二、强制改造，单边制裁，侵害发展权和健康权
2. Forced transformation, unilateral sanctions, severe infringement of people’s rights to development, life and health文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
美国在中东等地肆意打压不顺从自己的国家和组织，强制推行美式价值观，确保美国主导的全球政治经济秩序和安全秩序，其实质是维护美国的“军事－经济－观念三位一体”霸权，其后果是改变地区国家的自主发展道路，严重损害中东等地有关国家的主权和当地人民的发展权、健康权。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
The United States has wantonly suppressed non-compliant countries and organizations in the Middle East, and coercively promoted American values in the region, so as to ensure U.S.-dominated global political, economic and security orders.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
Its essential goal is to maintain America’s military, economic and conceptual hegemony, which in consequence has altered the independent development paths of regional countries and severely undermined the sovereignty of related countries in the Middle East as well as their people’s rights to development and health.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
第一，颠覆政权、干涉内政，侵害他国主权和人权。一方面，冷战结束后，美国为了全面主宰中东等地，对该地区不服从美国旨意和利益的主权国家，以发动战争等方式直接推动政权更迭，进而强制移植“美式民主”，改造有关国家的制度和发展道路。最典型的就是美国2001年和2003年通过对阿富汗和伊拉克的武装入侵，推翻自己不喜欢的政权。另一方面，美国长期支持非政府组织和代理人向中东社会渗透，屡屡用“颜色革命”的手段改变中东国家的发展道路。作为美国政府干涉别国内政、煽动分裂对抗的“马前卒”和“白手套”，美国国家民主基金会服务于美国战略利益，对中东国家进行了长期的渗透和颠覆活动，留下斑斑劣迹。该组织依赖白宫和美国国会的持续资金支持，遵照美国政府命令，通过向亲美个人和团体提供资助，在埃及、也门、约旦、阿尔及利亚、叙利亚、利比亚等国煽动颜色革命，是“阿拉伯之春”的重要幕后黑手。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13548.html
First, the United States subverted governments, interfered in other countries’ internal affairs, and infringed upon others’ sovereignty and human rights.
On one hand, after the end of the Cold War, in order to secure absolute dominance over the Middle East and other places, the United States launched wars against non-compliant sovereign countries in the region to directly push for regime change, and then forcibly transplanted “American democracy” and transformed regional countries’ systems and development paths. The most typical examples are its invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 and 2003 respectively to overthrow the governments it disliked.
On the other hand, the United States has long supported the infiltration of non-governmental organizations and proxies in the Middle East society, and repeatedly changed the development paths of the Middle East countries by means of “color revolution.”
As a “pawn” and “white glove” of the U.S. government in its bid to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs and instigate separatism and confrontation, the National Endowment for Democracy has served the strategic interests of the United States by carrying out long-term infiltration and subversion activities against Middle East countries. Its record has been notorious.
With continuous financial support from the White House and the U.S. Congress and by obeying orders from the U.S. government, the organization incited color revolutions in Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, Algeria, Syria, Libya and other countries by providing funding to pro-U.S. individuals and groups, and was the key mastermind of the “Arab Spring.”
美国试图通过改造地区国家，建立脆弱的、依附性政权，为其全球霸权服务。美国的强制“制度输出”，不仅带有深厚的霸权主义色彩，而且破坏了地区国家自主探索发展道路的努力，造成了一系列灾难性后果。美国对阿富汗、伊拉克、叙利亚、利比亚等国进行的“强制改造”，导致这些国家的政治秩序和社会稳定被打破，社会团结和国家凝聚力被摧毁。这种以武力推翻他国政权、干涉他国内政、强制输出所谓“民主”的行为，不仅违反禁止使用武力、不干涉内政等国际关系基本准则，而且严重侵犯了相关国家人民自主选择发展道路的权利和基本人权。
The United States attempts to transform regional countries and establish fragile, dependent regimes to serve its global hegemony. Its forced “institutional exports” with strong hegemonic undertones have crippled regional countries’ efforts to independently explore their development paths and caused a series of disastrous consequences. Its forced transformation of Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Libya, among many others, has disrupted political order, and destroyed social and national cohesion in these countries.
Such acts of toppling the governments of other countries by force, interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and forcible export of the so-called “democracy” not only violated the basic norms of international relations such as prohibiting the use of force and non-interference in internal affairs, but also seriously violated the rights of the people of the relevant countries to choose their own development paths as well as their basic human rights.
第二，滥施单边制裁，造成有关国家蒙受严重经济损失、民众生活质量下降。美国堪称全球唯一的“制裁超级大国”。根据美国财政部《2021年制裁评估报告》，截至2021财年，美国已生效的制裁措施累计达到9400多项。自1979年以来，美国就长期对伊朗等国实施各类单边制裁。1996年又抛出所谓“达马托法案”，禁止外国公司对伊朗、利比亚能源产业进行投资，实行危害极大、影响深远的“长臂管辖”。此后，美国对伊朗的制裁层层加码、步步升级。美国特朗普政府时期更是对伊朗实施制裁和“极限施压”，企图以压促变，颠覆伊朗政权。伊朗鲁哈尼总统执政期间表示，美国特朗普政府的制裁至少对伊朗造成2000亿美元的经济损失，“美国对伊朗的制裁是非人道的，是犯罪和恐怖主义行为”。1980年至1992年，美国就对利比亚实施单边制裁；1992年至2003年，美国又胁迫、拉拢盟友扩大对利比亚的单边制裁。世界银行指出，利比亚因制裁遭受的经济损失高达180亿美元，而利比亚官方认为，制裁使其损失了330亿美元。第一次海湾战争后，美国对伊拉克实施野蛮的单边制裁，造成严重后果。1990年8月至2003年5月，制裁造成伊拉克石油收入损失1500亿美元。时至今日，伊拉克的人均年收入都没有达到1990年的水平（7050美元）。此外，制裁还造成伊拉克严重的人道主义灾难，伊拉克的婴儿死亡率翻倍，五岁以下儿童死亡率增长了6倍。同时，伊拉克的教育、医疗、社会保障体系被毁，识字率从1987年的89%下降到1997年的57%。
Second, the United States has abused unilateral sanctions against sovereign countries, causing severe economic losses and a decline in the quality of life of the people in those countries. The United States is the only “sanctions superpower” in the world. According to the Treasury 2021 sanctions review, the United States has had more than 9,400 sanctions in effect by the 2021 fiscal year.
Since 1979, the United States has imposed various unilateral sanctions on Iran and other countries. In 1996, it issued the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996, forbidding foreign companies from investing in Iran’s and Libya’s energy industry, and implementing long-arm jurisdiction, which is gravely harmful and has had a far-reaching impact.
Since then, the United States has imposed more and more sanctions on Iran. The Trump administration exerted sanctions and maximum pressure on Iran in an attempt to effect change and overthrow the Iranian government. Former Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, while in office, said U.S. sanctions imposed by the Trump administration cost Iran at least 200 billion U.S. dollars in economic losses, describing U.S. sanctions as inhumane and a terrorist act against the entire Iranian nation.
From 1980 to 1992, the United States imposed unilateral sanctions on Libya, and from 1992 to 2003, it coerced and roped in its allies to expand the unilateral sanctions against Libya. The World Bank said the Libyan economy has lost 18 billion dollars due to sanctions, while an official Libyan estimate put the loss at 33 billion dollars.
After the first Gulf War, the United States imposed brutal unilateral sanctions on Iraq with severe consequences. From August 1990 to May 2003, sanctions cost Iraq 150 billion dollars in losses of oil revenues. To date, Iraq’s per capita annual income has fallen short of its 1990 level (7,050 dollars).
In addition, the sanctions have caused a serious humanitarian disaster in Iraq, with the infant mortality rate doubling and the under-five mortality rate increasing sevenfold. Meanwhile, Iraq’s education, health and social security systems were destroyed, and its literacy rate fell from 89 percent in 1987 to 57 percent in 1997.
美国2021年从阿富汗撤军后，不仅对阿富汗施加经济制裁，还将阿富汗中央银行数十亿美元外汇储备冻结，导致阿富汗经济处于崩溃的边缘，人民生活雪上加霜。世界粮食计划署官员指出，美国对阿富汗的经济制裁加剧了当地粮食危机，“98%的阿富汗人吃不饱饭，近一半5岁以下儿童将陷入严重营养不良状态”。然而，2022年2月11日，美国总统拜登签署行政令，要求将阿富汗中央银行约70亿美元的在美资产均分，一半作为赔偿“9·11”事件受害者的资金来源，另一半则转移至纽约联邦储备银行的一个账户，用于帮助“阿富汗人民”，同时明确表示这些资产不会交还塔利班政权。美国政府这种公开劫掠阿富汗人民财产的霸权行径受到国际社会的普遍谴责。美国塔夫茨大学教授德雷兹纳在《外交事务》杂志发表文章批评称，美国历届政府滥用经济胁迫和经济暴力手段，将制裁作为解决外交问题的首选方案，非但起不到效果，还造成人道主义灾难。美国针对中东等地有关国家政府施加的单边制裁，最终伤害的是这些国家的普通民众，严重损害了被制裁国家和民众的发展权。
After withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan in 2021, the United States has not only imposed economic sanctions on Afghanistan, but also froze billions of dollars of foreign exchange reserves of the Afghan central bank, bringing the Afghan economy to the brink of collapse and worsening the life of the people. World Food Program officials pointed out that the U.S. economic sanctions on Afghanistan has exacerbated the local food crisis, with 98 percent of Afghans not consuming enough food and nearly half of children under 5-year-old going to be in a state of severe malnutrition.
However, on Feb. 11, 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order demanding that the 7-billion-dollar frozen assets of the Afghan Central Bank in the United States be divided equally, with half of the money going to a fund for 9/11 victims and the other half to an account of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to “help the Afghan people,” while making clear that the assets would not be returned to the Taliban authorities. The U.S. government’s blatant plundering of the Afghan people’s properties, a hegemonic act, has been widely condemned by the international community.
In an article published in Foreign Affairs magazine, Daniel W. Drezner, a professor with Tufts University, criticized the abuse of economic coercion by successive U.S. governments. Sanctions have become the go-to solution for nearly every foreign policy problem, which do not work but exact a humanitarian toll.
The unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States against countries in the Middle East and elsewhere have ultimately hurt the ordinary people, and seriously undermined the right to development of the sanctioned countries and their people.
第三，制造人道主义危机，严重损害有关国家民众的生命健康权。美国发动的海湾战争和伊拉克战争及随后的暴力冲突，摧毁了伊拉克大量基础设施，国家公共服务能力极大下降，民众面临缺水少电、缺医少药等问题，首当其冲的受害者是穷人、儿童、寡妇、老人等最脆弱的群体。以卫生部门为例，海湾战争后，伊拉克医疗水平下降十分明显。1990年，伊拉克97%的城市人口和71%的农村人口能享受公共医疗服务。2003年伊拉克战争后，约2万名当地医生逃离，大量医疗设施在战火中被毁。由于美军轰炸对发电厂和水处理设施造成的破坏，患腹泻病的人数是战前的4倍。伊拉克第二大城市摩苏尔的13所医院中有9所被摧毁，180万人的城市可用病床仅有区区1000张。此外，美国发动伊拉克战争时，曾大量使用贫铀弹，给当地居民的健康造成巨大损害，严重侵犯了当地民众的健康权。
Third, the United States has created humanitarians crises, severely undermining the right to health of the people in related countries. The U.S.-initiated Gulf War, the Iraq war and subsequent violent conflicts have destroyed much of Iraq’s infrastructure, grossly reduced the capacity of the country’s public services, and the people are faced with a lack of water, electricity and medical care, with the poor, children, widows, the elderly and other most vulnerable groups suffering the most.
Take the health sector for example. After the Gulf War, the level of medical care in Iraq declined significantly. In 1990, 97 percent of Iraq’s urban population and 71 percent of its rural population had access to public health services. After the Iraq war in 2003, some 20,000 local doctors fled and many medical facilities were ruined in the fighting. As a result of the damage to power plants and water treatment facilities caused by U.S. bombings, the number of people suffering from diarrhoeal diseases was four times higher than pre-war level. In Mosul, Iraq’s second largest city, nine of its 13 hospitals were destroyed, leaving this city of 1.8 million people with a meager 1,000 hospital beds available.
In addition, when the United States launched the Iraq War, it used depleted uranium munitions in large quantities, causing enormous damage to the health of the local population and seriously violating their right to health.
美国政府无视新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延，依然顽固坚持对伊朗、叙利亚等国实施单边制裁，导致被制裁国家难以及时获得抗击疫情需要的医疗物资。联合国人权事务高级专员米歇尔·巴切莱特2020年指出，制裁会阻碍抗疫医疗合作，给所有人增加风险；无论是出于维护全球公共安全，还是为了维护被制裁国家数百万人的权利和生活，都应放松或暂停特殊领域的制裁。由于制裁，伊朗无法进口基本药物和医疗器材，严重影响数百万伊朗人的健康状况。伊朗政府为筹措抗疫资金向国际货币基金组织申请50亿美元的抗疫特别贷款，但受到美国阻挠。美国通过冻结伊朗海外资金、威胁疫苗供货方等方式阻碍伊朗进口新冠疫苗。2020年，伊朗称曾3次试图按照世卫组织的新冠疫苗实施计划（COVAX）付款购买疫苗，但均因美国的制裁和限制而无法付款。美国布鲁金斯学会分析估计，在伊朗疫情最严重时期，美国持续施加的制裁影响进一步加剧，可能导致多达1.3万人因此死亡。
Turning a blind eye to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government still insists on imposing unilateral sanctions on Iran, Syria and other countries, making it difficult for the sanctioned countries to obtain medical supplies needed to fight the pandemic.
In 2020, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said: “At this crucial time, both for global public health reasons, and to support the rights and lives of millions of people in these countries, sectoral sanctions should be eased or suspended. In a context of global pandemic, impeding medical efforts in one country heightens the risk for all of us.”
As a result of the sanctions, Iran has been unable to import essential medicines and medical equipment, which has seriously affected the health of millions of Iranians.
The Iranian government applied for a 5-billion-U.S.-dollar special loan from the IMF to raise funds against the COVID-19 pandemic, but was blocked by the United States. The United States has blocked Iran’s access to COVID-19 vaccines by freezing Iran’s overseas funds and threatening vaccine suppliers.
In 2020, Iran said it had tried three times to pay for vaccines under COVAX, the WHO’s COVID-19 Implementation Plan, but failed due to U.S. sanctions and restrictions.
According to an op-ed published by the Brookings Institute, rather than easing sanctions to help Iran manage the pandemic better, the United States piled on more sanctions. Had sanctions eased when the pandemic hit Iran, the article said, 13,000 lives could have been saved.
