三、巧取豪夺的经济霸权
III. Economic Hegemony – Looting and Exploitation文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
第二次世界大战后，美国主导建立布雷顿森林体系、国际货币基金组织和世界银行，与马歇尔计划共同确立起以美元为核心的国际货币体系。美国还利用加权投票制、重大事项85%以上多数通过等国际组织规则安排以及一系列国内贸易法规，建立起国际经济金融领域的制度性霸权。借助美元的主要国际储备货币地位向全世界收取“铸币税”，利用对国际组织的控制，胁迫他国服务美国政治经济战略。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
After World War II, the United States led efforts to set up the Bretton Woods System, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which, together with the Marshall Plan, formed the international monetary system centered around the U.S. dollar. In addition, the United States has also established institutional hegemony in the international economic and financial sector by manipulating the weighted voting systems, rules and arrangements of international organizations including “approval by 85 percent majority,” and its domestic trade laws and regulations. By taking advantage of the dollar’s status as the major international reserve currency, the United States is basically collecting “seigniorage” from around the world; and using its control over international organizations, it coerces other countries into serving America’s political and economic strategy.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
美国利用“铸币税”攫取全世界财富。凭借一张成本仅约17美分的百元美钞，让其他国家实实在在地向美国提供价值相当于100美元的商品和服务。法国前总统戴高乐半个多世纪前就曾指出，“美国享受着美元所创造的超级特权和不流眼泪的赤字，她用一钱不值的废纸去掠夺其他民族的资源和工厂”。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
The United States exploits the world’s wealth with the help of “seigniorage.” It costs only about 17 cents to produce a 100 dollar bill, but other countries had to pony up 100 dollar of actual goods in order to obtain one. It was pointed out more than half a century ago, that the United States enjoyed exorbitant privilege and deficit without tears created by its dollar, and used the worthless paper note to plunder the resources and factories of other nations.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
美元霸权是世界经济不稳定性和不确定性的主要根源。新冠疫情背景下，美国滥用全球金融霸权，向全球市场注入数万亿美元，而买单的却是其他国家特别是新兴经济体。2022年，美联储结束超宽松货币政策，转向激进加息政策，导致国际金融市场动荡，欧元等多种货币大幅贬值，创下20年来新低，许多发展中国家因此遭遇严重通货膨胀、本币贬值和资本外流。尼克松政府财政部长康纳利曾得意洋洋但又一针见血地指出，“美元是我们的货币，却是你们的麻烦”。
The hegemony of U.S. dollar is the main source of instability and uncertainty in the world economy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States abused its global financial hegemony and injected trillions of dollars into the global market, leaving other countries, especially emerging economies, to pay the price. In 2022, the Fed ended its ultra-easy monetary policy and turned to aggressive interest rate hike, causing turmoil in the international financial market and substantial depreciation of other currencies such as the Euro, many of which dropped to a 20-year low. As a result, a large number of developing countries were challenged by high inflation, currency depreciation and capital outflows. This was exactly what Nixon’s secretary of the treasury John Connally once remarked, with self-satisfaction yet sharp precision, that “the dollar is our currency, but it is your problem.”
美国操纵国际经济金融组织，在援助他国时施加附带条款。要求受援国推行金融自由化、加大金融市场开放，使受援国经济政策符合美国战略，为美国资本渗透和投机减少阻碍。《国际政治经济学评论》统计，1985年至2014年，国际货币基金组织向131个成员国实施了1550个债务援助项目，附带了55465项附加政治条款。
With its control over international economic and financial organizations, the United States imposes additional conditions to their assistance to other countries. In order to reduce obstacles to U.S. capital inflow and speculation, the recipient countries are required to advance financial liberalization and open up financial markets so that their economic policies would fall in line with America’s strategy. According to the Review of International Political Economy, along with the 1,550 debt relief programs extended by the IMF to its 131 member countries from 1985 to 2014, as many as 55,465 additional political conditions had been attached.
美国擅用经济胁迫手段打压对手。20世纪80年代，美国为消除日本经济威胁，控制并利用日本为美国对抗苏联和称霸世界战略目标服务，再次施展霸权主义金融外交，与日本签订“广场协议”，逼迫日元升值，开放金融市场，改革金融体制。“广场协议”沉重打击了日本经济的元气，日本此后进入“失去的三十年”。
The United States willfully suppresses its opponents with economic coercion. In the 1980s, to eliminate the economic threat posed by Japan, and to control and use the latter in service of America’s strategic goal of confronting the Soviet Union and dominating the world, the United States leveraged its hegemonic financial power against Japan, and concluded the Plaza Accord. As a result, Yen was pushed up, and Japan was pressed to open up its financial market and reform its financial system. The Plaza Accord dealt a heavy blow to the growth momentum of the Japanese economy, leaving Japan to what was later called “three lost decades.”
美国经济金融霸权沦为地缘政治武器。美国大搞单边制裁和“长臂管辖”，制订了《国际紧急状态经济权力法》《全球马格尼茨基人权问责法》《以制裁反击美国敌人法》等国内法并推出一系列行政令，对特定国家、组织或个人实施制裁。据统计，从2000年到2021年美国对外制裁增加933%。仅特朗普政府就实施3900多项制裁，相当于平均每天挥舞3次“制裁大棒”。截至目前，美国已对古巴、中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜、伊朗、委内瑞拉等世界上近40个国家实施过经济制裁，全球近一半人口受到影响。“美利坚合众国”已然成为“制裁合众国”。“长臂管辖”完全沦为美国借国家公权力打压商业竞争对手和干涉正常国际商业交易的工具，彻底背离美国长期标榜的自由主义市场经济理念。
America’s economic and financial hegemony has become a geopolitical weapon. Doubling down on unilateral sanctions and “long-arm jurisdiction,” the United States has enacted such domestic laws as the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, and the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, and introduced a series of executive orders to sanction specific countries, organizations or individuals. Statistics show that U.S. sanctions against foreign entities increased by 933 percent from 2000 to 2021. The Trump administration alone has imposed more than 3,900 sanctions, which means three sanctions per day. So far, the United States had or has imposed economic sanctions on nearly 40 countries across the world, including Cuba, China, Russia, the DPRK, Iran and Venezuela, affecting nearly half of the world’s population. “The United States of America” has turned itself into “the United States of Sanctions.” And “long-arm jurisdiction” has been reduced to nothing but a tool for the United States to use its means of state power to suppress economic competitors and interfere in normal international business. This is a serious departure from the principles of liberal market economy that the United States has long boasted.
