四、垄断打压的科技霸权
IV. Technological Hegemony – Monopoly and Suppression文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
美国在高科技领域大搞垄断打压、技术封锁，遏阻其他国家科技和经济发展。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
The United States seeks to deter other countries’ scientific, technological and economic development by wielding monopoly power, suppression measures and technology restrictions in high-tech fields.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
美国借知识产权保护之名搞知识产权垄断。利用各国特别是发展中国家在知识产权上的弱势地位和在相关领域制度上的空缺实施垄断，攫取高额垄断利润。1994年，美国推动《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，强推知识产权保护的美国化进程和标准，企图固化科技垄断优势。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
The United States monopolizes intellectual property in the name of protection. Taking advantage of the weak position of other countries, especially developing ones, on intellectual property rights and the institutional vacancy in relevant fields, the United States reaps excessive profits through monopoly. In 1994, the United States pushed forward the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), forcing the Americanized process and standards in intellectual property protection in an attempt to solidify its monopoly on technology.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/14228.html
20世纪80年代，美国为打击日本半导体产业发展，采取包括启动“301”调查、通过多边协议为双边谈判制造筹码、威胁将日本列为不公平贸易国、加征报复性关税等手段，逼迫日本签订《美日半导体协定》，导致日本半导体企业几乎完全退出全球竞争，市场份额由50%跌至10%。同时，在美国政府扶持下，大量美国半导体企业趁机抢占市场。
In the 1980s, to contain the development of Japan’s semiconductor industry, the United States launched the “301” investigation, built bargaining power in bilateral negotiations through multilateral agreements, threatened to label Japan as conducting unfair trade, and imposed retaliatory tariffs, forcing Japan to sign the U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Agreement. As a result, Japanese semiconductor enterprises were almost completely driven out of global competition, and their market share dropped from 50 percent to 10 percent. Meanwhile, with the support of the U.S. government, a large number of U.S. semiconductor enterprises took the opportunity and grabbed larger market share.
美国将科技问题政治化、武器化、意识形态化。美国泛化国家安全概念，动用国家力量打压和制裁中国华为公司，限制华为产品进入美国市场，断供芯片和操作系统，在全世界胁迫其他国家禁止华为参与当地5G网络建设，还策动加拿大无理拘押华为首席财务官孟晚舟近3年。
The United States politicizes, weaponizes technological issues and uses them as ideological tools. Overstretching the concept of national security, the United States mobilized state power to suppress and sanction Chinese company Huawei, restricted the entry of Huawei products into the U.S. market, cut off its supply of chips and operating systems, and coerced other countries to ban Huawei from undertaking local 5G network construction. It even talked Canada into unwarrantedly detaining Huawei’s CFO Meng Wanzhou for nearly three years.
美国还炮制各种借口，围追打压具有国际竞争力的中国高科技企业，已将1000多家中国企业列入各种制裁清单。美国还对生物技术、人工智能等高端技术实施管控，强化出口管制，严格投资审查，打压包括TikTok、微信等中国社交媒体应用程序，游说荷兰和日本限制对中国芯片和相关设备与技术出口。
The United States has fabricated a slew of excuses to clamp down on China’s high-tech enterprises with global competitiveness, and has put more than 1,000 Chinese enterprises on sanction lists. In addition, the United States has also imposed controls on biotechnology, artificial intelligence and other high-end technologies, reinforced export restrictions, tightened investment screening, suppressed Chinese social media apps such as TikTok and WeChat, and lobbied the Netherlands and Japan to restrict exports of chips and related equipment or technology to China.
美国还在对华科技人才政策方面采取双重标准。2018年6月以来，针对部分高科技专业的中国留学生缩短了签证有效期限，屡屡无端禁止和滋扰中国学者赴美学术交流以及学生赴美留学，对在美华人学者开展大规模调查，排挤、打压华人科研群体。
The United States has also practiced double standards in its policy on China-related technological professionals. To sideline and suppress Chinese researchers, since June 2018, visa validity has been shortened for Chinese students majoring in certain high-tech-related disciplines, repeated cases have occurred where Chinese scholars and students going to the United States for exchange programs and study were unjustifiably denied and harassed, and large-scale investigation on Chinese scholars working in the United States was carried out.
美国借民主之名维护科技霸权。打造“芯片联盟”“清洁网络”等科技“小圈子”，给高科技打上民主、人权的标签，将技术问题政治化、意识形态化，为对他国实施技术封锁寻找借口。2019年5月，美国拉拢32个国家在捷克召开“布拉格5G安全大会”，发布“布拉格提案”，企图排除中国5G技术产品。2020年4月，时任美国国务卿蓬佩奥宣布“5G清洁路径”，计划在5G领域构建以“民主”为意识形态纽带、以“网络安全”为目标的技术联盟。美国上述举措的实质，就是通过技术联盟维护科技霸权。
The United States solidifies its technological monopoly in the name of protecting democracy. By building small blocs on technology such as the “chips alliance” and “clean network,” the United States has put “democracy” and “human rights” labels on high-technology, and turned technological issues into political and ideological issues, so as to fabricate excuses for its technological blockade against other countries. In May 2019, the United States enlisted 32 countries to the Prague 5G Security Conference in the Czech Republic and issued the Prague Proposal in an attempt to exclude China’s 5G products. In April 2020, then U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the “5G clean path,” a plan designed to build technological alliance in the 5G field with partners bonded by their shared ideology on democracy and the need to protect “cyber security.” The measures, in essence, are the U.S. attempts to maintain its technological hegemony through technological alliances.
美国滥用科技霸权大搞网络攻击和监听窃密。美国是全球窃密大户，作为“黑客帝国”早已恶名远扬。美国网络攻击和监听监视无孔不入，窃密手段五花八门，包括利用模拟手机基站信号接入手机盗取数据，操控手机应用程序，侵入云服务器，通过海底光缆进行窃密等。
The United States abuses its technological hegemony by carrying out cyber-attacks and eavesdropping. The United States has long been notorious as an “empire of hackers,” blamed for its rampant acts of cyber theft around the world. It has all kinds of means to enforce pervasive cyber-attacks and surveillance, including using analog base station signals to access mobile phones for data theft, manipulating mobile apps, infiltrating cloud servers, and stealing through undersea cables. The list goes on.
美国实施“无差别”监视监听。从竞争对手到盟友，甚至包括德国前总理默克尔、法国多任总统等盟国领导人，无不在监听范围之内。“棱镜门”“脏盒”“怒角计划”“电幕行动”等美国网络监控和攻击事件，印证了美国的盟友伙伴都在美国的严密监控之列。美国窃听盟友伙伴的行径早已引起国际社会公愤。曾曝光美国监听项目的“维基揭秘”网站创始人阿桑奇说，不要期待这个“监听超级大国”会做出有尊严和让人尊重的行为。规则只有一个，那就是没有规则。
U.S. surveillance is indiscriminate. All can be targets of its surveillance, be they rivals or allies, even leaders of allied countries such as former German Chancellor Angela Merkel and several French Presidents. Cyber surveillance and attacks launched by the United States such as “Prism,” “Dirtbox,” “Irritant Horn” and “Telescreen Operation” are all proof that the United States is closely monitoring its allies and partners. Such eavesdropping on allies and partners has already caused worldwide outrage. Julian Assange, the founder of Wikileaks, a website that has exposed U.S. surveillance programs, said that “do not expect a global surveillance superpower to act with honor or respect. There is only one rule: there are no rules.”
