美国枪支暴力泛滥的事实真相文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
Gun Violence in the United States: Truth and Facts文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
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2023年2月文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
February 2023文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
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目录文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
Contents文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
引言文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
Introduction
一、美国社会枪支暴力蔓延
I. The Surge of Gun Violence in the United States
二、美国枪支管控举步维艰
II. Gun Control: An Uphill Battle in the United States
三、枪支暴力问题凸显美国治理能力衰败
III. Gun Violence Lays Bare the Decline of U.S. Governance Capacity
结束语
Conclusion
引言
Introduction
美国的枪支暴力由来已久，同枪支文化、个人权利、利益集团、党派政治等诸多问题纠葛在一起，长期困扰美国社会，严重侵犯民众生命权，成为美国社会中难以抹去的人权污点。
Gun violence is a chronic disease in the United States. With its interplay with gun culture, individual rights, interest groups and partisan politics, it has long plagued American society and gravely violated people’s right to life, leaving an indelible stain on the country’s human rights record.
本报告旨在通过列举事实和数据，揭示美国枪支暴力的严重状况以及长期得不到解决的政治和社会原因。
Through facts and figures, this report sheds light on the alarming state of gun violence in the United States and the political and social causes of this entrenched problem.
一、美国社会枪支暴力蔓延
I. The Surge of Gun Violence in the United States
枪支暴力是美国最严重的社会问题之一，影响远远超出受害者本人及其家庭，波及整个社会和国家，除造成人员伤亡和治安问题之外，还给美国带来巨大经济损失和社会心理创伤。
Gun violence is one of the acutest social problems in the United States, with ramifications not only for the victims and their families, but also for the entire society and country. In addition to the casualties caused and the threat to public security, it has also resulted in enormous economic losses and social trauma for the nation.
美国是世界上民间拥有枪支最多的国家。美国人口占全球人口不到5%，但民间拥枪数却占全球的46%。据瑞士“小型武器调查”项目（Small Arms Survey）评估，全球民间持有枪支从2006年的6.5亿增加到2017年的8.57亿，很大程度上归因于美国民间拥枪数大幅上升。2017年，美国私人拥有枪支约3.933亿支，而当时美国人口不到3.265亿人，平均每100人约拥有120.5支枪。而位居第二的是处于战乱之中的也门，每100人拥枪数为52.8支。无论是私人拥枪总数，还是人均拥枪数量，美国都高居世界第一，但登记注册的私人拥枪数却只有107万支左右，绝大多数枪支处于未经登记注册而散佚于民间的状态。
The United States is the country with the most civilian-held firearms. With less than 5 percent of the world’s population, it accounts for 46 percent of global civilian gun ownership. As estimated by the Small Arms Survey in Switzerland, the global stockpile of civilian-held firearms has increased from 650 million in 2006 to 857 million in 2017, largely attributable to soaring figures in the United States. In 2017, about 393.3 million guns were privately owned in the United States at a time when its population was less than 326.5 million. This amounts to 120.5 firearms for every 100 people. The second-ranked country was war-torn Yemen, with 52.8 guns per 100 people. While the United States ranks first in the world in terms of both individual gun ownership and the number of guns per capita, only about 1.07 million civilian guns are registered, indicating that the vast majority of firearms owned by civilians are left unregistered and uncounted.
美国烟酒火器和爆炸物管理局最新研究显示，美国正处于一场大规模的枪支购买热潮中，且丝毫没有减弱迹象。从2000年到2020年，美国枪支年产量几乎增长两倍，过去三年中更是急剧增长。2020年以来，新冠肺炎疫情带来更多社会问题，“黑人的命也是命”抗议活动引发系列抢劫和骚乱，加剧了社会不安全感，用于防身的半自动手枪需求大幅上升，枪支销量以创纪录的速度飙升。据美国全国射击运动基金会统计，2020年美国进行了2100万次枪支销售审查，比2019年提高60%，创下历史最高纪录，比此前最多的2016年增加530万次。数以百万计的美国人突然间第一次拥有枪支，带来大量安全问题。
A latest study by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) reveals that the United States is in the midst of a massive gun-buying boom that shows no signs of abating. From 2000 to 2020, annual production of firearms in the country almost tripled, with a dramatic increase in the past three years in particular. Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about more social problems. The “Black Lives Matter (BLM)” movement sparked a series of looting and riots, aggravating social insecurity. As a result, demand for semi-automatic pistols for self-protection surged and gun sales soared at a record pace. According to the U.S. National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), the United States conducted 21 million background checks for gun purchases in 2020, a 60 percent increase from 2019 and a record high, surpassing the previous record in 2016 by 5.3 million. The sudden first-time gun ownership by millions of Americans has inevitably given rise to considerable security threats.
私人拥有大量枪支引发接连不断的暴力事件，社会安全问题更加严重。有美国学者指出，美国在一周时间内因枪支死亡的人数可能超过整个西欧一年因枪支死亡的人数。而在新冠疫情期间，美国的持枪杀人率达到1994年以来的最高水平。吉福兹法律中心调查显示，2021年全美最大50个城市中有32个城市枪击谋杀案显著上升。《卫报》2021年10月报道，美国每16小时就有一位女性被伴侣射杀。美国疾病控制和预防中心数据显示，2018至2021年，枪支泛滥不仅造成全美谋杀案激增，而且导致更多精神疾病患者自杀。枪支暴力档案数据显示，2014年，枪支造成的伤亡人数为34,231人，而到2021年，伤亡人数升至85,584人。2015至2019年发生的近9.5万起杀人案中，约74%使用了枪支。2020年美国与枪支有关的死亡人数达45,222人，平均每天124人。枪支伤害是美国1至44岁人群的五大死因之一。
Individual ownership of a large number of guns has triggered incessant violence, putting social security in the United States at greater risk. As pointed out by some American scholars, gun-related deaths in the United States in one week may exceed those in the whole Western Europe in one year. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the firearm homicide rate in the United States reached its highest level since 1994. According to a survey by the Giffords Law Center, 32 of the country’s 50 largest cities witnessed a prominent increase in firearm homicides in 2021. The Guardian reported in October 2021 that every 16 hours, a woman is fatally shot by her partner in the United States. According to data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 2018 to 2021, the proliferation of guns not only resulted in a spike in homicides across the country, but also led to more suicides by people with mental illnesses. According to the Gun Violence Archive (GVA), gun-related casualties surged to 85,584 in 2021 from 34,231 in 2014. Among the nearly 95,000 homicides between 2015 and 2019, about 74 percent were committed with firearms. In 2020, firearm-related deaths reached 45,222, an average of 124 per day. Firearm injuries are one of the top five causes of death for people aged 1 to 44 in the country.
美国近年大规模枪击事件频发，死伤惨重，令人触目惊心。依照美国的标准，大规模枪击事件指除犯罪嫌疑人和行凶者外，造成4人以上伤亡的枪支暴力事件。枪支暴力档案数据显示，2013年以来，美国大规模枪击事件和死亡人数均增长近3倍。2019年，美国发生417起大规模枪击案，2020年611起，2021年692起。截至2022年5月底，美国34州和首都华盛顿发生213起大规模枪击案，242人死亡，912人受伤，比2017年同期增加了50%，比2013年同期增加了150%。2022年7月4日美国“独立日”当天，在芝加哥北郊海兰帕克市，一名21岁白人男子自屋顶对参加“独立日”游行的人群扫射，连开50余枪，造成至少7人死亡、30余人受伤。2023年1月21日和23日，加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县蒙特雷帕克市和旧金山湾区半月湾分别发生严重枪击事件，造成17人遇难、11人受伤。
Recent years have witnessed frequent mass shootings in the United States, causing alarmingly high casualties. By American standards, a mass shooting is defined as an incident of gun violence in which four or more people are injured or killed, excluding the suspect or the gunman. According to GVA data, both mass shootings and deaths in the United States have surged about fourfold since 2013. There were 417 mass shootings in the country in 2019, 611 in 2020, and 692 in 2021. In 2022, there were 213 mass shootings reported in 34 states and the capital Washington, D.C. by the end of May, with 242 killed and 912 wounded, a 50 percent increase over the same period in 2017 and a 150 percent increase over the same period in 2013. On July 4, 2022, Independence Day of the United States, a 21-year-old white man fired more than 50 shots from a rooftop at a parade in Highland Park, a suburb north of Chicago, killing at least seven people and injuring more than 30. On Jan. 21 and 23, 2023, tragic shootings occurred in Monterey Park of Los Angeles County, California and Half Moon Bay in northern California, killing 17 and injuring 11.
多年来，美国接连不断发生大规模校园枪击事件，给社会带来巨大伤痛。1999年4月发生在科罗拉多州哥伦拜恩高中的枪击事件，造成13人死亡，20余人受伤。2007年4月，弗吉尼亚理工学院发生枪击案，造成32名师生死亡。据枪支暴力档案记录，过去10年，美国共发生大规模校园枪击案27起，其中最致命的包括：2012年12月，康涅狄格州桑迪胡克小学枪击案，26人死亡，包括20名6至7岁儿童。2015年10月，俄勒冈州罗斯堡安普夸社区学院枪击案，10人死亡。2018年2月，佛罗里达州帕克兰马乔里·斯通曼·道格拉斯高中枪击案，14名学生和3名教职员工死亡，另有17人受伤。2018年5月，休斯敦圣达菲高中枪击案，10人死亡。2022年5月，18岁男子持枪攻击得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪市罗布小学，造成包括19名学童在内的21人死亡。这是美国2022年以来第27起，也是近年最严重的校园枪击案。
The United States has seen repeated mass school shootings for many years, causing serious trauma to the American society. The mass shooting at the Columbine High School in Colorado in April 1999 killed 13 people and left more than 20 injured. In April 2007, the shooting at Virginia Tech resulted in the death of 32 students and faculty members. GVA data show that, over the past decade, 27 mass school shootings took place in the United States. The deadliest shootings among them are: December 2012, Connecticut, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, 26 killed including 20 children aged six to seven; October 2015, Roseburg, Oregon, Umpqua Community College shooting, 10 killed; February 2018, Parkland, Florida, Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, 17 killed (14 students and 3 faculty members) and 17 injured; May 2018, Houston, Santa Fe High School shooting, 10 killed. In May 2022, an 18-year-old gunman entered the Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, and killed 21 people including 19 children. This last incident was the 27th school shooting in the United States in 2022. It was also one of the worst in recent years.
枪支暴力还造成巨额经济损失。支持控枪的布雷迪组织认为，枪支暴力每年给美国造成的经济损失至少达2290亿美元。2022年5月得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪市小学枪击案发生后，200多位商界领导人联名致函联邦参议院，要求采取紧急行动制止枪支暴力。信中指出，“枪支暴力每年给美国纳税人、雇主和社区造成2800亿美元的惊人损失。”
Gun violence also inflicts huge economic losses. According to Brady, an organization that advocates gun control, gun violence costs the U.S. economy at least 229 billion U.S. dollars each year. In May 2022, in the wake of the shooting at the Robb Elementary School in Uvalde County, Texas, over 200 CEOs co-signed a letter urging the U.S. Senate to take immediate actions to address gun violence. In the letter, it was stated that “gun violence costs American taxpayers, employers and communities a staggering 280 billion U.S. dollars per year”.
枪支暴力给美国民众生活带来巨大影响。芝加哥大学哈里斯公共政策学院和美联社公共事务研究中心民调显示，21%的美国成年人曾经历过枪支暴力，包括本人或亲友被枪支威胁、成为枪支案受害者等，有类似经历的黑人比例更高达54%。美联社报道称，美国心理协会调查显示，三分之一的美国民众去哪儿都担心成为大规模枪击事件的受害者，近四分之一的民众承认为躲避大规模枪击事件而改变了生活方式。
Gun violence has also taken a toll on the everyday life of the American people. A poll conducted by the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy and the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found that 21 percent of American adults have experienced gun violence in which their relatives, friends or themselves have been threatened with a gun or have fallen victim to a shooting. As many as 54 percent of black and Hispanic Americans say that they have had similar experience. The Associated Press reported a survey by the American Psychological Association (APA), which shows that one-third of American adults feel they cannot go anywhere without worrying about being a victim of a mass shooting, and nearly a quarter of them admit that they have changed their behavior due to fear of mass shootings.
