六、全面提升社会发展
VI. Promoting Social Development文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国以追求全体人民共享发展和共同富裕为发展目标。多年来，中国致力于发展各项社会事业，建立和完善各类社会保障和社会服务制度，不断改善社会保障水平，努力供给有效的社会资源，促进教育公平，使全体人民共享发展成果。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China pursues shared development and common prosperity for all people as its development goals.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
Over the years, China has been committed to developing various social undertakings, establishing and improving various types of social security and social service systems, and continuously improving the provision of social security. It has striven to provide effective social resources and promote equal access to education so that all share the fruits of development.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——人民健康权保障水平大幅提高。婴儿死亡率从新中国成立之初的200‰下降到2015年的8.1‰，孕产妇死亡率从1500/10万下降到20.1/10万。1978年至2015年，国家卫生总费用从110.21亿元增长到40974.64亿元，其中政府卫生支出从35.44亿元增长到12475.28亿元；人均卫生费用从11.5元增长到2980.8元；医疗卫生机构从169732个增长到983528个；卫生人员总数从788.3万人增长到1069.39万人。2015年，社区医疗卫生服务机构数达到36.1万个，覆盖率为52.9%。提供住宿的社会服务机构床位从1991年的82.8万张增长到2015年的732.9万张，其中养老服务床位从78.3万张增长到672.7万张，儿童床位从0.7万张增长到10万张。1988年至2015年，通过实施国家重点康复工程，累计为2797.8万各类残疾人提供康复服务。截至2015年年底，残疾人康复机构达7111个，专业人员达19.2万人；为智力、精神和重度残疾人提供服务的各级各类托养机构达到6352个，比2010年增加了2323个。2016年10月，中国发布《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》，提出“全民健身生活化”。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
Protection of the right to health has significantly increased. The infant mortality rate has dropped from 20 percent in 1949, when the PRC was founded, to 0.81 percent in 2015, and the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 1,500 per 100,000 to 20.1 per 100,000. From 1978 to 2015, total national expenditure on health increased from RMB11.02 billion to RMB4.10 trillion, of which government expenditure on health increased from RMB3.54 billion to RMB1.25 trillion. Per capita health expenditure increased from RMB11.5 to RMB2,980.8, the number of medical and health institutions grew from 169,732 to 983,528, and the total number of health workers increased from 7,883,000 to 10,693,900. In 2015, the number of community medical and health service centers reached 361,000, with the coverage of 52.9 percent. The number of beds in social service institutions with accommodation increased from 828,000 in 1991 to 7,329,000 in 2015, of which beds for the elderly increased from 783,000 to 6,727,000, and those for children increased from 7,000 to 100,000. From 1988 to 2015 the government carried out a key state rehabilitation campaign, offering rehabilitation services for 27.98 million people with disabilities. By the end of 2015, there were 7,111 rehabilitation institutions for disabled persons, which employed 192,000 professionals, and 6,352 nursing agencies offering services to persons with learning, mental and physical disabilities, 2,323 more than the figure in 2010. In October 2016, China published the “Outline of Healthy China 2030” program, advocating that all people make fitness activities part of their life.
——覆盖全社会的保障体系基本建成。中国在全国范围内建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，制定了劳动者特别是进城务工人员参加城镇职工和城乡居民基本养老保险的制度衔接政策，2015年全国参加基本养老保险人数为8.58亿人，城乡居民实际领取养老待遇人数为1.48亿人。中国建立了覆盖全体国民的医疗保障体系，截至2015年年底，包括城镇职工基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗保险和城镇居民基本医疗保险在内的基本医疗保险参保人数达13.36亿人，参保率保持在95%以上，职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗政策范围内住院医疗费用报销比例分别达80%以上、70%以上和75%左右，基金最高支付限额分别提高到当地职工年平均工资和当地居民年人均可支配收入的6倍。1994年至2015年，失业保险参保人数从7967.8万人增长到17609.2万人，2015年保险基金收入达1364.63亿元，基金支出736.45亿元，每人每月平均领取失业保险金增加到968.4元；工伤预防、补偿、康复“三位一体”的工伤保险制度初步形成，参保人数从1822万人增长到21432万人；生育保险参保人数从916万人增加到17771万人。
A security system covering the whole of society has taken shape. China has established a unified basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents throughout the country, and formulated policies to allow workers, and especially rural migrant workers, to participate in basic pension insurance for urban workers and for urban and rural residents. In 2015, 858 million people were covered by the basic pension insurance scheme, and 148 million urban and rural residents were receiving pensions. By the end of 2015, China had established a medical insurance system covering all citizens. The basic medical insurance for urban workers, basic medical insurance for urban residents, and the new rural cooperative medical insurance cover a total of 1,336 million people, keeping the insured rate above 95 percent. The reimbursement rate of hospitalization expenses for workers within the scope of the basic medical insurance exceeded 80 percent, with an increased maximum payment of six times the average annual salary of local workers, and the rate for urban residents within the coverage of the basic medical insurance was around 70 percent, an increase to six times the per capita disposable income of local residents. The reimbursement rates of hospitalization expenses for rural residents within the scope of the new rural cooperative insurance was above 75 percent. From 1994 to 2015, the number of people covered by unemployment insurance increased from 79.68 million to 176.09 million. In 2015, the revenues of the unemployment insurance fund reached RMB136.46 billion, and the expenditure was RMB73.65 billion, and the average monthly payment to the unemployed was increased to RMB968.4. The framework of a work-related injury insurance system involving work injury prevention, compensation, and rehabilitation has been established, which has seen the number of insured growing from 18.22 million in 1994 to 214.32 million in 2015. The number of women covered by the maternity insurance program increased from 9.16 million to 177.71 million.
——社会救助力度不断加大。1997年，中国开始在全国范围内建立最低生活保障制度，先后颁布了《城市居民最低生活保障条例》《社会救助暂行办法》，保障全体公民平等获取社会救助的权利。城市居民最低生活保障人数从1996年的84.9万人增长到2015年的1701.1万人，农村居民最低生活保障人数从1999年的265.8万人增长到2015年的4903.6万人。中国不断提高最低生活保障标准，2011年正式建立城乡低保标准动态调整机制，2015年城市低保平均标准为每人每月451元，月人均补助水平317元；农村低保平均标准为每人每月265元，月人均补助水平147元。中国先后制定了一系列的防灾减灾救灾规划和法规，灾害救助工作水平不断提高。2009年至2015年，累计下拨中央自然灾害生活救助资金694.6亿元，年均99亿元。2015年全国实施医疗救助9523.8万人次，支出医疗救助资金298.5亿元。为遭遇突发性、紧迫性、临时性生活困难，而其他社会救助制度暂时无法覆盖或救助之后基本生活暂时仍有严重困难的群众提供临时救助，2015年共有667.1万户次家庭获得临时救助。安全生产应急救援体系不断完善，全国共建立32个省级、316个市级应急救援指挥机构，煤矿、非煤矿山、化工等重点行业领域应急救援基地和应急救援队伍964个，2015年参与12438起救援，抢救遇险44344人。
Social assistance efforts continue to increase. In 1997, the Chinese government began to establish a nationwide system of basic living allowances. It promulgated the Regulations on Guaranteeing Basic Living Allowances for Urban Residents in 1999 and the Interim Measures for Social Assistance in 2014, to ensure all citizens have equal access to social assistance. From 1996 to 2015, the number of urban residents covered by the system of basic living allowances increased from 849,000 to 17.01 million, and, from 1999 to 2015, coverage of rural residents grew from 2.66 million to 49.04 million. The government continues to raise the basic living allowances. In 2011, it formally established a dynamic adjustment mechanism for basic living allowances. In 2015, the average basic living allowance line for urban residents was RMB451 per person per month, and the average monthly subsidy each person received from the government was RMB317. The average basic living allowance line for rural residents was RMB265 per person per month, and the average per capita monthly subsidy provided by the government was RMB147.
China has formulated a series of disaster prevention and relief plans and regulations, gradually strengthening and standardizing disaster relief work. From 2009 to 2015, the central government allocated RMB69.46 billion as natural disaster relief funds, averagely RMB9.9 billion for each year. In 2015, China provided medical assistance to 95.24 million people at a cost of RMB29.85 billion. The government also provides temporary relief to people who suffer sudden, urgent or temporary difficulties when other social assistance systems cannot cover them at the time, or people who still lack basic necessities after receiving assistance. In 2015, 6.67 million households received temporary relief. The industrial safety and emergency rescue system has been continuously improved. Altogether 32 provincial and 316 municipal emergency rescue centers, and 964 emergency rescue bases and teams have been established nationwide, covering coal, non-coal mines, chemicals, and other key industries. In 2015, they took part in 12,438 missions and rescued 44,344 people.
——教育公平得到更好落实。城乡教育差距进一步缩小。深入推进义务教育均衡发展，统筹推进县域内城乡义务教育一体化改革发展，实施贫困地区义务教育薄弱学校改造等工程，全面改善农村义务教育学校和教学点基本办学条件。严格落实义务教育免试就近入学法律规定，推行学区制和九年一贯对口招生。2015年，国务院印发《关于进一步完善城乡义务教育经费保障机制的通知》，建立城乡统一、重在农村的义务教育经费保障机制，惠及1.4亿学生，其中包括1300多万进城务工人员随迁子女、3000万以上寄宿制学生、1200万左右民办学校就读学生、500万左右小规模学校的学生和特殊教育学生。从2011年秋季学期起，实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划，每年惠及3000多万学生。增加农村学生上重点大学的人数，自2012年起实施国家农村和贫困地区定向招生等专项计划，2015年共招收7.5万名学生，比2014年增长了10.5%。
Equal access to education has improved. The gap between urban and rural education has been further narrowed. The Chinese government further promotes the balanced development of compulsory education, carries forward unified reform and development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas of counties, implements such projects as renovation of unsatisfactory compulsory education schools in poor areas, and works to improve conditions for compulsory education schools and teaching venues in rural areas.
he Chinese government strictly follows laws and regulations about compulsory education whereby school-age children should be enrolled in nearby schools without the need to sit exams. It also promotes the school district system and the nine-year compulsory system, under which an elementary school pupil will automatically move on to study in the junior high school in the same school district irrespective of his grades in the elementary school. In 2015, the State Council promulgated the “Notice on Further Improving the Mechanism Guaranteeing Funds for Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas.” With this notice, China established a mechanism for the first time that applies common funding standards to both urban and rural areas, with the focus on the latter. The mechanism benefits 140 million students, including more than 13 million children of rural migrant workers, more than 30 million boarding students, about 12 million private school students, and about 5 million small-scale school students and students receiving special education. From the fall semester of 2011, the government started to carry out a nutrition improvement program for rural students receiving compulsory education. The program benefits over 30 million students every year. Efforts have been made to increase the number of rural student enrollments in key universities. Since 2012, the government has implemented special national programs on targeted enrollment in rural and poor areas. In 2015, 75,000 students were enrolled, an increase of 10.5 percent over 2014.
区域教育差距进一步缩小。提高中西部省份高考录取率，扩大“支援中西部地区招生协作计划”规模，2015年录取率最低省份与全国平均水平的差距从2010年的15.3个百分点缩小至5个百分点以内。实施中西部高等教育振兴计划，中央财政加大投入力度，加强中西部高校基础能力建设，提升中西部高校综合实力。
Regional gap in education has further narrowed. The government has increased the college and university enrollment rate of the students from central and western provinces and expanded the scope of the Collaboration Program on Supporting Enrollment in Central and Western Regions. In 2015, the province with the lowest enrollment rate saw the gap with the national average narrowed from 15.3 percentage points in 2010 to less than 5 percentage points. The government has also established the Program on Rejuvenating Higher Education in Central and Western Regions. The central government has provided more funds to strengthen the basic facilities and performance of colleges and universities in these regions.
群体教育差距进一步缩小。女性教育获得长足发展，2013年女性15岁及以上文盲率为6.7%，比1995年降低17.4个百分点，女性文盲人口比1995年减少7000多万，女性人均受教育的增幅和文盲率的下降幅度均大于男性。确保流动儿童平等接受义务教育，2015年全国义务教育学校共接纳进城务工人员随迁子女1367万人，在公办学校就读比例保持在80%，另有近6%通过政府购买学位在民办学校就读。2016年，国务院公布《关于加强农村留守儿童关爱保护工作的意见》和《关于加强困境儿童保障工作的意见》，维护未成年人合法权益。扩大残疾人受教育机会，基本实现30万人口以上且残疾儿童较多的县都有1所独立设置的特殊教育学校，支持建立特殊教育资源中心，鼓励普通学校接收特殊儿童，为残疾学生参加普通高考提供合理便利，促进整合教育，盲、聋、智障三类残疾儿童义务教育入学率接近90%。健全家庭经济困难学生资助体系，实现从学前教育到研究生教育全覆盖，2015年全国共资助各级各类学生8433.31多万人次，比2009年增长29.36%；资助总额超过1560.25亿元，是2009年的2.25倍。
Educational gap between different groups has further narrowed. Female education has made remarkable progress. In 2013, the number of illiterate females aged 15 and above was 6.7 percent, 17.4 percentage points lower than that in 1995, and the illiterate female population had decreased by more than 70 million compared with 1995. The growth in the number of educated women and the decline in female illiteracy are both greater than those of males.
The government is striving to ensure equal access to compulsory education for children of rural migrant workers. In 2015, compulsory education schools in urban areas of China admitted a total of 13.67 million children of rural migrant workers, with around 80 percent studying at public schools and nearly 6 percent at private schools through a government-funded scheme. In 2016, the State Council promulgated the “Opinions on Strengthening Care and Protection of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas” and “Opinions on Strengthening Protection of Children in Difficult Situation” to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of minors. The Chinese government also works hard to offer greater education opportunities to persons with disabilities. There is one independent special education school in every county with a population of more than 300,000 people and a high population of disabled children. The government also supports the establishment of special education resource centers, encourages regular schools to enroll children with special needs, provides convenience for disabled students to take part in college entrance examinations, and promotes integrated education. Almost 90 percent of blind, deaf-mute, and mentally handicapped children have access to compulsory education. It works to improve the system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, which offers full coverage from pre-school education to graduate education. In 2015, the government subsidized more than 84.33 million students throughout China, an increase of 29.36 percent compared with 2009, and spent more than RMB156.03 billion, 2.25 times the level of 2009.
少数民族教育发展水平不断提升。中国已形成了包括民族小学、民族中学、民族职业院校、民族高等学校在内的民族教育体系。新中国成立前，中国少数民族文盲率在95%以上，全国仅有1所少数民族高等学校。新中国成立初期，全国普通高校中只有少数民族学生1300人，占比1.4%。到2015年，少数民族和民族地区教育水平全面提高，全国少数民族在校学生达到2595.57万人，已有各类少数民族高等学校32所，少数民族本专科学生达214.29万人，占全国普通高校本专科在校生的比例为8.16%。少数民族享受高等教育发展权利的水平逐步提高、范围日益扩大，实现对所有少数民族从本科教育到研究生教育的全覆盖，55个少数民族都有了研究生，2012－2015年，少数民族高层次骨干人才计划共招收培养1.6万名硕士研究生，4000名博士研究生。
The quality of education for ethnic minorities has been continuously improved. China has already created an ethnic education system including ethnic minority primary schools, middle schools, vocational colleges and higher education institutions. Before the PRC was founded in 1949, the illiteracy rate of ethnic minorities in China was above 95 percent, and there was only one higher education institution for ethnic minorities. In the early days of the PRC, there were only 1,300 ethnic minority students in institutions of higher learning across the country, accounting for only 1.4 percent of all students. By 2015, the education level of ethnic minority groups and ethnic minority areas had grown comprehensively. There were 25,955,700 ethnic minority students at that time. There were 32 different types of ethnic minority colleges and universities, and 2,142,900 junior college and college students from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 8.16 percent of the national total. Ethnic minority peoples have expanding access to a broader scope of higher education. Full coverage from undergraduate education to graduate education has been realized for all ethnic minority groups. All of China’s 55 ethnic minority groups have graduate students. From 2012 to 2015, under the Program for Training High Caliber Core Personnel for Ethnic Minority Groups, China enrolled and trained 16,000 master’s degree candidates and 4,000 doctoral candidates.
