三、枪支暴力问题凸显美国治理能力衰败
III. Gun Violence Lays Bare the Decline of U.S. Governance Capacity文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
相互掣肘的政治体制、日益极化的政治生态、无孔不入的利益集团、难以根除的种族歧视，使美国枪支管控举步维艰，全面禁枪几乎成为一项“不可能完成的任务”。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
Given a political system where different sides hold each other back, an increasingly polarized political ecosystem, pervasive interest groups and ineradicable racial discrimination, gun control in the United States is in stalemate, and a total ban on guns is effectively a mission impossible.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
美国政治制度的设计与运作是枪支管控不力的深层根源，各州关于枪支管控的规定松紧不一，枪支管控和跨州执法愈发困难。控枪组织“每个城镇支持枪支安全”对比了全美各地的枪支政策，给每个州控枪立法的力度评分，将其与枪支暴力发生率进行对比，发现控枪不力和枪支案发生率呈正向关联：加利福尼亚、夏威夷等8个州枪支法律相对完备，枪支案发生率整体较低，而在得克萨斯、阿拉斯加、密苏里等枪支管控最薄弱的13个州，枪击死亡人数几乎是上述8州的三倍。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
How the U.S. political system is designed and operates constitutes the root cause of ineffective gun control. Gun control intensity varies across different states, making it increasingly difficult to regulate guns and perform interstate enforcement. Everytown for Gun Safety, a gun control group, compared gun policies across the country, rating every state on the strength of its gun laws and comparing it with its gun violence occurrence. A positive correlation was found between ineffective gun control and gun violence rate. Eight states, including California and Hawaii, with comparatively well-established gun laws saw relatively low gun violence rates, while the 13 states with the weakest gun control, including Texas, Alaska and Missouri, have nearly three times as many gun deaths as the eight states mentioned above.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14210.html
民主共和两党在控枪问题上的立场日益两极化。1968年，国会众议院以305票对118票、参议院以70票对17票通过《枪支管控法》。此后，两党在枪支管控问题上的分歧日益严重。共和党一贯支持民众拥枪，而民主党则鲜明支持控枪。在当前美国政治极化背景下，双方更难妥协。《纽约时报》报道，桑迪胡克枪击案以来，尽管民主党推动控枪，而共和党控制的14个州却背道而驰，通过法律允许其公民不经任何许可程序就可携带枪支。《华盛顿邮报》报道，近年共和党为提升选情，大肆在报刊、广告牌和社交媒体上使用带有枪支的图文视频，以吸引反对控枪的选民。
Positions of Democrats and Republicans on gun control are becoming increasingly polarized. In 1968, the House voted 305-118 and the Senate 70-17 to pass the Gun Control Act. Since then, the two parties have been increasingly divergent over gun control. Republicans have always supported gun ownership, while Democrats have unequivocally supported gun control. Given the polarized U.S. political landscape at present, it is even more difficult for either party to compromise. The New York Times reported that since the mass shooting at Sandy Hook, despite a Democratic push for gun control, 14 Republican-controlled states have gone the opposite way, passing laws allowing their citizens to carry guns without any licensing process. The Washington Post reported that in recent years, the Republican Party has posted a myriad of pictures and videos containing guns in newspapers, billboards and social media to appeal to voters who oppose gun control for campaigning purposes.
利益集团游说大行其道。美国的集团政治和选举政治为拥枪团体提供了合法渠道，使其能大搞金钱政治，影响国会议员在枪支问题上的立场。据OpenSecrets统计，1990年至2022年，拥枪团体捐助6930万美元给联邦和各州候选人，而控枪组织则捐助5160万美元。1998至2022年，拥枪团体花费1.904亿美元用于游说，而控枪组织则花费2890万美元用于游说。在第117届国会中，曾获美国全国步枪协会资助的议员多达262位，而累计获得资助超过100万美元的有19位，绝大多数是共和党议员。同时，该协会还投入大量资金反对支持控枪的议员，其中投入上百万美元反对的5名议员全部是民主党议员。
Interest group lobbying is rampant. Group politics and electoral politics in the United States have provided legalized channels for gun groups to conduct money politics and influence the stance of Congress members on guns. According to OpenSecrets statistics, from 1990 to 2022, gun ownership groups contributed 69.3 million U.S. dollars to federal and state candidates, while gun control groups contributed 51.6 million U.S. dollars. From 1998 to 2022, gun ownership groups spent 190.4 million U.S. dollars on lobbying, while gun control groups spent 28.9 million U.S. dollars. In the 117th Congress, 262 members have been sponsored by the NRA, among which 19 have each received more than 1 million U.S. dollars cumulatively. The vast majority of them are Republicans. Meanwhile, the NRA has spent handsomely against pro-gun control lawmakers. All five of the lawmakers whom the association has paid millions of dollars to oppose are Democrats.
社会不平等、种族矛盾等美国长期存在的社会问题加剧枪支暴力。研究表明，黑人遭遇枪支谋杀的概率远高于白人，半数的枪支谋杀案受害者是黑人。2010年，每10万黑人中有14.6人被谋杀，而白人为1.9人。据美国疾病控制与预防中心研究，2019年至2020年，全美枪支杀人案从14,392起升至19,350起，发生率从每10万人4.6起升至6.1起，增长34.6%。2020年至2021年共计90,498起枪击死亡案中，38,796起属谋杀案，而涉及黑人年轻男性的近2.1万起。
Gun violence is exacerbated by long-standing social problems in the United States such as social inequality and racial tensions. Research shows that blacks are much more likely to encounter gun murder than whites, and half of all gun murder victims are black. In 2010, 14.6 out of 100,000 blacks were murdered, compared with 1.9 for whites. According to research by the CDC, between 2019 and 2020, gun homicides nationwide rose from 14,392 to 19,350, with the occurrence rate up from 4.6 to 6.1 per 100,000 people, a 34.6 percent increase. Of the 90,498 gun-related deaths in 2020 and 2021, 38,796 were murders, among which nearly 21,000 involved young black males.
结束语
Conclusion
生命权是最大的人权。美国《独立宣言》开宗明义指出，生命、自由和追求幸福的权利不可剥夺。一声声枪响，击碎了所谓“人人得享不可剥夺的生存与自由”的美国梦，也让人们不得不对美式人权到底在哪里进行深刻反思。美国一些政客长期漠视本国民众生命权，面对日益严重的枪支泛滥问题，却仍在夸夸其谈、旷日持久的辩论中无所作为，并对他国人权指手画脚。他们最应该并有责任做的是正视并解决自身问题，让美国人民真正拥有免于枪支暴力恐惧的自由。
The right to life is the biggest human right. The Declaration of Independence begins with the statement that life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are unalienable rights. One gunshot after another have shattered the American Dream that all men are endowed with the unalienable rights to life and liberty, and lead people to reflect deeply on where the American-style human rights really are. Some U.S. politicians have long treated the American people’s right to life with indifference. Faced with growing gun proliferation, they have done nothing more than empty talks and prolonged debates, while pointing fingers at the human rights conditions of other countries. The most important thing that they are duty-bound to do is face up to and address their own problems, and let the American people enjoy true freedom from the fear of gun violence.
