四、不断完善政治发展
IV. Enhancing Political Development文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国不断丰富和完善适合自身发展的政治制度，中国特色社会主义民主政治与法治建设全面推进，公民权利和政治权利得到切实保障，人民参与、促进政治发展进程并分享政治发展成果的水平与日俱增。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China continues to enrich and improve a political system suited to its own development by advancing Chinese socialist democracy and rule of law in an all-round way, ensuring effective protection of civil and political rights, and raising the levels of participation in and promotion of the political development process and allowing people to partake in the benefits of political development.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——人民代表大会制度是人民实现政治发展的根本制度保证。宪法规定，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民，人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。人民代表大会制度主要通过以下五个途径保障公民参与并分享发展成果：一是通过产生并监督国家机关工作落实发展权利。宪法第3条第3款规定，“国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督”。二是制定法律法规推动发展。截至2016年9月，全国人大及其常委会共制定宪法和现行有效法律252部。截至2016年7月，有立法权的地方人大及其常委会共制定现行有效的地方性法规9915件。三是审批发展政策规划。宪法第62条规定，全国人民代表大会行使下列职权：审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告；审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告。四是畅通民意表达机制。人民群众通过行使提出意见、建议、批评、申诉、控告和监督的权利，合理表达和实现发展利益诉求。五是合理界定公共权力与发展利益的关系。近年来，中国建立了权力清单、负面清单和责任清单三大制度。2013年以来，国务院公开了各部门行政审批事项汇总清单，规定各部门不得在公布的清单之外实施行政审批，取消和下放618项行政审批事项，坚决消除权力设租寻租空间，完善权力运行程序。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
The people’s congress system is the fundamental institutional guarantee of political development for the people. According to the Constitution, all power in the PRC belongs to the people, and the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The people’s congress system guarantees citizens’ rights to participate in development and share the resulting benefits in five ways:文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
(1) Generating and supervising state organs involved in the implementation of the right to development. Paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Constitution states that all administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.
(2) Formulating laws and regulations to foster development. By September 2016, the NPC and its Standing Committee had formulated the Constitution and 252 laws in effect. By July 2016, local people’s congresses and their standing committees with legislative power had formulated 9,915 local regulations in effect.
(3) Examining and approving development policy initiatives. Article 62 of the Constitution stipulates that the NPC exercises the functions and powers to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation, among others.
(4) Providing an open mechanism for the expression of public opinion. People express and claim their reasonable development interests by means such as the exercise of their rights to raise opinions, suggestions and criticism, to file appeals and complaints, and to supervise.
(5) Properly defining the relationship between public power and development interests.
In recent years, China has introduced three major systems that are of relevance – the power list, negative list, and responsibility list. Since 2013, the State Council has published lists enumerating all matters subject to administrative approval by its departments, and prohibited the addition of any unlisted matters, with 618 matters canceled or delegated to lower authorities. In this way, the State Council endeavors to eliminate opportunities for exploiting public posts for profit, and to enhance the procedures for the exercise of power.
——民主选举是公民实现政治权利的重要内容。改革开放以来，中国的人民民主和选举平等进程取得了重大成就。2010年，全国人大修改选举法，实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，全面实现选举权的平等。在2011年到2012年全国县乡两级人大换届选举中，参加县级人大代表换届选举登记的选民达9.81亿多人，参加投票选民占登记选民的90.24%；参加乡级人大代表换届选举登记的选民达7.23亿多人，参加投票选民占登记选民的90.55%。为保障两亿多流动人口的选举权利，各地结合本地实际，采取了原则上在户口所在地参选、书面委托其他选民代为投票、取得原选区选民资格证明后在现居住地参选等有效措施，为流动人口参选创造便利条件。在2013年选出的第十二届全国人民代表大会第三次会议2987名代表中，来自一线的工人、农民代表有401人，占代表总数的13.42%；妇女代表699人，占代表总数的23.4%；少数民族代表409人，占代表总数的13.69%，全国55个少数民族都有本民族的代表。
Democratic election is an important element of citizens’ political rights. Since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, great progress has been made toward establishing people’s democracy and an equal right to vote. In 2010, the NPC adopted an amendment to the Electoral Law providing wider equality of voting rights. Among other measures it requires that deputies be elected to the people’s congresses based on the same population ratio in urban and rural areas.
Between 2011 and 2012, the election of deputies to county-level people’s congresses saw more than 981 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.24 percent; the election of deputies to township-level people’s congresses recorded more than 723 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.55 percent. In these elections, measures were taken based on the conditions in each constituency to ensure the right to vote of the 200 million floating population, and to facilitate their voting. The basic principle was that voters cast their votes in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are, while they may vote by proxy with a letter of entrustment, and voters who have their voter qualification certificates in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are may vote in the constituencies where they currently live.
The 2,987 deputies elected in 2013 to the Third Session of the 12th NPC included 401 workers and farmers accounting for 13.42 percent, 699 women accounting for 23.4 percent, and 409 deputies from all the 55 ethnic minority groups of China accounting for 13.69 percent.
——协商民主是公民实现有序政治参与的重要途径。中国形成了政党协商、人大协商、政府协商、人民团体协商、基层协商和社会组织协商构成的广泛多层、制度化的协商民主体系，扩大了公民有序的政治参与，保障了发展权的实现。中国人民政治协商会议是中国实行协商民主制度的重要机构，涵盖了包括中国共产党在内的9个党派、8个人民团体、56个民族、5大宗教、34个界别，共有各级政协组织3000多个，各级政协委员60多万名。2015年全国政协共举办41项重要协商活动、107项视察调研活动，形成了以全体会议为龙头、专题议政性常委会议和专题协商会为重点、双周协商座谈会为常态的协商议政格局。2015年全国政协十二届三次会议上，有1948名政协委员提交提案，占委员总数的87.5%；提案总计5857件，立案4984件，占总数的85.1%。全国政协十二届一次会议以来，提案办复率达99.5%以上。
Consultative democracy is an important channel for orderly participation in the political process. An extensive, multi-layered, institutionalized system of consultative democracy inclusive of multiple parties, people’s congresses, governments, people’s organizations, the grassroots, and non-governmental organizations has been created to expand orderly participation in the political process and ensure the citizen’s right to development.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is an essential organ for implementing consultative democracy, involving the participation of nine political parties including the CPC, eight people’s organizations, 56 ethnic groups, five major religions and 34 sectors of society. The CPPCC has more than 3,000 committees and over 600,000 members at all levels. In 2015, the CPPCC organized 41 major consultation events, and 107 inspection and survey tours, forming a political consultation framework employing a range of options such as plenary sessions, standing committees’ thematic discussions on administrative affairs and thematic consultative seminars, and biweekly consultative seminars.
In the Third Session of the 12th CPPCC convened in 2015, 87.5 percent or 1,948 of the CPPCC members submitted 5,857 proposals, of which 85.1 percent or 4,984 were taken up for consideration. Since the First Session of the 12th CPPCC held in 2013, the rates of proposal handling and response have reached 99.5 percent or above.
——民族区域自治是少数民族实现政治权利的重要形式。中国成功创设了单一制国家结构下的民族区域自治制度，有效保障少数民族的各项民主权利。在55个少数民族中，有44个建立了自治地方，实行区域自治的少数民族人口占少数民族总人口的71%，民族自治地方的面积约占全国国土总面积的64%。截至2016年7月底，共制定和修改现行有效的自治条例和单行条例967件，进一步夯实了少数民族发展权实现的法律基础。全国5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县（旗）的行政首长全部由实行区域自治的少数民族公民担任。民族自治地方的各级党委、人大、政府、政协领导班子及其职能部门都配有一定数量的少数民族干部，少数民族干部比例普遍接近或超过少数民族人口占当地总人口的比例。截至2015年年底，少数民族公务员已达76.5万人，比1978年增长了近3倍。在全国公务员队伍中，少数民族占10.7%，其中县处级以上的少数民族公务员占同级公务员总数的8.3%。
Regional ethnic autonomy is an important channel for ethnic minorities to exercise their political rights. China has created the system of regional ethnic autonomy under the unitary system of government to effectively protect the democratic rights of ethnic minorities. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China, 44 have established ethnic autonomous areas. 71 percent of the ethnic minorities exercise regional autonomy, and the land area under ethnic autonomous areas accounts for 64 percent of the national territory. By the end of July 2016, ethnic autonomous areas had formulated and amended 967 autonomous regulations and separate regulations in effect, solidifying the legal foundation for ethnic minorities’ exercise of their right to development.
Heads of governments of the five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties are citizens from ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy. Leaderships and functional departments of CPC committees, people’s congresses, governments, CPPCC committees at all levels in ethnic autonomous areas contain ethnic minorities, whose proportions are generally close to or higher than the percentages of ethnic minorities in the local population. By the end of 2015, ethnic minority civil servants numbered 765,000 - nearly four times the figure in 1978 – and 10.7 percent of the total number of civil servants across the country. 8.3 percent of civil servants at or above county level were ethnic minorities.
——基层民主是基层民众维护和实现平等发展的有效途径。中国建立了以农村村民委员会、城市居民委员会为主要形式的基层群众自治制度。在农村地区，58.1万个村委会98%以上实行直接选举并制订村规民约和村民自治章程，村民平均参选率超过95%，6亿农民参加选举。在城市地区，全国已有社区居民委员会10万个，社区居委会干部51.2万名，志愿者540万名。通过直接选举、网格化管理平台、志愿服务、听证会、协调会、评议会、社区联络员、社区网络论坛、民情信息站等多种途径，大大拓宽了居民民主参与的空间，提高了居民的自治能力和水平，形成了中国特色的基层群众自治制度。在企事业单位，职工代表大会制度广泛推行。全国已建立工会的企事业单位单独建立厂务公开制度的有464.3万家。全国基层工会组织总数275.3万个，工会会员总数达2.8亿人，其中进城务工人员会员总数1.09亿人。截至2016年6月，全国在民政部门正式登记的社会组织共有67万个，其中社会团体32.9万个，基金会5028个，民办非企业单位33.6万个。这些社会组织的服务与影响范围涉及教育、科技、文化、卫生、体育、社区、环保、公益、慈善、农村经济等社会生活的各个领域。
Grassroots democracy is an effective way for people to safeguard and realize equal right to development. China has established a system of grassroots self-governance implemented by rural villagers’ committees and urban neighborhood committees. Approximately 98 percent of the 581,000 villagers’ committees across the country practice direct election and have formulated village regulations and rules for villagers’ self-governance. The turnout rates of direct elections average 95 percent among 600 million eligible voters. The 100,000 urban neighborhood committees in China utilize the services of 512,000 staff and 5.4 million volunteers. Urban residents’ participation in democracy has been remarkably broadened and their self-governance capabilities and levels have been improved, through multiple channels, including direct elections, gridded management platforms, volunteer services, hearings, coordination meetings, appraisal meetings, community liaison, communities’ online forums, and community public concern stations, all contributing to China’s system of grassroots self-governance. The workers’ congress system has been widely applied in enterprises and public institutions. 4.64 million or 88.6 percent of enterprises and public institutions with trade unions have established separate systems for publicizing enterprise affairs. There are 2.75 million grassroots trade unions across the country, with 280 million members, including 109 million migrant workers from rural areas.
By June 2016, non-governmental organizations that had registered at offices of civil affairs numbered 670,000, including 329,000 mass organizations, 5,028 foundations, and 336,000 private non-profit units. These non-governmental organizations’ services and influence extend to education, science and technology, culture, health, sports, communities, environmental protection, public welfare, charity, rural economy and other fields of public life.
——公共参与是公民直接参与发展决策的便捷渠道。国家深入推进民主立法，健全公众参与立法的途径和方式，建立委托第三方起草和由第三方居中评估的立法制度，健全法律法规规章草案公开征求意见和公众意见采纳情况反馈机制。一些地方出台了重大行政决策程序规定，把公众参与作为重要法定程序，明确了公众参与行政决策的方式方法，广泛采用公开征求意见、听证会、座谈会、问卷调查等方式。2007年，国务院公布政府信息公开条例，重点推进行政审批、财政预决算、保障性住房、食品药品安全、征地拆迁等信息的公开，使公民及时、准确获取信息，保障知情权，进行有效监督，不断提高政府工作透明度和执法效能。公众参与司法渠道逐步拓宽。目前，全国人民陪审员总数已超过22万人。自2003年开展人民监督员制度试点工作以来，截至2016年4月，共选任人民监督员4.8万余人次，监督各类职务犯罪案件4.9万余件。截至2015年年底，全国共有人民调解委员会近80万个，人民调解员390余万人，近8年来排查化解矛盾纠纷6700多万件。公众信访渠道进一步丰富，政治参与途径进一步拓宽。国家信访信息系统正式开通，实现公民信访网上投诉、办理、评价，并开通手机信访、微信公众号。2015年全国网上信访141万件次，其中建议意见14万件次。
Public participation provides citizens with ready access to decision-making processes. China has furthered democratic legislation and improved the channels and forms of public participation in legislation. Efforts have also been made to establish a system of commissioning third parties to draft legislation and evaluate the drafts, and improve the mechanisms for soliciting public opinion on drafts of laws and regulations and giving feedback on responses. Some local authorities have adopted regulations on administrative decision-making procedures for major issues, which list public participation as an important legal procedure and define the forms and methods of public participation in administrative decision-making. Open solicitation of public opinion, hearings, seminars and questionnaires are widely applied for this purpose.
In 2007, the State Council enacted Regulations on Open Government Information, emphasizing open information concerning administrative approval, financial budgets and final accounts, government-subsidized housing for the poor, food and drug safety, land appropriation, and household demolition and resettlement. The Regulations provide for prompt and accurate disclosure of government information to the public and protection of their right to know, and ensure effective scrutiny over government work while enhancing transparency in government information and efficiency in law-enforcement.
Channels of public participation in judicial processes have been steadily broadened. The number of people’s assessors has now surpassed 220,000. From 2003 when China piloted the people’s supervisor mechanism to April 2016, there were more than 48,000 people’s supervisors, who had exercised supervision over 49,000 cases of job-related crimes. By the end of 2015, there had been nearly 800,000 people’s mediation committees with more than 3.9 million people’s mediators, who had, in recent eight years, investigated and resolved more than 67 million cases of disputes.
Public complaint filing has taken on more diversified forms, further broadening the channels for public political participation. The national complaint filing system has opened to the public for online complaint filing, resolution, and result appraisal through computers, mobile phones and the social-media app WeChat’s public accounts platform. A total of 1.41 million cases were filed online in 2015, of which 140,000 were aimed at offering suggestions.
