二、穷兵黩武的军事霸权
II. Military Hegemony – Wanton Use of Force文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
美国的历史，充斥着暴力和扩张。1776年独立以来美国动用武力不断扩张，屠杀印第安人，入侵加拿大，发动美墨战争，策动美西战争，吞并夏威夷。第二次世界大战后，挑起或发动朝鲜战争、越南战争、海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争、伊拉克战争、利比亚战争、叙利亚战争，用军事霸权为扩张开路。近年年均军事预算7000多亿美元，占世界军费总支出的40%，超过第2名到第16名国家的总和。美国目前在海外有约800个军事基地，在159个国家驻扎了17.3万人的军队。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
The history of the United States is characterized by violence and expansion. Since it gained independence in 1776, the United States has constantly sought expansion by force: it slaughtered Indians, invaded Canada, waged a war against Mexico, instigated the American-Spanish War, and annexed Hawaii. After World War II, the wars either provoked or launched by the United States included the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, the Libyan War and the Syrian War, abusing its military hegemony to pave the way for expansionist objectives. In recent years, the U.S. average annual military budget has exceeded 700 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 40 percent of the world’s total, more than the 15 countries behind it combined. The United States has about 800 overseas military bases, with 173,000 troops deployed in 159 countries.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
《美国侵略：我们是如何入侵或军事干预地球上几乎每一个国家的》一书指出，在联合国承认的190多个国家中，只有3个国家没与美国打过仗或受其军事干预。这3个国家能够“幸免于难”，是因为美国没有在地图上发现它们。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
According to the book America Invades: How We’ve Invaded or been Militarily Involved with almost Every Country on Earth, the United States has fought or been militarily involved with almost all the 190-odd countries recognized by the United Nations with only three exceptions. The three countries were “spared” because the United States did not find them on the map.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
正如美国前总统卡特所言，美国无疑是世界上最好战的国家。塔夫茨大学研究报告《军事干预项目：1776年至2019年美国军事干预的新数据集》显示，1776年至2019年，美国在全球进行了近400次军事干预，34%针对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，23%针对东亚和太平洋地区，14%针对中东和北非地区，13%针对欧洲地区。当前，美国对中东和北非以及撒哈拉以南非洲地区的军事干预呈现上升趋势。
As former U.S. President Jimmy Carter put it, the United States is undoubtedly the most warlike nation in the history of the world. According to a Tufts University report, “Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A new Dataset on U.S. Military Interventions, 1776-2019,” the United States undertook nearly 400 military interventions globally between those years, 34 percent of which were in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23 percent in East Asia and the Pacific, 14 percent in the Middle East and North Africa, and 13 percent in Europe. Currently, its military intervention in the Middle East and North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise.
《南华早报》专栏作家亚历克斯·洛指出，美国从建国到现在很少区分外交和战争，上个世纪推翻了很多发展中国家的民选政府，马上替之以亲美的傀儡政权。今天，从乌克兰、伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亚、叙利亚到巴基斯坦、也门，美国一如既往本性难移，开展代理人、低强度和无人机战争。
Alex Lo, a South China Morning Post columnist, pointed out that the United States has rarely distinguished between diplomacy and war since its founding. It overthrew democratically elected governments in many developing countries in the 20th century and immediately replaced them with pro-American puppet regimes. Today, in Ukraine, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Pakistan and Yemen, the United States is repeating its old tactics of waging proxy, low-intensity, and drone wars.
美国军事霸权酿成人道惨剧。2001年以来，美国以反恐之名发动的战争和军事行动已造成超过90万人死亡，其中约有33.5万是平民，数百万人受伤，数千万人流离失所。2003年伊拉克战争导致约20万至25万平民死亡，被美军直接致死的超过16000人，造成100多万人无家可归。
U.S. military hegemony has caused humanitarian tragedies. Since 2001, the wars and military operations launched by the United States in the name of fighting terrorism have claimed over 900,000 lives with some 335,000 of them civilians, injured millions and displaced tens of millions. The 2003 Iraq War resulted in some 200,000 to 250,000 civilian deaths, including over 16,000 directly killed by the U.S. military, and left more than a million homeless.
美国在全球制造了3700万难民。2012年以来，仅叙利亚难民数量就增加10倍。2016年至2019年，叙利亚有记载死于战乱的平民达33584人，其中美国领导的联军轰炸致死3833人，半数是妇女和儿童。美国公共电视网2018年11月9日报道，仅美军对拉卡市发动的空袭就导致1600名平民死亡。
The United States has created 37 million refugees around the world. Since 2012, the number of Syrian refugees alone has increased tenfold. Between 2016 and 2019, 33,584 civilian deaths were documented in the Syrian fightings, including 3,833 killed by U.S.-led coalition bombings, half of them women and children. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) reported on 9 November 2018 that the air strikes launched by U.S. forces on Raqqa alone killed 1,600 Syrian civilians.
长达20年的阿富汗战争让阿富汗满目疮痍。共4.7万名阿富汗平民以及6.6万至6.9万名与“9·11”事件无关的阿富汗军人和警察在美军行动中丧生，1000多万人流离失所。阿富汗战争毁坏了当地经济发展基础，让阿富汗人民一贫如洗。2021年“喀布尔大溃败”后，美国宣布冻结阿富汗央行约95亿美元资产，被认为是“赤裸裸的掠夺”。
The two-decades-long war in Afghanistan devastated the country. A total of 47,000 Afghan civilians and 66,000 to 69,000 Afghan soldiers and police officers unrelated to the September 11 attacks were killed in U.S. military operations, and more than 10 million people were displaced. The war in Afghanistan destroyed the foundation of economic development there and plunged the Afghan people into destitution. After the “Kabul debacle” in 2021, the United States announced that it would freeze some 9.5 billion dollars in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, a move considered as “pure looting.”
2022年9月，土耳其内政部长索伊卢在出席集会时表示，美在叙利亚开展代理人战争，把阿富汗变成鸦片种植田和海洛因加工厂，让巴基斯坦陷入动荡、利比亚内乱不断。无论哪个国家有地下资源，美国都会竭尽所能去掠夺和奴役那里的人们。
In September 2022, Turkish Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu commented at a rally that the United States has waged a proxy war in Syria, turned Afghanistan into an opium field and heroin factory, thrown Pakistan into turmoil, and left Libya in incessant civil unrest. The United States does whatever it takes to rob and enslave the people of any country with underground resources.
美军还曾采用骇人听闻手段参与战争，在朝鲜战争、越南战争、海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争、伊拉克战争中，大量使用生化武器和集束炸弹、油气炸弹、石墨炸弹、贫铀炸弹，造成大量民用设施损毁、无数无辜平民伤亡、持久生态环境污染。
The United States has also adopted appalling methods in war. During the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War, the United States used massive quantities of chemical and biological weapons as well as cluster bombs, fuel-air bombs, graphite bombs and depleted uranium bombs, causing enormous damage on civilian facilities, countless civilian casualties and lasting environmental pollution.
