七、加快落实绿色发展
VII. Accelerating Environment-Friendly Development文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
中国坚持绿色发展理念，加快推进生态文明建设进程，让中华大地天更蓝、山更绿、水更清、环境更优美，让良好生态环境成为人民生活的增长点，让可持续发展成果惠及全体人民。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
China is committed to the concept of environment-friendly development and strives to expedite the country’s ecological progress to deliver a more livable and beautiful environment for the people. It aims to make a good eco-environment a focal point for improving people’s living standards, and create sustainable development that benefits all the people.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
——基本国策保障绿色发展。1973年，中国召开第一次全国环保工作会议。1979年，通过第一部环境保护法。1983年，将保护环境确立为基本国策。1994年，审议通过《中国21世纪议程》，成为世界上第一个制定实施本国可持续发展战略的国家。2000年，将保护生态环境全面纳入国民经济与社会发展规划。2013年以来，中国全面加快推进生态文明建设，提出《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》。目前，已经形成了资源节约和环境保护法律体系，包括32部法律、48部行政法规、85件部门规章。共有各级环保系统机构14257个。截至2015年年底，全国森林面积达2.08亿公顷，森林覆盖率达21.66%，草原综合植被覆盖率达54%，城市建成区绿化覆盖率为40.1%。自然保护区建设实现统筹发展，全国自然保护区总数达到2740个，总面积约14703万公顷。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
The basic state policy of environmental protection underpins environment-friendly development. In 1973, China convened its first national work conference on environmental protection, and adopted its first Law on Environmental Protection in 1979. In 1983, China made environmental protection a basic state policy. China became the first country in the world to formulate and implement a national sustainable development strategy when it released China’s Agenda 21 in 1994. The year 2000 first saw protection of the eco-environment being incorporated into the national economic and social development program. Since 2013, China has been accelerating ecological progress in an all-round way; the CPC Central Committee and the State Council jointly issued “Opinions on Accelerating Ecological Progress” in 2015. A legal system pivoting on energy conservation and environmental protection has been formed, comprising 32 laws, 48 administrative regulations, and 85 departmental rules of the State Council. Currently, there are 14,257 government agencies involved in environmental protection at all levels.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/1174.html
By the end of 2015, national forestry coverage had reached 208 million ha, representing about 22 percent of China’s total land area; the vegetation coverage rate of grasslands had reached 54 percent, and the greenery coverage rate of urban built-up areas was 40.1 percent. Nature reserves have been developing in a unified way. Today China has 2,740 nature reserves, covering a total area of 147.03 million ha.
——环境治理改善绿色发展。建立国家生态环保综合决策机制和区域协调机制，形成政府、企业和公众共治的生态环境治理体系。生态环保技术研发水平不断提高，生态环境监控强度和环境污染治理能力不断增强。大气污染控制呈现良好发展趋势，煤炭消费量占能源消费量的比重显著下降，水电、风电、核电、天然气等清洁能源消费量不断上升。“十一五”以来，万元国内生产总值能耗累计下降34%，累计节能15.7亿吨标准煤，累计形成的节能量占全球同期节能量一半以上。2015年，城市污水处理率达到91.9%，城市生活垃圾无害化处理率达到94.1%，人均公园绿地面积达到13.35平方米。
Environmental governance enhances environment-friendly development. A national integrated decision-making mechanism and regional coordination mechanisms have been established for the protection of the eco-environment, forming an environmental governance system jointly implemented by the government, enterprises and the public. Research and development in the technology for environmental protection is improving, and there has been continuous reinforcement of environmental monitoring efforts and pollution control capability.
Air pollution control is making steady progress. The proportion of coal consumption in total energy provision is decreasing year by year, while the contribution of hydropower, wind power, nuclear power, natural gas and other types of clean energy is increasing. Since the beginning of the 11th Five-Year Program (2006-2010), China’s energy consumption per RMB10,000 GDP has decreased by 34 percent, saving 1.57 billion tons of coal equivalent, more than half of the energy saved by the whole world in this period. In 2015, the urban wastewater treatment rate reached 91.9 percent, and the pollution-free disposal rate of urban domestic solid waste was 94.1 percent. Urban park green space per capita reached 13.35 square meters.
——生态经济推动绿色发展。全国建成由2个国家站、33个省级站、300多个地市级站和1700多个县级站组成的农业环境保护工作体系。先后在太湖、巢湖、洱海和三峡库区等污染防治重点流域，建设了农业面源污染综合防治示范区，设立106个国家级绿色防控示范区，带动绿色防控面积达5亿亩以上。建设了两批国家级生态农业示范县共计100余个，带动省级生态农业示范县500多个，建成生态农业示范点2000多处。农业高新技术产业长效发展，农业灌溉水利用系数提高到0.536。持续加大技术改造投资力度，积极推动新型工业发展进程。2016年1－9月，全国工业完成技术改造投资达6.6万亿元，同比增长13.4%，占工业投资的比重达到40%。大力发展第三产业以增加绿色国内生产总值，拓展网络经济空间，2015年全国网上零售额达38773亿元，比2014年增长33.3%。
Ecological economics fosters environment-friendly development. China has completed a system of working centers for agricultural environmental protection, consisting of two at national level, 33 at provincial level, more than 300 at prefectural level, and more than 1,700 at county level. In the drainage basins of Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Erhai Lake, the Three Gorges reservoir region, and other major drainage basins requiring pollution prevention and control, model areas of diffuse agricultural pollution prevention and control have been established, and 106 national model areas of eco-friendly prevention and control of plant diseases and pests have been set up, covering more than 33 million ha of farmland. More than 100 counties in two batches have been built into national models of ecological farming, prompting the development of over 500 provincial-level model counties. More than 2,000 model sites of ecological farming have been completed.
The agricultural hi-tech industry places its emphasis on long-term development. Field water application efficiency in agricultural irrigation has been raised to 0.536. Investments in technological upgrading have been reinforced, and efforts have been made to promote the new industrial development. Between January and September 2016, investments in industrial technological upgrading amounted to RMB6.6 trillion, an increase of 13.4 percent over the same period of 2015 and accounting for 40 percent of all industrial investments. The tertiary sector has been encouraged and supported to develop faster and generate more green GDP. The expanding Internet economy recorded a turnover of RMB3.88 trillion in the online retail industry in 2015, an increase of 33.3 percent over 2014.
——政策扶持促进绿色发展。国家通过整体规划、分类治理、强化补偿，积极保护生态脆弱区可持续发展，区域生态环境已步入良性循环轨道。中国中度以上生态脆弱区占全国陆地国土空间的55%，其中约三分之二集中分布在西部地区。2005年国务院明确提出生态脆弱区实行限制开发，2008年制定实施《全国生态脆弱区保护纲要（2009－2020年）》。到2015年，生态脆弱区战略环境影响评价执行率达到100%，新增治理面积达30%以上，生态产业示范已在生态脆弱区全面开展。
Policy support bolsters environment-friendly development. The state has made active efforts to protect the sustainable development of ecologically fragile areas through integrated planning, targeted treatment, and the ecological compensation mechanism, creating a virtuous cycle for regional eco-environments. Ecological areas of medium fragility make up 55 percent of China’s land area, with two thirds concentrated in the western regions. In 2005, the State Council prescribed restrictive development in ecologically fragile areas. The “Outline for the Conservation of Ecologically Fragile Areas in China (2009-2020)” was promulgated in 2008. By 2015, environmental impact assessment had been implemented in all ecologically fragile areas, a 30 percent increase of targeted areas had been brought under the strategy, and models of the ecological industry have been promoted in ecologically fragile areas.
——履行国际公约推进全球绿色发展。中国率先制定实施应对气候变化国家方案，先后向国际社会承诺2020年应对气候变化目标任务和2030年国家自主贡献，多年来积极采取强有力的政策行动，探索低碳发展道路。颁布实施《中国淘汰消耗臭氧层物质国家方案》。超额完成《蒙特利尔议定书》规定的含氢氟烃（HCFCs）第一阶段淘汰任务，累计淘汰的消耗臭氧层物质约占发展中国家的50%。在《斯德哥尔摩公约》26种受控持久性有机污染物中已全面淘汰了17种的生产、使用和进出口，三个行业二噁英排放强度降低超过15%。成立“中国生物多样性保护国家委员会”，发布实施《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2011－2030年）》。签署并批准《关于汞的水俣公约》。积极建设性参加气候变化国际谈判，认真履行《联合国气候变化框架公约》，积极推动《巴黎协定》的达成和生效，使《巴黎协定》成为历史上批约生效最快的国际条约之一，为全世界可持续发展作出了新贡献。
Commitments to international conventions propel environmentally-friendly development. China was among the first countries to formulate and implement a national climate change plan, and pledged to achieve its 2020 goals laid out in the “National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020)” and 2030 goals set out in the “Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions” released in 2015. Over the years, China has taken effective policy actions to honor its commitments. Moving along the path toward low-carbon development, China enacted the “National Plan for Reducing Ozone-depleting Substances” and achieved ahead of schedule its first-stage hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) phase-out goal as part of its commitment to the “Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.” China’s reduction of ozone-depleting substances accounts for approximately half of the total reduction by developing countries. China has eliminated the production, use, and import and export of 17 of the 26 types of persistent organic pollutants listed in the “Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,” and reduced the dioxin emissions of three industries that are major emitters of dioxins by more than 15 percent. Furthermore, the state has established the National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation, enacted the “China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030)” and signed the Minamata Convention on Mercury. China is an active and constructive participant in international talks on climate change, and makes robust efforts to bolster the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. China has made significant efforts in moving the Paris Agreement on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation toward adoption and taking effect, making it one of the fastest major international agreements ever to enter into force and further contributing to the world’s sustainable development.
