中共中央 国务院关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
Working Guidance for Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality in Full and Faithful Implementation of the New Development Philosophy文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
2021年9月22日文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
22 September 2021文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
实现碳达峰、碳中和，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央统筹国内国际两个大局作出的重大战略决策，是着力解决资源环境约束突出问题、实现中华民族永续发展的必然选择，是构建人类命运共同体的庄严承诺。为完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，做好碳达峰、碳中和工作，现提出如下意见。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
To peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieve carbon neutrality is a major strategic decision taken by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in light of both domestic and international imperatives. This is the natural choice for China to address acute resource and environmental constraints and achieve sustained development of the Chinese nation, and constitutes China’s solemn commitment to building a shared future for mankind. In full and faithful implementation of the new development philosophy, the work on carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality should be guided by the following:文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/12424.html
一、总体要求
I. General Guidance
（一）指导思想。以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，全面贯彻党的十九大和十九届二中、三中、四中、五中全会精神，深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想，立足新发展阶段，贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，坚持系统观念，处理好发展和减排、整体和局部、短期和中长期的关系，把碳达峰、碳中和纳入经济社会发展全局，以经济社会发展全面绿色转型为引领，以能源绿色低碳发展为关键，加快形成节约资源和保护环境的产业结构、生产方式、生活方式、空间格局，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色低碳的高质量发展道路，确保如期实现碳达峰、碳中和。
1. Guiding Principles
We must follow the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implement the guiding principles from the 19th CPC National Congress and the second through fifth plenary sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee, and thoroughly apply Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization. We need to ground our work in the new stage of development, apply the new development philosophy, and foster a new pattern of development. Through the application of systematic thinking, we will strike a balance between development and emissions reduction, between overall and local imperatives, and between short-term and longer-term considerations. Endeavors to peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieve carbon neutrality must be incorporated into the overall economic and social development framework. In this way, we aim to effect a comprehensive green transformation in respect of economic and social development, with a special focus on the development of green and low-carbon energy, with a view to expediting the development of industrial structures, production modes, living patterns, and spatial zones that will conserve resources and protect the environment. We are firmly committed to a green, low-carbon and high-quality development path that gives primacy to ecological civilization. This will ensure that the carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality goals are achieved as planned.
（二）工作原则
2. Working Guidelines
实现碳达峰、碳中和目标，要坚持“全国统筹、节约优先、双轮驱动、内外畅通、防范风险”原则。
To achieve the objectives for carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality, we must follow the principles of exercising nationwide planning, prioritizing conservation, leveraging the strengths of the government and the market, coordinating efforts on the domestic and international fronts, and guarding against risks.
——全国统筹。全国一盘棋，强化顶层设计，发挥制度优势，实行党政同责，压实各方责任。根据各地实际分类施策，鼓励主动作为、率先达峰。
Exercising nationwide planning. Taking a whole-of-nation approach, we will strengthen top-level design, leverage institutional strengths, hold both CPC committees and governments responsible, and ensure responsibilities are fulfilled by all parties. Policies will be implemented on a categorized basis in light of local circumstance in order to encourage local authorities to act on their own initiative and take the lead in peaking carbon dioxide emissions.
——节约优先。把节约能源资源放在首位，实行全面节约战略，持续降低单位产出能源资源消耗和碳排放，提高投入产出效率，倡导简约适度、绿色低碳生活方式，从源头和入口形成有效的碳排放控制阀门。
Prioritizing conservation. To give first priority to the conservation of energy and resources, we need to introduce a comprehensive conservation strategy. We will continue to reduce energy and resource consumption and carbon emissions per unit of output, improve resource input-output efficiency, advocate simple, moderate, green and low-carbon living patterns, and effectively control carbon emissions at their source and point of entry.
——双轮驱动。政府和市场两手发力，构建新型举国体制，强化科技和制度创新，加快绿色低碳科技革命。深化能源和相关领域改革，发挥市场机制作用，形成有效激励约束机制。
Leveraging the strengths of the government and the market. Both the government and the market have an important role to play. We need to establish a new system for mobilizing the nation to boost technological and institutional innovation and accelerate the revolution in green and low-carbon technology. We will deepen reform in energy and related fields, give full play to the role of market mechanisms, and create effective incentive and restraint mechanisms.
——内外畅通。立足国情实际，统筹国内国际能源资源，推广先进绿色低碳技术和经验。统筹做好应对气候变化对外斗争与合作，不断增强国际影响力和话语权，坚决维护我国发展权益。
Coordinating efforts on the domestic and international fronts. Based on China’s national context, we will coordinate planning for domestic and international energy and resources and promote advanced green and low-carbon technologies and practices. In the international response to climate change, we need to be prepared to both stand our ground and engage in cooperation, continue to increase China’s influence and voice on the world stage, and resolutely safeguard our development rights and interests.
——防范风险。处理好减污降碳和能源安全、产业链供应链安全、粮食安全、群众正常生活的关系，有效应对绿色低碳转型可能伴随的经济、金融、社会风险，防止过度反应，确保安全降碳。
Guarding against risks. The efforts to reduce pollution and carbon emissions must be balanced with the need to ensure the security of energy, industrial chains, supply chains, and food, as well as normal daily life. We need to respond appropriately to any economic, financial, and social risks that may arise during the green and low-carbon transformation to prevent any excessive response and ensure carbon emissions are reduced in a safe and secure way.
二、主要目标
II. Main Objectives
到2025年，绿色低碳循环发展的经济体系初步形成，重点行业能源利用效率大幅提升。单位国内生产总值能耗比2020年下降13.5%；单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2020年下降18%；非化石能源消费比重达到20%左右；森林覆盖率达到24.1%，森林蓄积量达到180亿立方米，为实现碳达峰、碳中和奠定坚实基础。
By 2025, China will have created an initial framework for a green, low-carbon and circular economy and greatly improved the energy efficiency of key industries. Energy consumption per unit of GDP will be lowered by 13.5% from the 2020 level; carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of GDP will be lowered by 18% from the 2020 level; the share of non-fossil energy consumption will have reached around 20%; the forest coverage rate will have reached 24.1%, and the forest stock volume will have risen to 18 billion cubic meters. All the above will lay a solid foundation for carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality.
到2030年，经济社会发展全面绿色转型取得显著成效，重点耗能行业能源利用效率达到国际先进水平。单位国内生产总值能耗大幅下降；单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降65%以上；非化石能源消费比重达到25%左右，风电、太阳能发电总装机容量达到12亿千瓦以上；森林覆盖率达到25%左右，森林蓄积量达到190亿立方米，二氧化碳排放量达到峰值并实现稳中有降。
By 2030, China will see significant accomplishments from the comprehensive green transformation in economic and social development, with energy efficiency in key energy-consuming industries reaching advanced international levels. Energy consumption per unit of GDP will have declined significantly; CO2 emissions per unit of GDP will have dropped by more than 65% compared with the 2005 level; the share of non-fossil energy consumption will have reached around 25%, with the total installed capacity of wind power and solar power reaching over 1200 gigawatts; the forest coverage rate will have reached about 25%, and the forest stock volume will have reached 19 billion cubic meters. CO2 emissions will reach peak and stabilization and then decline.
到2060年，绿色低碳循环发展的经济体系和清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系全面建立，能源利用效率达到国际先进水平，非化石能源消费比重达到80%以上，碳中和目标顺利实现，生态文明建设取得丰硕成果，开创人与自然和谐共生新境界。
By 2060, China will have fully established a green, low-carbon and circular economy and a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system. Energy efficiency will be at the advanced international level, and the share of non-fossil energy consumption will be over 80%. China will be carbon neutral, and it will have achieved fruitful results in ecological civilization and reached a new level of harmony between humanity and nature.
三、推进经济社会发展全面绿色转型
III. Promoting Comprehensive Green Transformation in Economic and Social Development
（三）强化绿色低碳发展规划引领。将碳达峰、碳中和目标要求全面融入经济社会发展中长期规划，强化国家发展规划、国土空间规划、专项规划、区域规划和地方各级规划的支撑保障。加强各级各类规划间衔接协调，确保各地区各领域落实碳达峰、碳中和的主要目标、发展方向、重大政策、重大工程等协调一致。
3. Strengthening guidance in planning of green and low-carbon development. We will fully incorporate the objectives for carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality into the medium- and long-term plans for economic and social development, and we will reinforce the support and safeguards of national development plans, territorial spatial plans and sector-based plans, as well as plans at the regional and local level. We will enhance coordination between various categories and levels of plans to ensure that across all regions and sectors, carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality objectives, development directions, and major policies and projects are aligned and consistent.
（四）优化绿色低碳发展区域布局。持续优化重大基础设施、重大生产力和公共资源布局，构建有利于碳达峰、碳中和的国土空间开发保护新格局。在京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、粤港澳大湾区建设、长三角一体化发展、黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等区域重大战略实施中，强化绿色低碳发展导向和任务要求。
4. Optimizing plans for regional green and low-carbon development. We will continue to optimize the layout of major infrastructure, major production capacities, and public resources and create a new model of development and protection for territorial space that will help to peak carbon dioxide emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. Stronger guidance and requirements on green and low-carbon development will be provided in the implementation of major regional development strategies, including the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt, the development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, and the ecological conservation and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.
（五）加快形成绿色生产生活方式。大力推动节能减排，全面推进清洁生产，加快发展循环经济，加强资源综合利用，不断提升绿色低碳发展水平。扩大绿色低碳产品供给和消费，倡导绿色低碳生活方式。把绿色低碳发展纳入国民教育体系。开展绿色低碳社会行动示范创建。凝聚全社会共识，加快形成全民参与的良好格局。
5. Accelerating the formation of green production modes and living patterns. In the endeavor to conserve energy and reduce emissions, we will promote clean production across the board, accelerate the development of a circular economy, and improve comprehensive resource utilization, so as to continuously enhance the level of green and low-carbon development. We will expand the supply and consumption of products and advocate living patterns that are green and low-carbon. We should incorporate green and low-carbon development into our national education system, and we will launch demonstration initiatives for a green and low-carbon society. We will build societal consensus and move quickly to create a system for facilitating full public participation.
四、深度调整产业结构
IV. In-Depth Industrial Restructuring
（六）推动产业结构优化升级。加快推进农业绿色发展，促进农业固碳增效。制定能源、钢铁、有色金属、石化化工、建材、交通、建筑等行业和领域碳达峰实施方案。以节能降碳为导向，修订产业结构调整指导目录。开展钢铁、煤炭去产能“回头看”，巩固去产能成果。加快推进工业领域低碳工艺革新和数字化转型。开展碳达峰试点园区建设。加快商贸流通、信息服务等绿色转型，提升服务业低碳发展水平。
6. Optimizing and upgrading industrial structures. We will move faster to promote green agricultural development and improve carbon sequestration and efficiency in agriculture. We will create implementation plans for industries and fields including energy, steel, non-ferrous metals, petrochemicals, building materials, transportation and construction. Based on the goals of energy conservation and carbon reduction, we will revise the Catalog for Guiding Industry Restructuring. Authorities will be “looking back” to inspect steel and coal facilities that have cut overcapacity in order to consolidate achievements in this area. We will accelerate innovation in low-carbon industrial processes and the digital transformation of the industrial sector. We will launch the construction of demonstration zones for peaking carbon dioxide emissions. In fields such as goods distribution and information services, green transformations will be accelerated, and low-carbon development will be enhanced in the service sector.
（七）坚决遏制高耗能高排放项目盲目发展。新建、扩建钢铁、水泥、平板玻璃、电解铝等高耗能高排放项目严格落实产能等量或减量置换，出台煤电、石化、煤化工等产能控制政策。未纳入国家有关领域产业规划的，一律不得新建改扩建炼油和新建乙烯、对二甲苯、煤制烯烃项目。合理控制煤制油气产能规模。提升高耗能高排放项目能耗准入标准。加强产能过剩分析预警和窗口指导。
7. Firmly curbing irrational expansion of energy-intensive and high-emission projects. Capacity substitutions must be strictly implemented at equal or reduced levels for new entries and expansion of energy-intensive and high-emission projects in areas such as steel, cement, flat glass, and electrolytic aluminum. We will introduce production capacity control policies for coal-fired power, petrochemical, and coal-based chemical industries. Oil refinery operations not listed in national industrial plans will be prohibited from engaging in new construction, reconstruction, or expansion, and unlisted ethylene, paraxylene, and coal-to-olefins projects will be banned from engaging in new construction. We will keep production capacity for coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas at an appropriate scale, raise the energy-consumption access standards for energy-intensive and high-emission projects, and enhance analysis, early warnings, and window guidance for overcapacity.
（八）大力发展绿色低碳产业。加快发展新一代信息技术、生物技术、新能源、新材料、高端装备、新能源汽车、绿色环保以及航空航天、海洋装备等战略性新兴产业。建设绿色制造体系。推动互联网、大数据、人工智能、第五代移动通信（5G）等新兴技术与绿色低碳产业深度融合。
8. Vigorously developing green and low-carbon industries. We need to accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries in areas such as next-generation information technology, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, new energy vehicles, environmental protection, aerospace, and marine equipment. We will establish a green manufacturing system and embed the internet, big data, artificial intelligence, 5G, and other emerging technologies into green and low-carbon industries.
五、加快构建清洁低碳安全高效能源体系
V. Accelerating the Development of a Clean, Low-Carbon, Safe and Efficient Energy System
（九）强化能源消费强度和总量双控。坚持节能优先的能源发展战略，严格控制能耗和二氧化碳排放强度，合理控制能源消费总量，统筹建立二氧化碳排放总量控制制度。做好产业布局、结构调整、节能审查与能耗双控的衔接，对能耗强度下降目标完成形势严峻的地区实行项目缓批限批、能耗等量或减量替代。强化节能监察和执法，加强能耗及二氧化碳排放控制目标分析预警，严格责任落实和评价考核。加强甲烷等非二氧化碳温室气体管控。
9. Strengthening dual-controls over energy intensity and gross energy consumption. Adhering to a conservation-first energy development strategy, we will strictly control energy consumption and CO2 emission intensity, appropriately control total energy consumption, and establish a system to control the total volume of CO2 emissions. We must ensure proper linkages among the spatial distribution of industries, structure adjustment, energy conservation audit, dual-controls over energy intensity and total energy consumption, so that regions in danger of missing energy intensity reduction targets will face delay or restriction of project approvals and introduce energy substitutions at equal or reduced levels. We will step up supervision and law enforcement of energy conservation, enhance analysis and early warning for energy consumption and CO2 emission control targets, and ensure strict responsibility implementation and performance evaluations. Controls over methane and other non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) will also be strengthened.
（十）大幅提升能源利用效率。把节能贯穿于经济社会发展全过程和各领域，持续深化工业、建筑、交通运输、公共机构等重点领域节能，提升数据中心、新型通信等信息化基础设施能效水平。健全能源管理体系，强化重点用能单位节能管理和目标责任。瞄准国际先进水平，加快实施节能降碳改造升级，打造能效“领跑者”。
10. Significantly improving energy efficiency. Energy conservation must be a key feature of the entire process and all sectors of economic and social development. We must continue to improve energy conservation in key areas including industry, construction, transportation, and public institutions and enhance the energy efficiency of data centers, new communications, and other information infrastructure. We will improve the energy management system and strengthen management for major energy consumers and assign them stronger targets and responsibilities. To reach advanced international efficiency standards, we should accelerate energy conservation and carbon reduction retrofits and upgrades and work to cultivate leaders in energy efficiency.
（十一）严格控制化石能源消费。加快煤炭减量步伐，“十四五”时期严控煤炭消费增长，“十五五”时期逐步减少。石油消费“十五五”时期进入峰值平台期。统筹煤电发展和保供调峰，严控煤电装机规模，加快现役煤电机组节能升级和灵活性改造。逐步减少直至禁止煤炭散烧。加快推进页岩气、煤层气、致密油气等非常规油气资源规模化开发。强化风险管控，确保能源安全稳定供应和平稳过渡。
11. Strictly controlling fossil fuel consumption. Coal consumption will be reduced at an accelerated pace. We will strictly limit the increase in coal consumption over the 14th Five-Year Plan period and phase it down in the 15th Five-Year Plan period, when petroleum consumption will reach its peak plateau. Coal-fired power will be developed in coordination with power supplies and peak shaving capacities, so as to strictly control coal-fired power generation projects. Upgrades and power flexibility retrofitting projects should be accelerated for existing coal power generators. The burning of bulk coal will be gradually phased out before the introduction of a complete ban. Scaled development of unconventional oil and gas resources such as shale gas, coal bed gas, and tight oil and gas will pick up pace. Risk management must be enhanced to ensure a stable and safe energy supply and a smooth transition.
（十二）积极发展非化石能源。实施可再生能源替代行动，大力发展风能、太阳能、生物质能、海洋能、地热能等，不断提高非化石能源消费比重。坚持集中式与分布式并举，优先推动风能、太阳能就地就近开发利用。因地制宜开发水能。积极安全有序发展核电。合理利用生物质能。加快推进抽水蓄能和新型储能规模化应用。统筹推进氢能“制储输用”全链条发展。构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统，提高电网对高比例可再生能源的消纳和调控能力。
12. Actively developing non-fossil energy. We will carry out initiatives to substitute renewable energy for fossil fuels, vigorously develop wind, solar, biomass, marine, and geothermal energy sources among others, and continuously increase the share of non-fossil energy in total energy consumption. We will advocate both centralized and distributed energy production, while prioritizing local development and use of wind and solar power. We will develop hydro power according to local circumstances, actively develop nuclear power in a safe and orderly manner, and take appropriate steps to develop biomass energy. Faster moves must be made to scale up the use of pumped storage hydro power and other new forms of energy storage. We will coordinate the development of a complete hydrogen energy chain covering production, storage, transmission, and use. To develop new electric power systems based on new energy sources, we must boost the capacity of the power grid to uptake and accommodate a high proportion of renewable energy.
（十三）深化能源体制机制改革。全面推进电力市场化改革，加快培育发展配售电环节独立市场主体，完善中长期市场、现货市场和辅助服务市场衔接机制，扩大市场化交易规模。推进电网体制改革，明确以消纳可再生能源为主的增量配电网、微电网和分布式电源的市场主体地位。加快形成以储能和调峰能力为基础支撑的新增电力装机发展机制。完善电力等能源品种价格市场化形成机制。从有利于节能的角度深化电价改革，理顺输配电价结构，全面放开竞争性环节电价。推进煤炭、油气等市场化改革，加快完善能源统一市场。
13. Deepening reforms of energy systems and mechanisms. We will advance market-oriented reforms in the electric power sector across the board, accelerating the development of independent market entities in the distribution and sales fields and improving the linking mechanisms for medium- and long-term markets, spot markets, and ancillary services markets, so as to achieve an expansion in the scale of market transactions. We will advance reform of the power grid system and clarify the market entity positions of incremental distribution network, microgrids, and distributed power sources that mostly operate on renewable energy. We must accelerate the formation of a development mechanism for new power installations based on power storage and peak-shaving capacities. We will improve market pricing mechanisms for electricity and other energy types. We will carry out electricity price reforms with a view to promoting energy conservation, overhauling pricing structures for transmission and distribution, and lifting all pricing controls in competitive areas. Market reforms will be advanced in areas like coal, oil, and gas, and faster steps will be taken to improve the national unified energy market.
