中的“小康”“大同”社会理想以及“丰衣足食”“安居乐业”等富民思想，充分反映了千百年来中国人民追求更高、更好、更加幸福生活的美好愿望。在漫长的历史进程中，中国人民为获得发展机会，改善发展条件，共享发展成果，进行了不懈奋斗。古代中国，农耕文明长期居于世界领先水平，创造了非凡的发展成就，为人类社会进步作出了重大贡献。有研究表明，直到19世纪中叶，在相当长的时间里，中国都是世界上国内生产总值和人均国内生产总值最多的国家。在16世纪以前世界上最重要的300项发明和发现中，中国占173项。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
The Chinese people are diligent, wise, innovative and progressive. In traditional Chinese culture, concepts such as “moderate prosperity” (xiao-kang), “great harmony” (datong), “having ample food and clothing” (fengyi zushi) and “living and working in peace and contentment” (anju leye) fully reflect the Chinese people’s aspiration for and pursuit of a better, happier life. In the long course of history, the Chinese people have always striven for better and shared development opportunities, conditions and benefits. In ancient times, China was for long the world leader in agriculture, and contributed to human progress with extraordinary development achievements. Studies reveal that until the mid-19th century, China’s GDP and per capita GDP were the world’s highest. Before the 16th century, China contributed 173 of the world’s top 300 innovations and discoveries.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
近代工业革命发生后，中国开始丧失发展机会。西方殖民主义者推行的对外侵略扩张政策，更是彻底破坏了中国的发展条件。从1840年到1949年，由于西方列强的一次次入侵，加之统治阶级的腐朽和社会制度的落后，中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会，战争频仍，社会动荡，经济凋敝，民不聊生，坠入贫穷深渊。《剑桥中华民国史》对20世纪上半叶的中国有这样的描述：“绝大多数中国人至多不过勉强维持生存而已……许多人的生活水平甚至还不到向来的那种水平”“作为一种制度，中国经济甚至到了20世纪中叶仍停留在‘现代前’时期，只是到1949年以后才告结束……”在长达110年的时间里，中国人民为争取发展权，争取与各国享有平等的发展机会，进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争，中国人民深知发展的价值和发展权的宝贵。
After the Industrial Revolution started in the 18th century, China began losing its leadership. Foreign aggression and expansion by Western colonialists completely destroyed conditions for development in China. Repeated invasions by foreign powers, particularly from the West, from 1840 to 1949, and China’s corrupt ruling class and backward social system reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. There was constant warfare, an unstable society, economic depression, no security of livelihood, and extreme poverty. The Cambridge History of China: Republican China 1912-1949 describes China’s situation in the first half of 20th century as follows: “...the great majority of Chinese merely sustained and reproduced themselves at the subsistence level ... the standard of life for many fell short even of that customary level.” [Note: The Cambridge History of China (Volume 12): Republican China 1912-1949 Part I, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 28.] “As a system, China’s economy which was ‘pre-modern’ even in the mid-twentieth century ceased to be viable only after 1949...” [Note: Ibid. p. 29.] In these 110 years, the Chinese people struggled arduously for their right to development and equal access to development opportunity. The Chinese people are fully aware of the value of development and of their right to development.
1949年中华人民共和国的成立，开辟了中国发展的新纪元。新中国为人民提供了充分的发展机会和发展条件，为实现发展权开创了广阔的空间。经过60多年的发展，中国的综合国力大幅增强，人民生活实现了从贫困到总体小康的历史性跨越，中国人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、环境等各方面的发展权不断得到有效保障。中国以不足世界10%的耕地，养活了世界20%以上的人口；中国在改革开放30多年的时间里，使7亿多人口摆脱贫困，占全球减贫人口的70%以上；中国建立了世界上最大的社会保障体系，人均预期寿命从1949年前的35岁提高到2015年的76.34岁，居于发展中国家前列；中国人民受教育水平大幅提高，1949年全国人口中80%以上是文盲，学龄儿童入学率仅20%左右，而到2015年，小学学龄儿童净入学率为99.88%，九年制义务教育巩固率为93%，高中阶段毛入学率为87%，高等教育已接近中等发达国家水平。联合国《2016中国人类发展报告》显示，2014年中国的人类发展指数在188个国家中列第90位，已进入高人类发展水平国家组。
The founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 ushered in a new era for China’s development. The PRC has provided full development opportunities and conditions to the people, and vast scope to realize that right. Through more than 60 years of effort, China’s overall national strength has greatly increased; standards of living have achieved a historical leap from poverty to moderate prosperity; the people’s right to development in economy, politics, culture, society and environment has been effectively protected.
China feeds more than 20 percent of the world’s population with less than 10 percent of the world’s arable land. Through more than 30 years of reform and opening-up, China has lifted 700 million people out of poverty, accounting for more than 70 percent of the global reduction in poverty. China has established the world’s largest social security system, and average life expectancy had grown from 35 years in 1949 to 76.34 years in 2015, ranking high among the developing countries. The level of education has soared: in 1949, more than 80 percent of the national population was illiterate, and the enrollment rate of school-age children was only 20 percent. In 2015, net enrollment rates were as follows: primary school-age children – 99.88 percent; nine-year compulsory education – 93 percent; high school – 87 percent. The enrollment rate for higher education has reached a level approaching that of medium-developed countries. According to the “China National Human Development Report 2016” released by the United Nations, China’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2014 ranked 90th among 188 countries, already in the high human development group.
多年来，中国从实际出发，把握时代大势，坚持人民主体地位，把以经济建设为中心同坚持四项基本原则、坚持改革开放这两个基本点统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践，遵循创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，走出了一条中国特色发展道路，为丰富和完善发展权理念作出了自己的贡献。
Over the years, proceeding from reality and following the trend of the times, China has maintained the people’s principal position in the country and created its own path by taking the central task of economic development and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles [Note: The Four Cardinal Principles refer to the principles of adhering to the socialist path, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. The Four Cardinal Principles are the foundation of the state, and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the state.] and the policy of reform and opening-up to serve its practice of Chinese socialism, and following the philosophy of innovative, balanced, eco-friendly, open and shared development, and thus contributed to enriching and improving the concept of right to development.
——生存权和发展权是首要的基本人权。贫穷是实现人权的最大障碍。没有物质资料的生产和供给，人类其他一切权利的实现都是非常困难或不可能的。发展既是消除贫困的手段，也为实现其他人权提供了条件，还是人实现自身潜能的过程。发展权贯穿于其他各项人权之中，其他人权为人的发展和发展权的实现创造条件。发展权的保障，既表现在经济、文化、社会、环境权利的实现之中，又表现在公民权利与政治权利的获得之中。中国赞赏联合国《发展权利宣言》所强调的表述——发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权，由于这种权利，每个人和所有各国人民均有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治发展，在这种发展中，所有人权和基本自由都能获得充分实现。
The rights to subsistence and development are the primary, basic human rights. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to human rights. Without the production and supply of material goods, it is difficult or even impossible to realize any other human right. Development is a means of eliminating poverty. It provides necessary conditions for realizing other human rights, and releases human potential. The right to development is incorporated into other human rights, while the latter create the conditions for people to facilitate development and realize the right to development. Safeguarding the right to development is the precondition for realizing economic, cultural, social and environmental rights, and obtaining civil and political rights. China appreciates the articulation in the UN’s “Declaration on the Right to Development”: “The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.”
——发展权的主体是人民。中国奉行人民至上的价值取向，视人民为推动发展的根本力量，努力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。中国把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展作为发展的出发点和落脚点，充分调动人民的积极性、主动性、创造性，使人民成为发展的主要参与者、促进者和受益者。全面建成小康社会和实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是让人民有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境，让每个人都能更有尊严地发展自我和奉献社会，共同享有人生出彩的机会，共同享有梦想成真的机会。
The people hold the principal position concerning the right to development. China values the people’s supremacy and regards the people as the fundamental driver of development, striving for the people, relying on the people, and sharing among the people. It takes improving popular wellbeing and well-rounded development as the starting point and ultimate goal, and fully mobilizes people’s enthusiasm, initiative and creativity to participate in, contribute to and benefit from development. To build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realize the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation means to provide better education, more secure employments, more satisfying income, more reliable social security, better medical services, more comfortable housing, and a better environment, so that all individuals can develop, contribute to society, and share the opportunity to pursue excellence and realize their dreams.
——发展权是个人人权与集体人权的统一。中国既重视个人发展权，又重视集体发展权，努力使二者相互协调、相互促进。“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”，没有个人的发展，就没有集体的发展；同时，也只有在集体中，个人才能获得全面发展。发展权既是每个人的人权，又是国家、民族和全体人民共同享有的人权，个人发展权只有与集体发展权统一起来，才能实现发展权的最大化。中国赞赏联合国《发展权利宣言》的表达——发展机会均等是国家和组成国家的个人的一项特有权利，任何国家和组成国家的任何个人，都有参与发展、平等享有发展成果的权利。
The right to development is a unity of individual and collective human rights. China values both individual and collective human rights as well as balance and mutual promotion between the two. “The free development of each individual is the condition for the free development of all people.” Only through individual development can a collective develop; only in a collective can individuals achieve well-rounded development. The right to development is a human right owned by each individual as well as by the country, the nation and the entire population. The right to development can be maximized only in the unity of individuals and collective. China values the articulation in UN’s “Declaration on the Right to Development”: “Equality of opportunity for development is a prerogative both of nations and of individuals who make up nations.” They are all entitled to participate in and share the benefits of development on an equal basis.
——发展权的实现是一个历史过程。发展永无止境，发展权的实现没有终点。在实现发展权问题上，没有完成时，只有进行时；没有最好，只有更好。中国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾将长期是社会主要矛盾。作为发展中大国，中国面临的发展问题十分突出，发展任务十分繁重，追求更加平等的参与和更加平等的发展，充分实现全体人民的发展权，需要长期不懈的努力。
The realization of the right to development is a historical course. There is no end either to development or to realizing the right to development. The latter is an ongoing process of improvement. China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so. The inadequacy in meeting the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people because of backward social production will remain the principal social problem. As a major developing country, China faces challenging problems and heavy tasks in development. In pursuit of more equal participation and development, China needs consistent efforts to fully realize the people’s right to development.
——发展权的保障必须是可持续的。可持续发展是发展权的应有之义，体现着代际公平。发展不平衡、不协调、不平等，发展方式粗放，都是发展不可持续的表现。中国坚持以可持续的方式进行消费、生产，科学管理地球的自然资源，走可持续的、有复原力的经济社会发展道路，满足今世后代的需求。中国遵循平衡性、可持续性的发展思路，将人与自然和谐发展、经济与社会和谐发展视为实现和保障发展权的新样态。
The protection of the right to development must be sustainable. Sustainable development is a prerequisite for materializing the right to development, an embodiment of intergenerational equity. Imbalanced, uncoordinated and unequal development reflects unsustainable development, as does an extensive development model. China is pursuing a sustainable approach to production, utilization and consumption of natural resources. China now follows a sustainable and resilient socio-economic development path so as to meet the needs of both present and future generations. China has a development mindset of balance and sustainability, regarding the harmonious development between humanity and nature, between economy and society, as a new means of realizing and protecting the right to development.
——发展权应为各国人民共有共享。实现发展权既是各国的责任，也是国际社会的共同义务。发展权的实现既需要各国政府根据各自国情制定符合本国实际的发展战略和发展政策，也需要国际社会的共同努力。中国倡导各国坚持公平、开放、全面、创新的共同发展理念，着力促进包容性发展，为各国人民共享发展权创造条件。全球经济治理应该以平等为基础，更好反映世界经济格局新现实，增强新兴市场和发展中国家代表性和发言权，确保各国在国际经济合作中权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，实现发展权共享、共赢。
The right to development must be enjoyed and shared by all peoples. Realizing the right to development is the responsibility of all countries and also the obligation of the international community. It requires governments of all countries to formulate development strategies and policies suited to their own realities, and it requires concerted efforts of the international community as a whole. China calls on all countries to pursue equal, open, all-round and innovative common development, promotes inclusive development, and creates conditions for all peoples to share the right to development. Global economic governance must be based on equality. It must better reflect the new world economic pattern, give an enhanced voice and representation to emerging markets and developing countries, ensure that all countries enjoy equality of rights, opportunities and rules in international economic cooperation, and ensure the right to development is shared.
