坚定不移走中国人权发展道路 更好推动我国人权事业发展※文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
Steadfastly Following the Chinese Path to Promote Further Progress in Human Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
习近平文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
Xi Jinping文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
今天，中央政治局进行第三十七次集体学习，内容是中国人权发展道路。安排这次学习，目的是总结新时代我国人权理论和实践发展的成就，分析国际人权领域斗争形势，坚定不移走中国人权发展道路，更好推动我国人权事业发展。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
Today, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee is holding its 37th group study session, the focus of which is the Chinese path of advancing human rights. The goals of this session are to review our country’s human rights achievements, both theoretical and practical, in the new era, assess the international struggle in the sphere of human rights, and maintain steadfast commitment to the Chinese path to promote further progress in human rights.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/13782.html
呵护人的生命、价值、尊严，实现人人享有人权，是人类社会的共同追求。中华文化历来强调对人的尊重和关怀，孔子的“古之为政，爱人为大”，孟子的“为天下得人者谓之仁”，荀子的人“最为天下贵”，墨子的“兼相爱”，都强调人的自身价值。古人还说：“万物之中，以人为贵。”“济大事者，必以人为本。”“理天下者，以人为本。”在西方资产阶级革命时期，启蒙思想家提出“天赋人权”等观点，强调人人生而平等，有不可剥夺的权利，推动了英国、美国、法国等国的资产阶级革命。
It is the pursuit of all societies to protect the life, value, and dignity of every person and ensure their entitlement to human rights. Chinese culture has always stressed the importance of respecting and caring for others. From Confucius who declared that “benevolence has been the greatest priority of governance since ancient times” to Mencius who said, “Finding talents for the country is what benevolence is all about,” to Xunzi who believed that people were “most valuable” and Mozi who called on us to “love others as we do ourselves regardless of social status or wealth” – each of these great thinkers stressed the intrinsic value of the person. Our forebears also put forward other similar axioms: “Of all things in the world, people are most precious”; “To accomplish great feats, one must put the people first”; “In the matters of governance, the people should come first.” During the Western bourgeois revolution, the thinkers of the Enlightenment put forward the concept of “natural rights,” which holds that all men are created equal and possess inalienable rights, a concept that helped propel forward revolutions in Britain, America, France and other countries.
马克思、恩格斯对资产阶级人权理论的历史进步意义给予肯定，同时也对其否定人权的社会性、历史性、阶级性进行了彻底批判。马克思指出，“个体是社会存在物”，“权利决不能超出社会的经济结构以及由经济结构制约的社会的文化发展”。马克思、恩格斯强调，在资本主义社会里，“人已经不再是人的奴隶，而变成了物的奴隶”；“代替那存在着阶级和阶级对立的资产阶级旧社会的，将是这样一个联合体，在那里，每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”。
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels endorsed the historical value of the bourgeois theory of human rights, meanwhile they firmly refuted the theory’s denial of the social, historical, and class-based nature of human rights. “The individual,” Marx pointed out, “is a social being.” He also argued that “Right can never be higher than the economic structure of society and its cultural development conditioned thereby.” Marx and Engels made the point that in a capitalist society “man has ceased to be the slave of men and has become the slave of things.” They envisioned that “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.”
尊重和保障人权是中国共产党人的不懈追求。我们党自成立之日起就高举起“争民主、争人权”的旗帜，鲜明宣示了救国救民、争取人权的主张。党的百年奋斗史，贯穿着党团结带领人民为争取人权、尊重人权、保障人权、发展人权而进行的不懈努力。在新民主主义革命时期、社会主义革命和建设时期、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，我们党都牢牢把握为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的初心使命，领导人民取得了革命、建设、改革的伟大胜利，中国人民成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人，中国人民的生存权、发展权和其他各项基本权利保障不断向前推进。
For China’s Communists, ensuring respect and protection for human rights has been a relentless pursuit. On the day of its founding, the Communist Party of China (CPC) began its struggle for democracy and human rights, taking the clear stance that it would strive to save the nation and the people and wage a fight for human rights. Throughout its century-long history, the Party has united the people and led them in a tireless effort to fight for and to respect, protect, and advance human rights. Throughout the periods of the new-democratic revolution, socialist revolution and construction, and reform, opening up and socialist modernization, the CPC pursued its founding mission of seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation with steadfast commitment, and led the people to great victories in revolution, construction, and reform. The Chinese people became the masters of our country, our society and our future, and protection for their rights to subsistence and development, along with other basic rights, was continuously strengthened.
党的十八大以来，我们坚持把尊重和保障人权作为治国理政的一项重要工作，推动我国人权事业取得历史性成就。我们实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，全面建成小康社会，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，为我国人权事业发展打下了更为坚实的物质基础。我们不断发展全过程人民民主，推进人权法治保障，坚决维护社会公平正义，人民享有更加广泛、更加充分、更加全面的民主权利。我们推动实现更加充分、更高质量的就业，建成了世界上规模最大的教育体系、社会保障体系、医疗卫生体系，大力改善人民生活环境质量。我们坚持人民至上、生命至上，有力应对新冠肺炎疫情，最大限度保护了人民生命安全和身体健康。我们全面贯彻党的民族政策和宗教政策，坚持各民族一律平等，尊重群众宗教信仰，保障各族群众合法权益。我们深入推进司法体制改革，加强平安中国、法治中国建设，深入开展政法队伍教育整顿，全面开展扫黑除恶专项斗争，严厉打击各类违法犯罪，保持社会长期稳定，切实保护人民群众生命财产安全。我国是世界上唯一持续制定和实施四期国家人权行动计划的主要大国。我们积极参与全球人权治理，为世界人权事业发展作出了中国贡献、提供了中国方案。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, we have continued to regard respect and protection for human rights as a priority of national governance and have attained historic progress in advancing human rights. We accomplished the First Centenary Goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and brought about a historic resolution to the problem of absolute poverty to lay a more solid material foundation for advancing human rights. We have made ongoing efforts to develop whole-process people’s democracy, improved the legal protections for human rights, and firmly defended social fairness and justice, so that our people enjoy more extensive and substantive democratic rights.
We have promoted fuller and higher-quality employment, established the world’s largest education, social security and health care systems, and remarkably improved the living environment of our people. With a commitment to putting people and human life above all else, we have responded effectively to Covid-19 and protected the health and safety of the people to the greatest extent possible. We have fully implemented the Party’s policies on ethnic and religious affairs, ensuring that all ethnic groups in China are equal, respecting people’s religious beliefs, and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of people of all ethnic groups. We continued reform of the judicial system, launched the Peaceful China Initiative, strengthened the rule of law, carried out education and rectification campaigns among judicial, prosecuting and public security agencies in a bid to improve their conduct, and took resolute action against criminal gangs and organized crime, and illegal and criminal activities, to ensure lasting social stability and protect lives and property. China is the only major country in the world that has formulated and implemented four successive national human rights action plans. On the global stage, we have played an active part in governance on human rights and contributed Chinese approaches to advancing human rights worldwide.
在推进我国人权事业发展的实践中，我们把马克思主义人权观同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，总结我们党团结带领人民尊重和保障人权的成功经验，借鉴人类优秀文明成果，走出了一条顺应时代潮流、适合本国国情的人权发展道路。这条道路有以下主要特征。
In advancing the human rights cause, we have combined the Marxist outlook on human rights with China’s specific realities and the best of traditional Chinese culture, reviewed our Party’s successful experience of leading the people in respecting and protecting human rights, and learned from the outstanding achievements of other civilizations. This has allowed us to forge a path that is in keeping with the times and the conditions of China. This path has been primarily defined by the following features.
一是坚持中国共产党领导。全心全意为人民服务是我们党的根本宗旨。中国共产党领导和我国社会主义制度，决定了我国人权事业的社会主义性质，决定了我们能够保证人民当家作主，坚持平等共享人权，坚持以系统性思维谋划人权建设，推进各类人权全面发展，不断实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民根本利益。
First, upholding CPC leadership
The underlying purpose of our Party is to wholeheartedly serve the people. It is the CPC’s leadership and China’s socialist system which have determined the socialist nature of human rights in China and which have ensured that the people run the country, that human rights are enjoyed by all people on an equal basis, and that human rights development is based on a holistic approach. This has enabled us to promote the comprehensive development of all human rights and to better realize, safeguard, and advance the fundamental interests of the greatest majority of people.
二是坚持尊重人民主体地位。人民性是中国人权发展道路最显著的特征。人权不是一部分人或少数人享有的特权，而是广大人民群众享有的普惠性人权。我们保障人民民主权利，充分激发广大人民群众积极性、主动性、创造性，让人民成为人权事业发展的主要参与者、促进者、受益者，切实推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。
Second, respecting the principal position of the people
The most salient feature of human rights in China is the people-oriented nature. Human rights are not special privileges bestowed on some people or a small minority but universal rights to be enjoyed by all the people. We have safeguarded the people’s democratic rights, given full play to their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and ensured that in advancing human rights, the people are the main contributors, promoters, and beneficiaries. We have made concrete efforts to promote the well-rounded development of the individual and to achieve substantial progress in common prosperity.
三是坚持从我国实际出发。各国人权发展道路必须根据各自国情和本国人民愿望来决定。我们把人权普遍性原则同中国实际结合起来，从我国国情和人民要求出发推动人权事业发展，确保人民依法享有广泛充分、真实具体、有效管用的人权。
Third, proceeding from China’s realities
Efforts to advance human rights in any country must conform to national conditions and the popular will. Grounding the universality of human rights within the Chinese context, we have promoted human rights based on our country’s conditions and the needs of our people. This has guaranteed that as stipulated by law, people enjoy a full range of human rights that are genuine, specific, effective, and functional.
四是坚持以生存权、发展权为首要的基本人权。生存是享有一切人权的基础，人民幸福生活是最大的人权。我们完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，着力解决人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，着力解决发展不平衡不充分问题，努力实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展，在发展中使广大人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感更加充实、更有保障、更可持续。
Fourth, focusing on basic human rights, primarily the rights to subsistence and development
Subsistence is the foundation of all human rights. Living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. We have applied the new development philosophy in full and to the letter in every field, pursued a people-centered development approach, and upheld the principle that development is for the people and by the people and that its fruits should be shared by the people. We have striven to resolve the most pressing and immediate problems of the greatest concern to the people, made every effort to address the imbalances and inadequacies in development, and worked to achieve higher-quality development that is more efficient, equitable, sustainable, and secure, so as to give people a stronger, more assured, and more sustainable sense of gain, fulfillment, and security.
五是坚持依法保障人权。法治是人权最有效的保障。我们坚持法律面前人人平等，把尊重和保障人权贯穿立法、执法、司法、守法各个环节，加快完善体现权利公平、机会公平、规则公平的法律制度，保障公民人身权、财产权、人格权，保障公民参与民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督等基本政治权利，保障公民经济、文化、社会、环境等各方面权利，不断提升人权法治化保障水平。
Fifth, protecting human rights according to the law
The rule of law is the most effective guarantee for human rights. Ensuring that everyone is equal before the law, we have applied the principle of respect and protection for human rights throughout the processes of lawmaking, law enforcement, justice administration, and observance of the law, and worked faster to improve laws and regulations so as to ensure equity of rights, opportunities, and rules. We have protected citizens’ personal rights, property rights, and right to dignity, their basic political rights to participate in democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, management, and oversight, and their economic, cultural, social, environmental, and other rights. With these efforts, the legal protections for human rights have consistently become stronger.
六是坚持积极参与全球人权治理。发展人权是全人类共同的事业。人权保障没有最好，只有更好。各国都有权利自主选择人权发展道路，不同文明、不同国家应该相互尊重、相互包容、相互交流、相互借鉴。我们弘扬全人类共同价值，践行真正多边主义，积极参与包括人权在内的全球治理体系改革和建设，推动构建人类命运共同体。
Sixth, taking an active part in global governance on human rights
The advancement of human rights is a common undertaking of all humanity. In protecting human rights, all of us can always do better. Each country is entitled to choose its own approach to promoting human rights, and different civilizations and countries should operate on the basis of mutual respect, inclusiveness, exchange, and mutual learning in this regard. We have championed the common values of humanity, practiced multilateralism in the real sense, participated in reforming and developing the global governance system on issues including human rights, and contributed to building a global community of shared future.
以上6条，既是中国人权发展的主要特征，又是我们在推进我国人权事业实践中取得的宝贵经验，要结合新的实践不断坚持好、发展好。
These six points are both features that define human rights development in China and the precious experience that we have gained from our long-term efforts to advance human rights. We should work to both uphold and further build on these by integrating them into new practices in future.
民主不是装饰品，不是用来做摆设的。人权也不是装饰品，也不是用来做摆设的。近年来，一些西方国家陷入政党恶斗、政府失信、社会失序、疫情失控的困境，政治极化、贫富分化、族群对立不断加剧，种族主义、民粹主义、排外主义大行其道，人权问题日益凸显。但是，他们还打着所谓“普世人权”、“人权高于主权”等旗号，在世界上强行推广西方民主人权观念和制度，利用人权问题大肆干涉他国内政，结果导致一些国家战乱频发、社会长期动荡、人民流离失所。
Just as democracy is not an ornament to be used for decoration, neither are human rights. In recent years, some Western countries have been bogged down by conflict between political parties, government dishonesty, social disorder, and epidemics that have spiraled out of control. Political polarization, wealth disparities, and racial tensions have all intensified, while racism, populism, and xenophobia have become rife, thus bringing human rights issues to the fore. Yet, these countries still use slogans like “universal human rights” and “human rights over sovereignty” as a pretext for forcing Western conceptions and systems of democracy and human rights on others and for meddling in the internal affairs of other countries. This has only served to cause recurrent military conflict, ongoing unrest, and the displacement of many from their homes in a number of countries.
现在，我国开启了全面建设社会主义现代化国家、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的新征程。我们要统筹国内国际两个大局，深刻认识做好人权工作的重要性和紧迫性，更加重视尊重和保障人权，推动我国人权事业健康发展。要重点抓好以下几方面工作。
Here at home, we are now embarking on a new journey toward the Second Centenary Goal of building a modern socialist country.
Taking into account both domestic and international imperatives, we must fully recognize the importance and urgency of work related to human rights, attach greater importance to respecting and protecting human rights, and promote the sound development of China’s human rights cause. To this end, we should focus on the following tasks.
第一，促进人权事业全面发展。我说过，“实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的过程，本质上就是实现社会公平正义和不断推动人权事业发展的进程”。要坚持中国人权发展道路，顺应人民对高品质美好生活的期待，不断满足人民日益增长的多方面的权利需求，统筹推进经济发展、民主法治、思想文化、公平正义、社会治理、环境保护等建设，全面做好就业、收入分配、教育、社保、医疗、住房、养老、扶幼等各方面工作，在物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展中全方位提升各项人权保障水平。
First, we should promote comprehensive advancement of human rights.
As I once remarked, “The process of the Chinese people striving to realize the Chinese dream of national rejuvenation is essentially one of realizing social fairness and justice and constantly advancing the cause of human rights.” We must continue to follow the Chinese approach to advancing human rights, adapt to the people’s new expectations for a better and higher-quality life, and continue to meet their growing demands for rights in all respects. We should promote coordinated development of the economy, democracy, the rule of law, thought and culture, fairness and justice, social governance, and environmental protection; comprehensively advance initiatives in areas including employment, income distribution, education, social security, health care, housing, elderly care, and support for minors. We will strengthen human rights protection in the process of advancing material, political, cultural, ethical, social and eco-environmental progress.
第二，加强人权法治保障。当前，我国人权法治保障还存在不少短板。要深化法治领域改革，健全人权法治保障机制，实现尊重和保障人权在立法、执法、司法、守法全链条、全过程、全方位覆盖，让人民群众在每一项法律制度、每一个执法决定、每一宗司法案件中都感受到公平正义。要系统研究谋划和解决法治领域人民群众反映强烈的突出问题，依法公正对待人民群众的诉求，坚决杜绝因司法不公而造成伤害人民群众感情、损害人民群众权益的事情发生。对一切侵犯群众合法权利的行为，对一切在侵犯群众权益问题上漠然置之、不闻不问的现象，都必须依纪依法严肃查处、坚决追责。
Second, we should strengthen legal protection for human rights.
At present, there are still many shortcomings in our legal system with respect to protecting human rights. We will strengthen legal protection for human rights and further the reform of related legal institutions. We will provide legal guarantees that cover the whole process, every link and every dimension of human rights protection, including legislation, judicature, enforcement and observance of the law, so that the people can see that justice is served in every law, every law enforcement action, and every judicial case.
We will systematically address legal issues of major concern to the public, handle their appeals equitably in accordance with the law, and eliminate acts of judicial injustice that fail the people and damage their interests. We will, in strict accordance with the law and Party discipline, investigate and punish any act infringing upon the legitimate rights of the people, and any act against public interests, and hold the perpetrators accountable.
第三，弘扬正确人权观。要通过多种形式、多种渠道、多种场合广泛开展人权宣传和知识普及，在全社会营造尊重和保障人权的良好氛围。要在全体人民特别是广大青少年中开展人权知识教育，把马克思主义人权观、当代中国人权观教育纳入国民教育体系。要加强对公职人员特别是基层公务人员，如公安、法院、检察、民政、社保、卫健、税务、市场监管等部门人员的人权知识培训。要发挥群团组织优势，促进妇女儿童、老年人、残疾人等特定群体权益更有保障。要依托我国人权事业发展的生动实践，提炼原创性概念，发展我国人权学科体系、学术体系、话语体系。要加强人权智库和人权研究基地建设，着力培养一批理论扎实、学术精湛、熟悉国际规则、会讲中国人权故事的高端人权专家。
Third, we should advocate the right outlook on human rights.
We should extensively publicize human rights and improve public knowledge of this issue through diverse formats, avenues, and forums, with a view to fostering a society-wide culture of respecting and protecting human rights. We should carry out public education campaigns with a focus on young people, and incorporate the Marxist outlook and the contemporary Chinese perspective on human rights into the national education system. We should strengthen training in human rights for public servants, especially those who work at the primary-level public security agencies, courts, procuratorates, and departments for civil affairs, social security, health, taxation, and market supervision. People’s organizations and social organizations should leverage their strengths to enhance protection for the rights and interests of specific groups such as women, children, older people, and those with disabilities. Drawing on China’s rich experience of advancing human rights, we should formulate new concepts and develop systems of academic discipline, research and discourse. We should strengthen the development of think tanks and research centers on human rights, and train a contingent of high-level experts in this area with solid theoretical grounding, strong expertise in research, rich knowledge of international rules, and good aptitude for international communication on China’s human rights progress.
第四，积极推动全球人权治理。“德之所在，天下归之”，“义之所在，天下赴之”。我们要弘扬全人类共同价值，坚持平等互信、包容互鉴、合作共赢、共同发展的理念，推动全球人权治理朝着更加公平、公正、合理、包容的方向发展。要积极参与联合国人权事务，广泛同各国特别是发展中国家开展国际人权交流合作，发挥建设性作用。要充分发挥中国人权研究会、中国人权发展基金会等的作用，增强对联合国等多边人权机构的影响力。
Fourth, we should actively advance global governance on human rights.
I am reminded of the ancient Chinese saying: “Where true virtue is found, the people pledge their support”; “Where righteousness reigns, the people give their allegiance.” We must carry forward the shared values of humanity, remain true to the principles of equality, mutual trust, inclusiveness, mutual learning, win-win cooperation, and common development, and strive for greater fairness, justice, reason, and inclusivity in global governance on human rights. We should play an active role in human rights affairs at the UN, carry out extensive exchanges and cooperation on human rights with other countries, particularly developing countries, and play a constructive role. We should give full play to the role of the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the China Foundation for Human Rights Development, and work to have greater influence in multilateral human rights organizations such as the UN.
第五，积极开展国际人权斗争。人权是历史的、具体的、现实的，不能脱离不同国家的社会政治条件和历史文化传统空谈人权。评价一个国家是否有人权，不能以别的国家的标准来衡量，更不能搞双重标准，甚至把人权当作干涉别国内政的政治工具。要把握战略主动。要着力讲好中国人权故事，运用形象化、具体化的表达方式，增强当代中国人权观的吸引力、感染力、影响力。要最大限度凝聚国际人权共识，占据人权道义制高点。要指导海外中国企业增强人权意识和自信，有效应对一些西方国家策划的人权滥诉。
Fifth, we should actively stand our ground on the international stage.
Human rights are concrete, rooted in history, and based on current realities. We cannot mouth empty words on human rights regardless of the social and political conditions and the historical and cultural traditions of a country. In evaluating the status of human rights in a given country, one cannot apply the standards of other countries. Adopting double standards or using human rights as a political tool to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries is even more unacceptable.
Taking the strategic initiative, we should work hard to tell China’s story of advancing human rights, using vivid and concrete examples, and present our outlook on human rights in a more engaging way that will influence more people. We should seek to build international consensus on human rights to the greatest extent possible and retain the moral high ground. We should encourage Chinese enterprises overseas to heighten both their awareness and confidence with regard to human rights and to respond effectively to human rights lawsuits being manufactured by some Western countries.
各级党委（党组）要担负起推动我国人权事业发展的历史责任，加强组织领导，主动担当作为，切实把国家人权行动计划落实好。各级干部特别是领导干部要自觉学习马克思主义人权观、当代中国人权观，提高认识，增强自信，主动做好尊重和保障人权各项工作。各地区各部门各行业要增强尊重和保障人权意识，形成推动我国人权事业发展的合力。
Party committees and Party leadership groups at every level should shoulder their historical responsibility for promoting human rights, strengthen organization and leadership, demonstrate good initiative, and ensure full implementation of China’s National Human Rights Action Plan. Officials at all levels, particularly leading officials, should study the Marxist outlook and the contemporary Chinese perspective on human rights, build understanding and confidence, and do an even better job of respecting and protecting human rights. All regions, departments, and sectors should strengthen awareness of respecting and protecting human rights and work to generate synergy for advancing China’s human rights cause.
※这是习近平总书记2022年2月25日在十九届中央政治局第三十七次集体学习时的讲话。
(This speech was delivered at the 37th group study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee on February 25, 2022.)
