三、有效实现经济发展
III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国坚持以经济建设为中心，奠定保障发展权的坚实基础，同时又通过保障人民的发展权更好地促进经济发展。改革开放以来，中国经济快速增长，目前已成为世界第二大经济体，人民的生活总体上实现了从贫困到温饱、再从温饱到小康的两次历史性飞跃。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China always considers economic development as the central task, laying a solid foundation for safeguarding the right to development. At the same time, economic development is strengthened by safeguarding the people’s right to development. Since the reform and opening-up policy was launched in 1978, China has witnessed rapid economic growth, and has become the world’s second largest economy. There have been two historic leaps in living standards, from living in poverty to having access to basic material needs, and then to moderate prosperity.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——贫困人口生存权得到有效保障。中国的减贫行动是中国人权事业进步的最显著标志。改革开放以来，中国实现了“迄今人类历史上最快速度的大规模减贫”，按照农村现行贫困标准累计减少7亿多贫困人口，超过美、俄、日、德四国人口总和，贫困发生率下降到5.7%，成为世界上率先完成联合国千年发展目标的国家。截至2015年年底，中国农村贫困人口减少到5575万人，其中，内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和少数民族分布集中的贵州、云南、青海3省农村贫困人口减少到1813万人。中国的减贫行动有力促进了贫困人口发展权的实现，为全面建成小康社会打下了坚实基础。2015年11月，中共中央、国务院发布关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定，对未来五年脱贫攻坚工作作出全面部署。2016年3月，《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》发布，对全力实施脱贫攻坚总体目标作出战略部署。为实现到2020年让农村贫困人口全部摆脱贫困的宏伟目标，中国正在全面实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
The right to subsistence of the poor is effectively guaranteed. The poverty reduction campaign in China is the most significant sign of China’s progress in human rights. Since the end of 1978, China has realized “the most rapid large-scale poverty reduction in human history over the last 25 years.” [Note: “Reducing Poverty on a Global Scale: Learning and Innovating for Development Findings from the Shanghai Global Learning Initiative,” a World Bank document on Nov. 14, 2016.] According to the existing rural poverty standards, it has reduced the number of those living in poverty by more than 700 million, which is more than the total population of the United States, Russia, Japan and Germany, and cut the rate of poverty to 5.7 percent, becoming the first country to complete the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. By the end of 2015, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 55.75 million. In the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and in the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Qinghai, where ethnic minorities are concentrated, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 18.13 million. China’s poverty reduction campaign has effectively contributed to granting its disadvantaged people the right to development, laying a solid foundation for the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. In November 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Decision on Winning the Tough Battle Against Poverty,” making comprehensive arrangements for poverty eradication work in the following five years. In March 2016, the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Program for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China” was published, in which the Chinese government made strategic plans for the full implementation of the overall goal of poverty eradication. In order to realize the ambitious goal of relieving the rural poor population of poverty by 2020, China is carrying out a basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty eradication.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——劳动者工作权利充分实现。经济发展为扩大就业创造了条件，全国城乡就业人数持续增加，从2010年的7.61亿人增加到2015年的7.75亿人。其中，城镇就业人数从3.47亿人增加到4.04亿人，年均增加1100余万人。2015年城镇新增就业1312万人，年末城镇登记失业率为4.05%，延续平稳运行态势。2008年至2015年，中央财政累计投入就业补助资金3055.11亿元。自2009年起，国家专门实施妇女小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，截至2016年6月，已累计发放贷款2794亿元，538万名妇女获贷，带动和扶持包括贫困妇女在内的1000多万名妇女实现创业就业。妇女就业数量和层次不断提高，2014年全国女性就业人员占全社会就业人员比重为45%，女性专业技术人员占专业技术人员总数的46.5%。国家加强技能培训，通过能力建设促进更公平地分享就业机会，截至2015年年底，全国技能劳动者总量达1.67亿人，其中高技能人才4501万人。国家积极促进农村劳动力就地就近转移就业，在县域经济范围内吸纳农村劳动力总量的65%。大力发展服务业，开发适合进城务工人员的就业岗位，建设减免收费的农贸市场和餐饮摊位，实现80%以上的进城务工人员在小微企业就业。鼓励进城务工人员返乡创业，截至2015年年底，进城务工人员返乡创业累计达450万人，不计入个体工商户的农村小微企业达699万户。截至2014年年底，全国私营企业达1546万户，个体工商户近5000万户，分别比2010年增长83%和44%，带动2.5亿人就业。目前，全国互联网创业就业总量近1000万人，“互联网+”成为吸纳就业的重要渠道。国家采取措施引导毕业生多渠道就业、鼓励创业、强化毕业生就业服务和困难毕业生就业帮扶，近几年高校毕业生每年离校时的就业率都保持在70%以上，年底总体就业率超过90%。国家通过援企稳岗、就业帮扶、就业援助等措施，帮助失业人员、就业困难人员实现就业，全面推动零就业家庭动态清零。2011年至2015年，城镇失业人员再就业人数每年都超过550万，就业困难人员实现就业年均近180万人。残疾人就业稳中向好，“十二五”期间实现152万城镇残疾人新增就业，2014年全国城乡劳动年龄段生活能够自理的残疾人就业人数达到2159.63万人。
The right to work is fully realized. Economic development creates more jobs. Urban and rural employment continued to increase from 761 million in 2010 to 775 million in 2015. Within these figures, urban employment increased from 347 million to 404 million, representing an average annual increase of more than 11 million. In 2015 urban employment increased by 13.12 million, and the registered urban unemployment rate by the end of the year was 4.05 percent, showing steady progress in this work. From 2008 to 2015, the central government assigned a total of RMB305.51 billion as subsidies to be used in employment. Since 2009, the Chinese government has implemented a policy of financial discount for small-sum guaranteed loans to women. By June 2016, a total of RMB279.4 billion in loans had been provided to 5.38 million women, supporting more than 10 million, including women classified as poor, to start their own businesses or find work. The number of women in employment has increased continuously and their positions have improved. In 2014, employed women accounted for 45 percent of the total workforce in China, and female professional and technical personnel accounted for 46.5 percent of the national total. The government strengthens skill training to promote more equitable sharing of job opportunities through capacity-building. By the end of 2015, the total number of skilled workers in the country had reached 167 million, of whom 45.01 million were highly skilled. The government actively promotes transfer of the rural labor force to employment in local or nearby places, ensuring that 65 percent can find employment within the local county economy. The government vigorously develops the service industry, creating jobs for rural migrant workers, and setting up farmers’ markets and food stalls with reduced or zero fees. As a result, more than 80 percent of rural migrant workers have found jobs in small and micro businesses. The government also encourages rural migrant workers to return home and start businesses. By the end of 2015, 4.5 million rural migrant workers had returned home to start businesses, and rural small and micro businesses amounted to 6.99 million. By the end of 2014, China had 15.46 million private enterprises, and nearly 50 million self-employed businesses, representing increases of 83 percent and 44 percent over 2010; these businesses employed 250 million people. Internet entrepreneurship has helped nearly 10 million people find employment, and “Internet+” is an important channel for creating jobs. The government takes measures to guide graduates to find employment through multiple channels, encourage entrepreneurship, and offer better employment services to graduates and give more assistance to those experiencing difficulties in finding jobs. In recent years, the employment rate of new college graduates has been above 70 percent every year, and the overall employment rate at the end of the year has exceeded 90 percent. By aiding enterprises, and offering employment support and assistance, the government helps unemployed persons and people having difficulty in securing jobs to find employment, and devotes particular attention to zero-employment families. From 2011 to 2015, more than 5.5 million unemployed urban people found jobs every year, while an annual average of almost 1.8 million people having difficulty in securing jobs found employment. Steady progress has been made in the employment of people with disabilities. During the 12th Five-Year Program period (2011-2015), the government helped 1.52 million urban residents with disabilities to find jobs. In 2015, 21,596,300 disabled people of working age across the country found jobs.
——人民基本生活水准极大改善。城镇居民家庭和农村居民家庭恩格尔系数分别由1978年的57.5%和67.7%，下降到2015年的29.7%和33.0%。1978年至2015年，中国城镇人均住宅建筑面积由6.7平方米增长到33平方米以上，农村人均住房面积由8.1平方米增长到37平方米以上。以公共租赁住房、经济适用住房等为主要形式的住房保障制度初步形成。2015年，国家住宅投资达到80247.7亿元，其中全国城镇保障性安居工程基本建成住房772万套，新开工783万套；中央投入农村危房改造补助资金365亿元，支持全国432万贫困农户改造危房。2011年至2015年，全国城镇保障性安居工程累计新建住房4013万套，累计棚户区改造2191万户，一大批住房困难群众搬进楼房，实现“宜居”。2011年至2015年，各级财政给予补贴，共对全国67.5万残疾人家庭进行无障碍改造，提高了残疾人生活质量。人民出行条件极大改善。1978年至2015年，公路通车里程由89万公里增长到457.7万公里，民航旅客吞吐量从231.9万人次增长到9.15亿人次。2015年，全国高速公路通车里程12.35万公里，高速铁路营运里程1.9万公里，行政村公路通畅率达94.5%，建制村通客车率达94.28%。
The people’s basic living standards have greatly improved. In 1978, the Engel coefficient of urban households was 57.5 percent and that of rural households was 67.7 percent; in 2015, the figures dropped to 29.7 percent and 33.0 percent respectively. From 1978 to 2015, urban residents saw an increase in their residential area from 6.7 square meters per capita to more than 33 square meters; the corresponding figures for rural residents were 8.1 square meters to more than 37 square meters. A housing security system with government-supported low-rent housing and economically affordable housing as the main forms is in place. In 2015, the national investment in residential buildings reached RMB8,024.77 billion. Within this program, 7.72 million units of government-subsidized urban housing were completed, and construction on another 7.83 million units already started. The central government provided RMB36.5 billion to subsidize the renovation of sub-standard houses for 4.32 million poor rural households around China. From 2011 to 2015, under the government-subsidized urban housing project, China built a total of 40.13 million new units, renovated 21.91 million households in shantytowns, and moved a large number of people with housing difficulties into apartments, realizing “livable” residences. From 2011 to 2015, public finance at all levels subsidized barrier-free reconstruction for 675,000 families with disabled members, improving their quality of life.
Travel conditions have greatly improved. From 1978 to 2015, highways in service rose from 890,000 km to 4.58 million km, and the civil aviation passenger throughput grew from 2.32 million to 915 million. In 2015, the total mileage of expressways open to traffic in China reached 123,500 km, the operating mileage of high-speed railways reached 19,000 km. 94.5 percent of villages had paved road access, and 94.3 percent of villages had access to bus services.
——人民生活水平显著提高。1978年至2015年，全年国内生产总值从3679亿元增长到685506亿元，人均国内生产总值从200多美元增长到8000美元以上。1978年，城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入只有343.4元，农村居民家庭人均纯收入只有133.6元。2015年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到21966元，其中，城镇居民人均可支配收入31195元，农村居民人均可支配收入11422元。截至2015年年底，全国电话用户总数达到153673万户，其中移动电话用户130574万户，普及率为95.5部/百人；固定互联网宽带接入用户21337万户，移动宽带用户78533万户。互联网上网人数6.88亿人，固定宽带家庭普及率达到50.3%。2015年，国内居民出境12786万人次，其中因私出境12172万人次。民用轿车保有量9508万辆，其中私人轿车8793万辆。
The people’s living standards have significantly improved. From 1978 to 2015, the annual GDP increased from RMB367.9 billion to RMB68,550.6 billion, and per capita GDP grew from more than US$200 to above US$8,000. In 1978, per capita disposable income of urban households was only RMB343.4, and per capita net income of rural households was only RMB133.6. In 2015, per capita disposable income of all residents reached RMB21,966; the figures were RMB31,195 for urban residents and RMB11,422 for rural residents. By the end of 2015, the total number of phone users nationwide reached 1,536.73 million, and 1,305.74 million of them were mobile phone users, with a penetration rate of 95.5 per 100 people. There were 213.37 million households with fixed broadband Internet access, and 785.33 million mobile broadband users. The number of Internet users was 688 million, and the household penetration rate of fixed broadband reached 50.3 percent. In 2015, Chinese residents made 127.86 million outbound trips, including 121.72 million private trips. Civilian car ownership was 95.08 million, of which 87.93 million were private cars.
