二、日臻完备的发展权保障制度
II. The System Ensuring the People’s Right to Development文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国建立并完善保障发展权的立法、战略、规划、计划、司法救济一体化制度体系架构，以富有建设性、务实性、高效性和强制性的体制制度、战略构建与政策措施，保障人民发展权的实现。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China has established an integrated system of legislature, strategy development, planning, and judicial remedy to ensure its people’s right to development, and makes continued efforts to improve it. The people’s right to development is realized through a framework of institutions, strategies, policies and measures that are constructive, practical, efficient, and compulsory.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——宪法和法律制度文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
The Constitution and Laws文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国建立了以宪法为核心，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规和地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系，为实现人民的发展权提供了法律保障。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China has established a legal system with Chinese characteristics. With the Constitution at the core, it is based on laws related to the Constitution, the civil laws, the commercial laws, and other major branches of the laws, and consists of laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations, providing a legal basis for the people’s right to development.
宪法以国家根本法的形式全方位确立和保障发展权。宪法序言确立了保障平等发展的根本指导原则，明确国家的根本任务是“推动物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家”。宪法确立了人民民主、平等发展原则，宣告“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”，“人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务”，规定“维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系”。宪法确立了“国家尊重和保障人权”基本原则，并在关于公民基本权利和义务的条款中明确了公民在经济、政治、文化、社会诸方面全面发展的权利。
As the nation’s fundamental law, the Constitution establishes and protects the people’s right to development in all respects. In the Preamble, equal development is set as the fundamental guiding principle, and the nation’s core task is to “promote the coordinated development of the material, political and spiritual civilizations, and to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced.” The Constitution establishes such principles as the people’s democracy, equal development, and stipulates that “All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people”; “The people administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the provisions of law”; “The state develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China’s nationalities.” Article 33 of the Constitution sets the fundamental principle that “The state respects and preserves human rights.” In Chapter II, the Constitution stipulates the Chinese citizens’ right to economic, political, cultural, and social development.
中国制定并实施了一系列专门性的权利保障法律法规，平等保障全体公民，特别是少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等的发展权利。民族区域自治法规定“加速民族自治地方经济、文化的发展，建设团结、繁荣的民族自治地方，为各民族的共同繁荣，把祖国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家而努力奋斗”。妇女权益保障法规定“妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。实行男女平等是国家的基本国策。国家采取必要措施，逐步完善保障妇女权益的各项制度，消除对妇女一切形式的歧视”。未成年人保护法规定“未成年人享有生存权、发展权、受保护权、参与权等权利”。老年人权益保障法规定“国家保障老年人依法享有的权益。老年人有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利，有享受社会服务和社会优待的权利，有参与社会发展和共享发展成果的权利”。残疾人保障法规定“残疾人在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有同其他公民平等的权利”。
China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations to protect the right to development of all citizens, especially that of the ethnic minorities, women, children, senior citizens, and the disabled. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that people of all ethnic minority groups shall “speed up the economic and cultural development of the ethnic autonomous areas, work towards their unity and prosperity, and strive for the common prosperity of all ethnic groups and for the transformation of China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.” The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests stipulates that “Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life. It is a basic state policy to realize equality between men and women. The state shall take necessary measures to gradually improve various systems for the protection of the rights and interests of women and to eliminate all kinds of discrimination against women.” The Law on the Protection of Minors stipulates that “Minors shall enjoy the right to life, the right to development, the right to being protected, and the right to participation.” The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that “The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of the elderly. The elderly shall have the right to obtain material assistance from the state and society, the right to enjoy social services and social preferential treatment, and the right to participate in social development and share the achievements in development.” The Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons stipulates that “Disabled persons shall enjoy equal rights with other citizens in political, economic, cultural, social, family life and other aspects.”
——国家发展战略
National Development Strategies
世界是丰富多彩的，发展模式也是多种多样的。中国总结长期历史经验，坚持从基本国情出发，走中国特色社会主义道路，建设中国特色社会主义，引领中国发展进步，为中国人民创造美好生活，实现人民发展权。
The world is a colorful place, with many different development patterns. Summarizing its historical experience and based on its prevailing conditions, China has chosen a socialist path. It strives to build socialism with Chinese characteristics, create a beautiful life for the Chinese people, and realize the people’s right to development.
按照建设中国特色社会主义的要求，中国的国家发展战略以不断保障和实现人民的发展权为基本价值取向。中国共产党在20世纪80年代初提出了现代化建设“三步走”发展战略目标：第一步，1981年到1990年，国民生产总值翻一番，解决人民的温饱问题；第二步，1991年到20世纪末，国民生产总值再翻一番，人民生活达到小康水平；第三步，到21世纪中叶，国民生产总值再翻两番，人民生活比较富裕，达到中等发达国家水平。
To build socialism with Chinese characteristics, China sets its national development strategies based on the need to protect and realize its people’s right to development. In the early 1980s, the CPC proposed the “three-step” development strategy: First, to double the 1981 GNP and ensure the provision of basic material needs by 1990; second, to double the 1991 GNP by the end of the 20th century and bring people’s living standards to a level of “reasonable prosperity”; and third, to quadruple that new GNP to the level of moderately developed countries by the mid-21st century, and bring the Chinese people an affluent life.
1997年召开的中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会，将上述“三步走”的第三步战略目标具体化，提出了21世纪上半叶中国新“三步走”发展战略：21世纪第一个十年实现国民生产总值比2000年翻一番，使人民的小康生活更加富裕，形成比较完善的社会主义市场经济体制；再经过十年的努力，到中国共产党成立100年时，使国民经济更加发展，各项制度更加完善；到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时，基本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家。
At the 15th CPC National Congress in 1997, the third step was made more specific, and a new “three-step” strategy for the first half of the 21st century was put forward. First, in the first decade of the 21st century, to double GNP compared to the 2000 level, raise levels of prosperity, and form a relatively complete socialist market economy; second, with ten more years’ hard work, to further develop the economy and improve various institutions by the centenary of the founding of the CPC; and third, to achieve basic modernization and complete the building of a socialist country that is prosperous, democratic, and culturally advanced by the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the mid-21st century.
进入21世纪后，中国共产党提出了“全面建设小康社会”的战略构想。2012年中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，明确将“人民对美好生活的向往”作为执政目标，进一步提出了实现“两个一百年”的奋斗目标：到2020年在中国共产党成立100年时实现第一个百年奋斗目标，中国人民将在全面解决温饱的基础上，普遍过上比较殷实富足的生活，全面建成小康社会；到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时实现第二个百年奋斗目标，中国人均国内生产总值将达到中等发达国家水平，建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。
After entering the 21st century, the CPC set itself the strategic task of building a “moderately prosperous society in all respects.” Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party’s Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has set the “people’s wish for a better life” as its goal of governance, and defined the Two Centenary Goals. That is, to enable the people to live prosperous lives and complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), and to bring China’s per capita GDP on par with that of moderately developed countries, and build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the PRC (founded in 1949) in the mid-21st century.
为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标，中国共产党统筹推进经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党的“四个全面”战略布局，在推动经济发展的基础上，建设社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、生态文明、和谐社会，协同推进人民富裕、国家强盛、中国美丽，更加扎实有效地保障和促进发展权的实现。
To achieve the Two Centenary Goals, the CPC strives to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological areas, and to implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, viz., building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, driving reform to a deeper-level, fully implementing the rule of law, and strengthening Party discipline. Based on economic growth, the Party will continue to build the socialist market economy, promote democracy, advanced culture, ecological progress, and a harmonious society, and ensure that the people are better-off, that the nation grows stronger and more prosperous, and that the environment is clean and beautiful, and that the people’s right to development is protected and promoted in a more solid and effective manner.
——总体发展规划
Overall Development Plans
按照建设社会主义现代化国家的要求和发展战略，中国政府制定国家发展规划，保障发展权的实现。从1953年到2001年，每5年制定一个国家发展计划，对国家经济、文化、社会等各方面发展作出安排。自2006年起，改计划为规划，实现了从具体、微观、指标性的发展计划向宏观的国民经济和社会发展规划的转变。到目前为止，中国已经连续制定了十三个国民经济和社会发展计划或规划。“五年规划”是连接国家发展总目标和具体实施计划的纽带，为有计划、分阶段、稳扎稳打地推进发展权的实现，确立了中长期指导思想、目标方向、基本要求和实施举措。
In accordance with the goal to build a modern socialist country and the associated development strategies, the Chinese government regularly makes national development plans to ensure the people’s right to development. In the period between 1953 and 2001, it issued national development plans every five years addressing issues concerning the country’s economy, culture, and society. After 2006 the plan has been changed to program which is less detailed, with fewer numerical targets to guide the macro-economy and social development. To date, China has made 13 consecutive five-year plans (including the program starting from 2006) for the nation’s economic and social development. These plans have connected the country’s overall development goals to the concrete plans to implement them, and are divided into different stages to steadily promote the people’s right to development, with mid- and long-term guidelines, goals and directions, basic requirements, and specific measures.
2015年10月29日，中共十八届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》。2016年3月16日，十二届全国人大四次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》。《建议》和《纲要》坚持新发展理念，按照人人参与、人人尽力、人人享有的要求，注重机会公平，保障基本民生，着力增进人民福祉，实现全体人民共同迈入全面小康社会。《建议》和《纲要》在公平分享发展成果上进行重点突破，主要包括增加公共服务供给、实施脱贫攻坚工程、提高教育质量、促进教育公平、促进就业创业、缩小收入差距、建立更加公平更可持续的社会保障制度、推进健康中国建设、促进人口均衡发展。
On October 29, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee approved the “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Developing the 13th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development.” On March 16, 2016, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress approved by vote the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Development Program of the People’s Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development.” Following the new philosophies on development and based on universal participation and benefits, China stresses equal opportunities, with an emphasis on ensuring basic living standards, improving the people’s wellbeing, and realizing a moderately prosperous society for all the people. China has made breakthroughs in equal access to the fruits of development, mainly in increasing the supply of public services, carrying out poverty eradication programs, enhancing the quality of education, granting equal access to educational resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, bridging the income gap, establishing a fairer and more sustainable social security system, enhancing public health and fitness, and strengthening the balanced development of the people.
中国还通过国家人权行动计划落实发展权。中国先后制定实施《国家人权行动计划（2009－2010年）》《国家人权行动计划（2012－2015年）》和《国家人权行动计划（2016－2020年）》。国家人权行动计划把保障发展权放在保障人权的首要位置，着力解决好人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，在推动经济社会又好又快发展的基础上，保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利。
China ensures its people’s right to development also by making national human rights action plans. It has issued the “National Human Rights Action Plan” (2009-2010), (2012-2015), and (2016-2020). In these plans, the government puts the people’s right to development at the core of human rights, and strives to address the most immediate problems that are of the most concern to the public. While promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society, China ensures that all members of the society enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.
