三、维吾尔族人口的发展
III. Demographic Changes in the Uygur Population文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
新中国成立以来，新疆进入和平发展时期。1955年，新疆维吾尔自治区成立，党和国家在新疆实行民族区域自治制度，坚持各民族一律平等，实施一系列特殊扶持政策，维吾尔族等少数民族人口进入了历史上最好的发展时期。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
Xinjiang has enjoyed peace and development since 1949. After the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established in 1955, the CPC and the central government implemented regional autonomy to ensure the equal status of all ethnic groups, and adopted a series of preferential policies to assist and support regional development. Ethnic minority groups in Xinjiang, including the Uygurs, entered an optimal period for development.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
从人口增长看，新疆维吾尔族人口持续增长。根据历次全国人口普查数据，维吾尔族人口1953年为360.76万人，1964年399.16万人，1982年595.59万人，1990年719.18万人，2000年834.56万人，2010年1000.13万人，2020年1162.43万人。每两次普查间净增人口分别为38.4万人、196.43万人、123.59万人、115.38万人、165.57万人、162.3万人，年均增长率分别为0.92%、2.25%、2.38%、1.5%、1.83%、1.52%。上述数据表明，新中国成立后，维吾尔族人口总体保持较高增长水平，与新疆人口发展的趋势基本一致。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
The Uygur population in Xinjiang has continued to grow.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12202.html
进入新世纪以来，维吾尔族人口从2000年的834.56万人增长至2020年的1162.43万人，年均增长率1.67%，远高于同期全国少数民族人口年均增长率0.83%的水平。
These data show that since the founding of the PRC, the Uygur population has maintained a relatively high growth rate, a trend shared with the total population growth of the region.
In particular, the Uygur population grew at a CAGR of 1.67 percent during the first two decades in the 21st century, which was much higher than that of the country’s ethnic minority population, which stood at 0.83 percent.
从年龄结构看，维吾尔族人口与全疆人口相比，年龄结构轻。2020年维吾尔族0－14岁、15－59岁、60岁及以上人口占比分别为30.51%、60.95%、8.54%。2020年全疆0－14岁、15－59岁、60岁及以上人口占比分别为22.46%、66.26%、11.28%。
The Uygur population is on average younger than the overall region. In 2020, in the 0-14, 15-59, and 60 and above age groups, the Uygur proportions were 30.51 percent, 60.95 percent and 8.54 percent, while the overall figures for the region were 22.46 percent, 66.26 percent and 11.28 percent.
从受教育程度看，维吾尔族受教育水平不断提高。第七次全国人口普查数据显示，维吾尔族每10万人中拥有大学文化程度的人口为8944人，与2000年相比增加6540人，15岁及以上人口受教育年限从2000年的7.06年提高到2020年的9.19年。
The education level of the Uygur population has also continued to improve. According to data from the seventh national census in 2020, 8,944 per 100,000 Uygurs had received a university education, an increase of 6,540 compared to 2000. The average years in education for those aged 15 and above also grew from 7.06 to 9.19.
从区域分布看，维吾尔族人口主要分布在喀什、和田、阿克苏、克州等南疆四地州。据2020年全国人口普查数据，南疆四地州维吾尔族人口占当地人口的83.74%，占全疆维吾尔族人口的74.01%。其中，喀什、和田等地区，维吾尔族人口在200万以上，阿克苏地区接近200万。
Xinjiang’s Uygurs are mainly distributed in Kashgar Prefecture, Hotan Prefecture, Aksu Prefecture, and Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southern part of the region. According to data from the 2020 national census, Uygurs accounted for 83.74 percent of the population in these four prefectures, representing 74.01 percent of the total Uygur population in Xinjiang. The Uygur population has surpassed 2 million in both Kashgar and Hotan, and is approaching 2 million in Aksu.
四、新疆人口发展的现实必然性
IV. Factors Contributing to Xinjiang’s Demographic Development
新疆的人口发展，伴随着工业化、城镇化、现代化进程，经历了高出生、高死亡、低增长到高出生、低死亡、高增长，正在向低出生、低死亡、低增长转变，是经济社会发展、政策法规实施、婚育观念转变等多重因素综合作用的结果，符合世界人口发展的普遍规律。
Along with the process of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, Xinjiang’s demographic development went through three periods of growth:
- high birth rates, high death rates and low growth rates;
- high birth rates, low death rates and high growth rates;
- low birth rates, low death rates and low growth rates.
This trend results from a combination of factors such as economic and social development, evolving policies and regulations, and changes in views on marriage and childbearing. It conforms clearly to general trends of demographic development elsewhere in the world.
从经济社会发展看，新中国成立以来，新疆各项事业取得巨大成就。国内生产总值从1952年的7.91亿元增长到2020年的13797.58亿元。人均国内生产总值从1952年的166元提高到2020年的53593元。教育事业稳步发展。1949年，新疆仅有1所大学、9所中学、1355所小学，学龄儿童入学率只有19.8%，文盲率在90%以上。经过70多年的发展，新疆已形成从学前教育到高等教育的完整教育体系。至2020年，村村建有幼儿园，小学3641所、普通中学1211所、中等职业学校（不含技工学校）147所、普通高校56所、成人高校6所，学前教育毛入园率达到98%以上，小学净入学率达到99.9%以上，九年义务教育巩固率达到95%以上，高中阶段毛入学率达到98%以上。阿克苏、克州、喀什、和田四地州实施从幼儿园到高中的15年免费教育。1951年至2020年，累计培养高校毕业生211.5万人，其中少数民族学生76.7万人，占36.3%。全民健康水平大幅提升。新中国成立前，新疆医疗卫生事业极其落后，只有医疗机构54个、病床696张，每千人拥有病床0.16张、医生0.019名。至2019年，新疆医疗卫生体系全面形成，医疗机构遍布城乡，共有18376个医疗机构、186426张病床。婴儿死亡率由1949年的400‰以上降至2020年的6.75‰，人均预期寿命由1949年的不到30岁提高到2019年的74.7岁。
Economic and social development: Commendable results have been achieved in many fields in Xinjiang since the founding of the PRC. From 1952 to 2020, Xinjiang’s GDP grew from RMB791 million to RMB1.38 trillion, and per capita regional GDP increased from RMB166 to RMB53,593.
Steady progress has been made in education. In 1949, Xinjiang had only 1 college, 9 secondary schools, and 1,355 primary schools. Only 19.8 percent of school-age children were receiving education at school and the illiteracy rate was over 90 percent. In the 70 years since, a complete education system with institutions providing education from preschool through higher education has been put in place. By 2020, Xinjiang had kindergartens in all villages, and 3,641 primary schools, 1,211 regular secondary schools, 147 secondary vocational schools (excluding skilled workers schools), 56 higher education institutions, and 6 adult colleges across the region. The gross enrollment rate of preschool institutions was over 98 percent, the net enrollment rate of primary schools was almost 100 percent, the completion rate of nine-year compulsory education was over 95 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of high schools was over 98 percent. In Kashgar, Hotan, Aksu, and Kizilsu prefectures, 15-year free education lasting from preschool to high school is available. From 1951 to 2020, Xinjiang produced a total of nearly 2.12 million college graduates, of whom 767,000 (36.3 percent) are ethnic minorities.
A significant improvement has been seen in public health. Before the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang was poorly provided with medical services. It had only 54 medical institutions with 696 beds, placing the medical service capacity at 0.16 beds and 0.019 doctors per 1,000 people. By 2019, a basic health care system had been set up, with 18,376 medical institutions covering urban and rural areas, providing a total of 186,426 beds. The infant mortality rate dropped from over 400 per 1,000 in 1949 to 6.75 per 1,000 in 2020. The average life expectancy rose from less than 30 in 1949 to 74.7 in 2019.
从政策法规实施看，中国实行计划生育经历了先内地后边疆、先城市后农村、先汉族后少数民族的过程，对少数民族执行有别于汉族的相对宽松政策。新疆依据国家法律法规，结合本地实际制定计划生育相关政策。20世纪70年代初，在汉族人口中先实行计划生育；80年代中后期，开始在少数民族中鼓励计划生育。1992年发布的《新疆维吾尔自治区计划生育办法》明确规定，汉族城镇居民一对夫妻生育1个子女，农牧民可生育2个子女；少数民族城镇居民一对夫妻可生育2个子女，农牧民可生育3个子女；人口较少民族不实行计划生育。这一差别化生育政策是新疆少数民族人口保持较快增长的重要原因。随着经济社会发展和各族群众生育意愿趋同，2017年新疆修订《新疆维吾尔自治区人口与计划生育条例》，规定各民族实施统一的计划生育政策，即城镇居民一对夫妻可生育2个子女，农村居民一对夫妻可生育3个子女。根据国家人口与计划生育法律政策调整情况，新疆还将进一步调整和完善本地人口与计划生育法规政策。新疆在实行计划生育过程中，始终坚持保障妇幼健康、预防降低出生缺陷、提高家庭生活质量等理念，越来越多的群众知情自主选择安全、有效、适宜的避孕节育措施，育龄妇女自愿接受输卵管结扎术和宫内节育器放置术，大大减轻了各族妇女非意愿妊娠和频繁生育负担。
Evolving policies and regulations: The application of family planning measures in China was gradually extended from coastal and inland to border regions, from urban to rural areas, and from the Han people to ethnic minorities. Preferential policies were implemented for ethnic minority groups.
In line with local conditions and in accordance with state laws and regulations, Xinjiang formulated its own family planning policies. Family planning was first applied to the Han people in the region in the early 1970s, and ethnic minorities were exempt until the mid and late 1980s. The Measures on Family Planning released by the autonomous region in 1992 stipulated that urban Han residents could have one child per couple and those residing in farming and pastoral areas could have two, while for ethnic minorities, urban residents could have two children per couple and those in farming and pastoral areas could have three. Ethnic minority groups with smaller populations were not required to follow the family planning policy. This was one of the main reasons why the ethnic minority populations in Xinjiang maintained a rapid growth rate.
In parallel with the region’s economic and social development, the different ethnic groups began to develop similar expectations in terms of family structure. Therefore, Xinjiang amended the Regulations on Population and Family Planning in 2017, introducing universal family planning policies for all ethnic groups: two children per couple for urban residents and three per couple for rural residents. In line with future adjustments to national laws and policies regarding population and family planning, Xinjiang will further modify and improve relevant local regulations and policies.
从婚育观念看，在过去相当长一个时期，新疆尤其是南疆地区，由于宗教极端主义渗透时间长、影响范围广、毒害程度深，大量群众被套上沉重的精神枷锁，正常的社会生活受到严重干扰，不少少数民族群众在婚姻、家庭、生育等方面深受影响，早生早育、多生密育成为普遍现象。近年来，新疆依法开展去极端化工作，宗教极端主义干预行政、司法、教育、婚姻、医疗等现象得到有效遏制，各族群众对宗教极端思想危害性的认识明显提高，婚姻、生育、家庭观念积极转变，妇女经济、社会和家庭地位不断提高，各族妇女有更多机会接受中高等教育、参与经济社会活动，妇女就业人数和比例大幅提升。仅以2019年为例，新疆城镇新增妇女就业22.81万人，占城镇新增就业人数的47.43%。晚婚晚育、优生优育日益深入人心，并成为社会新风尚。
Changes in views on marriage and childbearing: In the past, under the prolonged, pervasive and toxic influence of religious extremism, the life of a large number of people in Xinjiang and particularly in the southern part of the region was subject to severe interference – early marriage and childbearing, and frequent pregnancy and childbirth were commonplace among ethnic minorities.
In recent years, law-based deradicalization has been implemented in Xinjiang. The interference of religious extremism has been eradicated in administration, judicature, education, marriage and health care. The public has become more aware of the dangers of religious extremism. Their views on marriage, childbearing and family have changed accordingly.
The economic, social and family status of women of all ethnic groups has improved, allowing them more opportunities to obtain secondary and higher education, and take an active part in economic and social life. The number and proportion of women in employment have significantly increased. In 2019 for example, 228,100 women joined the workforce in cities and towns across Xinjiang, accounting for 47.43 percent of the total newly employed in urban areas.
Late marriage and childbearing, and sound maternal and child care have penetrated deep into the hearts of local people and become the mainstream social attitude.
