反亚裔种族歧视甚嚣尘上坐实美国种族主义社会本质文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
Increasing Racial Discrimination Against Asians Exposes Overall Racist Nature of U.S. Society文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
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中国人权研究会文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS)文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
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2022年4月文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
April, 2022文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
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长期以来，美国主流社会给亚裔贴上“模范少数族裔”的标签，极力营造不存在针对亚裔种族歧视的假象。然而在新冠肺炎疫情大流行的背景下，部分美国政客肆无忌惮的种族主义言论，以及美国社会针对亚裔愈演愈烈的种族主义攻击，已经撕下了这层虚幻的面纱。2021年3月16日，美国亚特兰大地区连续发生3起针对亚裔的枪击案，共导致包括6名亚裔女性在内的8人死亡。这一惨案是美国近年来针对亚裔歧视、暴力现象不断升级的后果。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13205.html
For years, Asian Americans have been labeled as “the model minority” by the mainstream society of the United States, but this labeling creates only an illusion that there is no racial discrimination against them. Incidents that occurred during the coronavirus pandemic, such as some U.S. politicians’ unscrupulous racist remarks and the wave of harassment and attacks on Asian-Americans, further proved this point. Recently, shootings in Atlanta have set off a new wave of fear among Asian Americans. On March 16, 2021, the shootings at three spas in Atlanta, United States, resulted in the death of eight people, including six women of Asian origin. This tragedy is the consequence of the mounting anti-Asian hate in the United States.
美国的反亚裔事件如同那里的新冠肺炎疫情一样持续肆虐。“停止仇恨亚裔及太平洋岛民”组织2021年11月18日发布的报告显示，2020年3月19日至2021年9月30日，该组织共收到10370起针对亚裔的种族主义攻击事件报告，大多数事件发生在街道、工作场所等公共空间。纽约市警察局2021年12月8日发布的数据显示，该市2021年针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪比2020年猛增361%。有媒体报道说，纽约实际发生的针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪案件远远高于以上公布的数量，因为许多受害者并没有向警察局报告立案。《经济学人》周刊和舆观调查公司2021年3月联合进行的民意调查数据显示，70%的受访者认为亚裔在美国受到严重歧视，其比例甚至高于非洲裔。“肤色在决定美国人的命运方面，显然具有举足轻重的作用”——美国社会这个铁律再次得到了印证。冰冷的现实映照出，美国在骨子里依然是一个白人盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒的国家，亚裔同非洲裔、拉美裔、原住民一样，在享有和实现人权的诸多方面受到有形无形的歧视和侵害。
In the United States, there was a continued rise in the anti-Asian incidents during the period when the coronavirus pandemic ran rampant in the country. According to a report published on Nov. 18, 2021 by the national coalition Stop Asian American and Pacific Islander Hate, from March 19, 2020 to Sept. 30, 2021, a total of 10,370 hate incidents against Asian American and Pacific Islander people were reported to the organization, and a majority of the incidents took place in spaces open to the public like public streets and businesses. Statistics released by the New York City Police Department on Dec. 8, 2021 showed that anti-Asian hate crimes in the city rose by 361 percent from that of 2020. Some media commented that the actual number of hate crimes against Asian Americans in New York was much higher than the number announced above because many victims did not make any police reports. According to the public opinion survey jointly conducted by The Economist weekly magazine and YouGov in March 2021, 70 percent of respondents believed that Asian Americans were seriously discriminated against in the United States, and suffered more from racism than African Americans. Thomas Sowell, a U.S. scholar, writes in his Ethnic America: A History, “Color has obviously played a major role in determining the fate of many Americans.” This irrefutable truth of American society has been confirmed again. The cold reality reflects that the United States still takes pride in recognizing itself as a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant country and that Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans are subject to discrimination and violations in various forms, and cannot fully enjoy their human rights.
一、美国亚裔正在遭受愈演愈烈的种族主义攻击
1. Asian Americans Facing Rise in Racist Attacks Amid the Coronavirus Pandemic
新冠肺炎疫情这场严重的公共卫生危机，为检视美国社会种族歧视问题提供了一个直观透明的窗口。非洲裔与拉美裔成为美国新冠肺炎疫情的直接受害者，他们的感染率和死亡率要远高于白人群体；而亚裔则不幸沦为美国新冠肺炎疫情的间接受害者，他们是伴随着疫情而日益猖獗的种族歧视言行的主要攻击目标。加州州立大学圣贝纳迪诺分校“仇恨与极端主义研究中心”的统计数据显示，2020年美国整体仇恨犯罪案件较2019年下降了7%，然而针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪却激增149%。2021年第一季度美国15个大城市针对亚裔美国人的暴力犯罪相比2020年同一时期增长了169%。
The coronavirus pandemic, a serious public health crisis in the United States, has exposed various racial discrimination problems existing in the society. Black and Hispanic Americans are the direct victims of the pandemic, as their infection and mortality rates are much higher than those of the white population. Asian Americans, however, became the indirect victims, because of veiled or explicit racist words and deeds toward them amid the pandemic. The Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) released a survey, showing that compared with 2019, hate crime cases in the United States decreased by 7 percent in 2020, but those against Asian Americans increased by 149 percent. In the first quarter of 2021, violent crimes against Asian Americans in the 15 large cities in the United States increased by 169 percent compared with the same period in 2020.
近两年来，美国针对亚裔的种族主义攻击频发，案情令人触目惊心。
In the past two years, shocking racist attacks against Asian Americans have occurred frequently in the United States.
——2020年3月14日，得克萨斯州一名男子在超市里持刀攻击一户亚裔家庭，试图杀死他们全家，被刺伤者中甚至包括两岁和六岁的儿童。
– On March 14, 2020, inside a Texas supermarket, a man stabbed an Asian family in an attempt to kill them, including their children aged two and six.
——2020年7月14日，纽约一名89岁的华裔妇女在街边行走时，突然遭到两名陌生男子扇耳光。当她试图逃离时，攻击者却从背后点燃了她的衣服。
– On July 14, 2020, in New York City, an 89-year-old Chinese American woman was slapped in the face by two male strangers on the street, and when she tried to escape, the two strangers set her clothes on fire from behind.
——2021年1月28日，一名84岁高龄的泰裔男子在旧金山被蓄意猛烈撞击重摔倒地，最终因伤势过重而不幸死亡。
– On January 28, 2021, an 84-year-old Thai man died from injuries after being viciously slammed onto the ground by a man in San Francisco.
——2021年3月16日，21岁的白人男子罗伯特·亚伦·朗持枪袭击亚特兰大地区3家亚裔经营的按摩店和水疗中心，共造成8人死亡，其中6人是亚裔女性。
– On March 16, 2021, Robert Aaron Long, a 21-year-old white man, opened fire in three Asian massage shops and spas in Atlanta with a gun, killing a total of 8 people, including 6 Asian women.
——2021年8月30日，一名菲律宾裔老年女性在纽约皇后区雷哥公园地铁站内遭一名白人男子推下楼梯，脸部和身体严重受伤。
– On August 30, 2021, an elderly Filipino woman was pushed down the stairs by a white man in Rego Park Subway Station in Queens, New York, resulting in her sustaining serious facial and physical injuries.
——2021年11月17日，费城3名华裔高中生在放学乘地铁回家时遭到种族主义袭击，当地警方表示，“受害者之所以被选中很明显是因为他们是亚裔”。
– On November 17, 2021, three Chinese American high school students in Philadelphia were attacked when they took the subway home from school. The local police said, “The victims were picked because they were Asian, obviously.”
……
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《纽约时报》在2021年4月3日一篇题为《愈演愈烈的反亚裔暴力》的长篇报道中写道，“在过去一年里，在一系列明显带有种族敌意的事件中，亚裔被推搡、被殴打、被踢踹、被唾面、被辱骂，甚至连房屋和商店也遭到破坏。”根据亚裔遭受种族主义攻击的不同形式，该文将搜集整理的案件分为三类。第一类是亚裔遭受身体攻击的案件，例如遭遇殴打、胡椒喷雾袭击或者被吐口水，许多亚裔受害者因此身心受重创；第二类是亚裔遭受口头攻击的案件，主要是一些带有种族主义性质的侮辱性言论；第三类是亚裔受害者的财产遭受破坏的案件，例如房屋、店面被破坏，或被喷涂上种族歧视标语。事实上，该报道也只是揭露了过去一年中亚裔所遭受种族主义攻击的冰山一角。令人震惊的是，就在这些种族主义行径开始引发美国社会的关注与抗议之际，针对亚裔的攻击行为还在持续不断地发生，其中妇女和老人等弱势群体成为重点攻击对象。
The New York Times published an article on April 3, 2021, which was entitled “Swelling Anti-Asian Violence: Who Is Being Attacked Where.” The article started by pointing out the following facts: “Over the last year, in an unrelenting series of episodes with clear racial animus, people of Asian descent have been pushed, beaten, kicked, spat on, and verbally abused. Homes and businesses have been vandalized.” According to the different forms of racist attacks on Asian Americans, the article uses three categories to sort and group the cases it collects, namely: “Beaten, pepper-sprayed, spat on,” “Called names and racial slurs,” and “Homes and businesses vandalized.” The cases under the first category involve the acts of spitting on Asian Americans or using pepper spray and physical violence against them, and those under the second category are mainly subject to racial slurs and derogatory language. The third category groups are cases of malicious damage to the homes, shops, and other properties of Asian Americans, such as vandalizing and writing graffiti. This article that aims to reveal the Asian Americans’ sufferings in the past year can hardly be called all-inclusive, but these exposed racist acts do arouse attention and protests from the U.S. society. Unfortunately, attacks against Asian Americans continue to occur, with vulnerable groups such as women and the elderly as the key targets.
二、美国亚裔被歧视被排斥的历史仍在延续
2. Racism Against Asian Americans: Not Unique to the Coronavirus Pandemic
长期以来，美国针对亚裔的种族歧视之所以未引起足够重视，一方面是因为在非洲裔与白人之间的种族冲突过于引人注目，另一方面则是美国主流社会意图掩盖历史上亚裔的悲惨遭遇。美联社曾坦言，“针对亚裔美国人的种族主义，一直是美国历史上的丑陋主线”。
For a long time, racial discrimination against Asian Americans has not attracted enough attention in the United States. One reason is that the racial conflict between blacks and whites has been society’s principal focus of attention, and the other reason is that the mainstream society always tends to cover up the suffering of Asian Americans in U.S. history. The Associated Press once observed that “Racism against Asian Americans has long been an ugly thread in the U.S. history.”
美国华裔的命运是亚裔遭受歧视和迫害的缩影。亚洲人移民美国的历史始于19世纪中叶，当时他们因美国经济社会发展亟需廉价劳动力而远渡重洋来到这个国家。19世纪后期，在政客的鼓动与媒体的渲染下，亚裔被污名化为“黄祸”，被主流社会视为对美国白人的“种族威胁”“经济威胁”“健康威胁”，美国对亚裔的排斥和攻击达到一个顶峰。在美国历史上的各个时期，亚裔持续遭受着偏见、仇恨和种族暴力的折磨和煎熬。早在1854年，美国联邦最高法院就在判例中判定亚裔不能成为美国公民，对亚裔获得公民权的限制直到二战前后才最终被取消。对亚裔的群体暴力的最早记载是1871年，一伙白人冲进洛杉矶唐人街附近街区，枪击和绞死了21名华裔；亚裔社区被焚毁，居民被赶出城市。对亚裔的恐惧和偏见最终导致美国禁止亚裔移民美国：华裔移民在1882年开始受到《排华法案》的限制；日裔在1907－1908年间开始受到移民限制；到1924年所有亚裔都被禁止移民美国。亚裔在公共卫生事件中被当成替罪羊在美国历史上也不新鲜，早在19世纪70年代旧金山暴发天花疫情之时，华裔就曾被诬称为“罪魁祸首”。
The suffering of Chinese Americans is just the epitome of the discrimination and persecution against Asian Americans. In the mid-19th century, as the then U.S. economy was in badly need of cheap laborers, Asian people started immigrating to the United States, but in the late 19th century, some politicians and media deliberately stigmatized Asian Americans as “Yellow Peril,” and deluded the mainstream society into believing that they constituted “racial threat,” “economic threat” and “health threat” to American whites, sparking off a surge of hatred toward Asian Americans in the United States and making them suffer from long-time prejudice, exclusion, and racial violence. In 1854, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Asian Americans were not and could not be citizens in a case, and such restrictions on Asian Americans’ access to citizenship were not finally abolished until around the 1940s. The earliest record of organized violence against Asian Americans was in 1871, when a group of whites rushed into an Asian community near Los Angeles’ Chinatown, shooting and hanging 21 Chinese Americans to death, burning down the community, and driving the residents out of the city. The severe prejudice against Asian Americans eventually led to the prohibition of Asian immigrants in the United States: Chinese immigrants were restricted by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882; Japanese immigrants began to be restricted from 1907 to 1908; and in 1924, all Asians were forbidden to immigrate to the United States. The scapegoating of Asian Americans in a public health incident is not something new in U.S. history. For example, during the smallpox outbreak in San Francisco in the 1870s, Chinese Americans were falsely called the “culprits.”
亚裔在美国的悲惨历史未能得到公正的清算和反思，甚至不为美国主流社会所知晓，因而其中所潜藏的种族主义恶意自然无法彻底消除。亚裔被塑造为美国种族关系的局外人，美国主流社会中很多人否认存在针对亚裔的种族歧视历史，更拒不承认当前存在针对美国亚裔的种族主义攻击。华裔历史学家李漪莲在美国国会关于针对亚裔种族仇恨犯罪的听证会上发言说：“当今亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民面临的种族歧视和暴力的行为并非由精神错乱的个人随意犯下的罪行，而是一个系统性的国家悲剧。它反映了美国针对亚裔美国人的系统性种族主义的悠久历史。”对于美国各地针对亚裔暴力事件的增加，联合国秘书长古特雷斯表示深感关切，“过去一年发生的数千起事件，是长达数百年来刻薄、刻板化、寻找替罪羊、剥削和虐待历史的延续。”
The United States has never compensated for or reflected on the sufferings it has caused to Asian Americans, and even tries its best to cover up or blur relevant facts. As such, the deep-rooted malice toward Asian Americans in U.S. society can never be eliminated. In the United States, Asian Americans are portrayed as outsiders in racial conflicts; the mainstream society denies the history of racial discrimination against Asian Americans and refuses to admit that there are racist attacks against Asian Americans at present. Erika Lee, a Chinese American historian, published her speech at the Congressional hearing on violence and discrimination against Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities. She said, “As shocking as these incidents are, it is so vital to understand that they are not random acts perpetrated by deranged individuals. They are an expression of our country’s long history of systemic racism targeting Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.” The UN Secretary-General António Guterres has also expressed his profound concern over the rise in violence against people of Asian descent across the United States. He said, “Thousands of incidents across the past year have perpetuated a centuries-long history of intolerance, stereotyping, scapegoating, exploitation and abuse.”
对亚裔的种族歧视之所以从历史延续到现在，深刻体现了美国社会对亚裔作为“弱者”的欺凌以及作为“他者”的排斥。美国亚裔整体力量的弱小使其成为种族主义欺凌的目标。亚裔“弱者”地位主要体现在以下几个方面。第一，亚裔人口总量相对较少。美国亚裔总人口约为2400万，在美国总人口中所占比例约为6%，与白人、非洲裔、拉美裔相比都存在较大差距。第二，亚裔人口内部异质性很强。美国亚裔指的是来自东亚、东南亚及南亚数十个国家的移民及其后代，而这些国家的文化遗产、经济状况、政治体系、宗教习俗和语言的差异很大，导致亚裔内部的异质性极强。第三，亚裔群体内部的认同感和凝聚力不强。亚裔这个共同的身份认定在很大程度上是外部社会强行赋予的结果，多数亚裔甚至并不愿意接受属于单一亚裔种族的身份。人口数量少、内部差异大、群体凝聚差，再加上政治参与低，使得亚裔长期以来在遭遇整体性种族歧视时缺乏反抗的能力，而默默承受的弱者形象又使得亚裔更易成为种族主义攻击的对象。
The racial discrimination against Asian Americans that has continued to the present time is probably a built-in and natural product of American colonialism, and it also reflects a mindset of the United States: bullying the weak. Asian Americans are in a weak position in U.S. society, which makes them vulnerable to racial attacks. Such weakness is mainly caused by the following reasons. The first one is the small population of Asian Americans in the United States. The total population of Asian Americans is about 24 million, accounting for about 6 percent of the total U.S. population, and being significantly outnumbered by whites, African Americans and Hispanics. The second reason is the huge internal differences among Asian Americans. Asian Americans include immigrants and their descendants from dozens of countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. These countries differed from one another in cultural traditions, economic status, political systems, religious customs, and languages, resulting in stark differences and disparities among Asian Americans. The third reason is that Asian Americans are never a cohesive group. Although they are perceived as Asian Americans by mainstream society, most of them think of the term as an imposed label. They simply do not agree that they belong to the same Asian ethnic group. Numerical inferiority, internal differences, and lack of coherence and political involvement make it impossible for Asian Americans to unite in resisting racial discrimination against them. Such weakness makes them more vulnerable to racist attacks.
美国亚裔外来者的身份认定使其成为种族主义排斥的目标。亚裔遭遇愈演愈烈的种族歧视也与疫情之下美国排外主义情绪高涨有关，因为亚裔在美国主流社会中某种意义上被认定为永久的“外来者”和“他者”。一方面，美国亚裔人口的增长很大程度上是由于移民而不是自然增长，大量亚裔的出生地在美国之外。另一方面，大部分亚裔与美国主流社会和主流文化保持着一定的距离。因此我们可以看到在针对亚裔的种族主义攻击中，“滚出我们的国家”“滚回自己的国家去”“离开这里”“你们不属于这里”的排外主义表述极为常见。种族主义者甚至将这种“外来者”的认定视作发动针对亚裔种族主义攻击的合理性支撑，这在美国社会中具有相当的民众基础。正如一位亚裔美国人所言：“新冠肺炎疫情提醒我们，我们的归属是有条件的。前一刻我们还都是美国人，下一刻我们就是‘把病毒带到这儿来的外国人’。”
The identification of Asian Americans in the United States makes them the target of racist exclusion. The growing racial discrimination against Asian Americans may also be related to the upsurge of xenophobia in the United States, as its mainstream society has long defined Asian Americans as “outsiders,” or sometimes, as “colonial others.” This definition is based on two reasons. Firstly, the growth of the Asian American population is largely due to immigration rather than natural growth, which means a large number of Asian Americans are born outside the United States. Secondly, most Asian Americans keep a certain distance from the mainstream society and culture of the United States. Therefore, xenophobic expressions such as “get out of our country,” “return to your own country,” “get out of here,” and “you don’t belong here,” are frequently heard during the racist attacks against Asian Americans. Racists in the United States even regard this false identification as a reasonable support for launching racist attacks against Asian Americans, and their actions are widely recognized by U.S. society. Just as an Asian American actor named John Cho observed, “The rise in anti-Asian attacks (during the coronavirus pandemic) only reminds Asian Americans like me that our belonging is conditional. One moment we are Americans, the next we are all foreigners, who ‘brought’ the virus here.”
