——专项行动计划
Special Action Plans文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国政府制定经济、文化、社会和环境等方面的专项行动计划，落实人民发展权。广泛实施了涉及扶贫、互联网、创新创业、科技、贸易、区域发展等行动计划，如推进农民创业创新行动计划、科技特派员农村科技创业行动、开发农业农村资源支持农民工等人员返乡创业行动计划、科技富民强县专项行动计划、科技助推西部地区转型发展行动计划和科技服务东北老工业基地振兴行动计划等。有效实施了教育发展、人口素质提升、人才奖励、文化产业等行动计划，如面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划、农村义务教育阶段学校教师特设岗位计划、特殊教育提升计划、救助贫困地区失学女童重返校园的“春蕾计划”和东部城市对口支持西部地区人才培训计划等。实施了有关就业、社会保障、食品与医疗、残疾预防、全民健身等方面的一系列行动计划，如关于就业的春风行动，关于社会保障的全民参保计划，消除疟疾行动计划，预防与控制医院感染行动计划，伤残儿童康复合作项目行动计划，提高出生人口素质、减少出生缺陷和残疾行动计划，残疾预防行动计划，营养改善行动计划和全民健身计划等。推出了污染防治、节能、生物多样性等方面的行动计划，如水污染防治行动计划、高风险污染物削减行动计划、煤炭清洁高效利用行动计划、煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划、生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
The Chinese government formulates special action plans in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment to ensure people’s right to development. It has implemented a wide array of action plans in areas such as poverty alleviation, the Internet, innovation and entrepreneurship, science and technology, trade, and regional development. Specifically, these plans have been designed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among farmers, to send agricultural specialists to rural areas to develop agriculture, to develop rural and agricultural resources in support of rural migrant workers who return to their home villages to start businesses, to improve people’s lives by developing high-tech industries in selected counties, to transform the growth model of the western areas through science and technology, and to revitalize the old industrial bases in the Northeast through science and technology. The state has effectively implemented a series of action plans regarding educational development, health improvement, awards for high-caliber professionals, and the cultural industry, such as the action plans to revitalize education in the 21st century, to enhance teachers’ status in the stage of compulsory education in rural areas, to promote special education, to help girls who have dropped out of school to return to campus, and to support the more developed cities in the eastern areas to train professionals for the western areas. China has implemented a series of action plans regarding employment, social security, food and medical care, disability prevention, and health and fitness, such as the Spring Breeze Action Plan to promote employment, and other plans to realize full coverage of social security, to eliminate malaria, to prevent and control nosocomial infection, to carry out rehabilitation programs for children with impairments and disabilities, to reduce the number of newborns with defects and disabilities, to prevent incidences of disability, and to improve the nutritional status and fitness of the Chinese. The state has issued action plans on pollution prevention and control, energy conservation, and biodiversity, such as action plans to prevent and control water pollution, to reduce high-risk pollutants, to utilize coal in a clean and efficient manner, to upgrade and renovate coal power for energy saving and emissions reduction, to build obstacle-free cities or counties for the disabled, and to protect biodiversity.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国还通过制定专项规划落实少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等群体的发展权。中国发布了少数民族事业发展规划、中国妇女发展纲要、中国儿童发展纲要、老龄事业发展规划和残疾人事业发展纲要等，明确发展目标，采取积极策略措施，针对不同群体发展的重点难点问题，精准发力，使他们能够同步发展，共享改革发展成果。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China has also made special plans to ensure the right to development of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The plans include those on the development of ethnic minorities, of women, of children, of the elderly, and of the disabled persons, with clear goals and targeted policies for different groups to solve the problems hindering their development, ensuring that they can pursue self-development and enjoy the fruits of reform on an equal basis.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——司法救济机制
The Judicial Remedy Mechanism
中国不断加强发展权的司法保护与司法救济，构建起发展权司法救济机制，防止和惩治对发展权的侵害。
China is making enhanced efforts to strengthen the judicial protection and remedy to ensure the people’s right to development. It has built a judicial remedy mechanism in this regard to prevent and punish infringements of people’s right to development.
深化国家司法救助制度改革，切实保障困难群体的发展权利。对遭受犯罪侵害或民事侵权，无法通过诉讼获得有效赔偿的当事人，国家提供司法救助，重点解决符合条件的特定案件当事人生活面临的急迫困难。国家司法救助以支付救助金为主要方式，同时与思想疏导、宣传教育相结合，与法律援助、诉讼救济相配套，与其他社会救助相衔接。探索建立刑事案件伤员急救“绿色通道”、对遭受严重心理创伤的被害人实施心理治疗、对行动不便的受害人提供社工帮助等多种救助方式，进一步增强救助效果。2014年，国家颁布《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见（试行）》后，司法救助的范围与数量大幅上升。2014年、2015年，中央和地方安排司法救助资金总额分别为24.7亿元、29.49亿元，2014年共有8万余名当事人得到司法救助。各级法院2013年至2015年共为诉讼当事人减免诉讼费6.25亿元，保障生活困难群众依法参与诉讼的权利。
The government is driving the reform of the judicial relief system to a deeper level to ensure the right to development of disadvantaged groups. The state provides judicial relief to victims of crimes or parties suffering from infringements of civil rights who cannot obtain effective compensation through litigation, and provides help to parties in certain types of cases who are in dire need of relief and are entitled to such relief. Eligible parties mainly receive relief money, and help in the forms of consultation and education. Judicial relief complements legal aid and litigation relief, and is linked with other forms of social relief and aid. The government is conducting research on opening first-aid fast track at hospitals for those injured in criminal cases, providing psychotherapy for victims with severe PTSD cases, and sending social workers to help immobilized victims, so as to further enhance judicial relief. In 2014, the state issued the “Opinions on Establishing and Improving the National Judicial Relief System (trial),” which was followed by a marked expansion in the scale and increases in the number of judicial relief cases. In 2014 and 2015, the central government and local governments allocated a total of RMB2.47 billion and RMB2.95 billion for judicial relief funds, benefiting over 80,000 parties concerned in 2014. In 2013-2015 people’s courts at all levels reduced or exempted a total of RMB625 million for litigation parties, ensuring the right to litigation of the poor.
强化法律援助实效，确保贫困人口享有获得司法救济的权利。1994年，中国开始探索法律援助制度，为困难群众无偿提供咨询、代理、刑事辩护等法律服务。2003年，国务院公布施行法律援助条例，明确了法律援助事项范围，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府可以补充规定法律援助事项，并根据本行政区域经济发展状况和法律援助事业的需要规定公民经济困难的标准。目前，全国已有23个省份扩大补充事项范围，19个省份调整了经济困难标准。2012年修订后的刑事诉讼法将法律援助的范围从被告人扩大到犯罪嫌疑人、被告人。近五年法律援助案件平均年增长11.4%，妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等群体获得了优质便捷的法律援助服务。2015年5月，中央全面深化改革领导小组第十二次会议审议通过《关于完善法律援助制度的意见》，进一步扩大民事、行政法律援助覆盖面，降低法律援助门槛，使法律援助覆盖人群逐步拓展至低收入群体，惠及更多困难群众。
The government strives to strengthen the effectiveness of legal aid, and ensures the right of impoverished people to judicial relief. In 1994, China began to form a legal aid system, providing free consultation, agency, criminal defense, and other legal services to people in need. In 2003, the State Council issued the Regulations on Legal Aid to define the scale of legal aid, delegating the power to the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government to supplement the issues to be covered by legal aid, and set the standards for receiving legal aid in light of the local conditions. Currently there are 23 provinces that have expanded the scope of issues covered by legal aid, and 19 provinces have adjusted the standards for receiving legal aid. The Criminal Procedural Law (revised in 2012) included suspects as recipients of legal aid, alongside defendants. Over the past five years, the number of legal aid cases has been growing by 11.4 percent annually, and women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers have received timely and higher quality legal aid services. In May 2015, at its 12th meeting, the CPC Central Leading Group for Overall and Further Reforms reviewed and approved the “Opinions on Improving the Legal Aid System,” with measures to further enlarge the coverage of legal aid for civil and administrative lawsuits, reduce the thresholds for receiving legal aid, and gradually make legal aid available to low-income groups to benefit people in need.
加大司法救济力度，保护弱势群体发展权。中国一直注重发展权等基本人权的刑事司法保护，以法律构筑保护发展权的牢固防线。国家依法制裁对妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等的犯罪，强化保障特定群体身心健康发展的权利以及经济社会权利。国家坚持不懈预防、打击拐卖妇女儿童犯罪，拐卖妇女儿童犯罪得到有效遏制。国家颁布《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》和《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》，不断加大对未成年人权益司法保护力度。国家出台《关于在检察工作中切实维护残疾人合法权益的意见》，依法从重打击侵害残疾人权益的犯罪活动，保障残疾人合法权益。
The government strengthens judicial remedy to protect the right to development of disadvantaged groups. China has always attached importance to the judicial protection of the right to development and other basic human rights in criminal cases. The state punishes crimes targeted at women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers, and strengthens the protection of special groups’ rights to healthy physical and psychological development and their economic and social rights. The government strives to prevent or severely punish the abduction and trafficking of women and children, and such crimes have been effectively curbed. The state has issued the “Opinions on Punishing Sex Crimes Against Minors” and the “Opinions on Handling the Infringements of Minors’ Rights and Interests by Guardians,” so as to enhance the judicial protection of minors’ rights and interests. The state has promulgated the “Opinions on Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Disabled Persons in Procuratorial Work,” mandating severe punishment for crimes that infringe upon the rights and interests of disabled people in accordance with the law.
重视发挥仲裁功能，保护特定群体平等发展权。通过依法定纷止争、制裁侵权强化权利的程序性保护。截至2015年年底，全国各地乡镇街道劳动就业社会保障服务所（中心）劳动争议调解组织组建率达80%，比2014年增加14%；共建劳动人事争议仲裁院2919家，总体建院率为91.1%，比“十一五”末期的946家增加了208%。2010年至2015年，全国各地调解仲裁机构共处理争议案件756.6万件，仲裁结案率保持在90%以上。
The government attaches importance to the role of arbitration, and protects the equal right to development of certain groups. By ending disputes through arbitration and punishing infringements according to law, China endeavors to strengthen procedure-based protection of the people’s rights. By the end of 2015, 80 percent of township- and community-level employment and social security centers had set up organizations to mediate labor disputes, up by 14 percent from the 2014 figure. A total of 2,919 administrative divisions at or above county level (about 91 percent of the total) had arbitration offices for labor disputes, up by 208 percent compared with the figure of 946 at the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010). In 2010-2015, China’s mediation and arbitration organizations handled a total of 7.57 million cases, bringing 90 percent to a conclusion.
