新时代西藏人权事业的发展与进步文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16023.html
Human Rights in Xizang in the New Era文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/16023.html
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Contents
前言
Introduction
一、西藏人权事业波澜壮阔的发展历程
I. Remarkable Progress in Human Rights in Xizang
二、全过程人民民主广泛真实管用
II. Extensive, Genuine and Effective Whole-Process People’s Democracy
三、经济社会权利保障水平全面提升
III. Better Protection of Economic and Social Rights
四、文化权利保障持续加强
IV. Further Improvement in the Protection of Cultural Rights
五、宗教信仰自由有力维护
V. Effective Safeguards for the Freedom of Religious Belief
六、环境权利保障充分有效
VI. Full and Effective Protection of Environmental Rights
七、特定群体权利平等保障
VII. Equal Protection of the Rights of Specific Groups
八、人权法治保障水平稳步提升
VIII. Steady Improvement in the Legal Protection of Human Rights
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Introduction
实现人人充分享有人权，是人类社会的共同追求，也是包括西藏各族人民在内的全体中国人民的奋斗目标。
It is a common human aspiration for every individual to fully enjoy their human rights. This is also the goal of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, including those in the Xizang Autonomous Region.
中国共产党和中国政府始终重视西藏工作，不断丰富和发展治藏方略，采取切实有力举措，发展经济，改善民生，增进人民福祉，促进民族团结进步，充分保障西藏各族人民的基本权利。
The Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government have always attached great importance to their work related to Xizang, and have constantly refined and expanded their guidelines for governing the region. They have implemented effective measures to develop the economy, improve living standards and people’s wellbeing, promote ethnic unity and progress, and protect the basic rights of all the people in the region.
党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，坚持把尊重和保障人权作为新时代党的治藏方略的重要内容，融入西藏工作的全过程各方面，奉行以人民为中心的人权理念，坚持以发展促人权，大力推进全过程人民民主，不断加强人权法治保障，协调增进公民权利和政治权利以及经济、社会、文化权利，努力促进人的全面发展和各族人民共同富裕，推动西藏人权事业取得全方位进步、历史性成就。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee, with Xi Jinping at its core, has made respecting and protecting human rights an important part of its guidelines for the governance of Xizang in the new era. This commitment is reflected in all aspects and stages of work related to the autonomous region. The CPC has maintained a people-centered approach to human rights and a commitment to ensuring human rights through development, and has vigorously promoted whole-process people’s democracy. It has strengthened legal protection of human rights, and coordinated efforts to increase people’s civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights, so as to achieve well-rounded development and common prosperity for all people from all ethnic groups. As a result, human rights cause in the region has made all-round and historic progress.
今天的西藏，政治安定、民族团结、经济发展、社会和谐、宗教和顺、环境友好、人民安居乐业，创造了雪域高原上的人权保障奇迹。
Today, Xizang enjoys political stability, ethnic unity, economic development, social harmony, and amity among different religions. Its environment is sound, and its people are content in their work and daily lives. This progress represents a remarkable achievement in protecting human rights on the snowy plateau.
一、西藏人权事业波澜壮阔的发展历程
I. Remarkable Progress in Human Rights in Xizang
西藏人权事业的发展，与当代中国发展进程相统一，是中国特色社会主义发展的必然结果。以西藏和平解放为起点，中国共产党团结带领西藏各族人民为争取人权、尊重人权、保障人权、发展人权不懈努力，西藏人民的生存权、发展权和其他各项基本权利保障不断向前推进。
Advances in human rights in Xizang are part of the development of contemporary China and a natural result of the progression of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since the peaceful liberation of Xizang in 1951, the CPC has united the people of all ethnic groups in the region and led them in an unremitting fight to institutionalize, respect, protect and expand human rights. Their rights to subsistence and development and all other basic rights have been guaranteed and are being progressively improved.
——和平解放奠定西藏人权事业发展根基
– Peaceful liberation laid the foundations for human rights in Xizang.
1951年和平解放之前的旧西藏，是世界上侵犯人权最为严重的地区之一。广大农奴和奴隶生命安全得不到保障，没有人身自由、财产自由和思想自由，根本谈不上做人的权利。政教合一的封建农奴制以及帝国主义侵略、奴役西藏和煽动“西藏独立”的图谋与行径，使西藏人民的生存权得不到保障，发展权难以实现。
Before its peaceful liberation in 1951, Xizang was one of the worst regions in the world for human rights violations. Serfs and slaves were afforded no human rights: no protection of life, no personal freedom, no property, and no freedom of thought. Theocratic feudal serfdom, imperialist invasion, and schemes and activities designed to enslave people and foment “Tibet independence” made the people’s right to subsistence insecure and their right to development impossible.
政教合一的封建农奴制粗暴践踏人的尊严，严重窒息社会生机和活力。占总人口95%以上的农奴和奴隶一无所有，只能依附于农奴主，无条件服从命令和要求。农奴主可以随意买卖、转让、赠与、交换农奴和奴隶，也可以对他们施加剜目、割舌、砍手、剁足等酷刑。农奴和奴隶的生死、婚姻、迁徙等都受到农奴主的控制，承受着沉重的赋税、劳役和高利贷盘剥，成年累月辛勤劳动，却连温饱也得不到保障。
Feudal serfdom under theocracy trampled on human dignity and stifled social vitality. Serfs and slaves, who made up more than 95 percent of the total population, possessed nothing. They were forced to be dependent on serf owners, and would be required to unconditionally obey their orders and satisfy their demands. Serf owners could trade, transfer, bestow and exchange serfs and slaves as they pleased, and would impose excruciating acts on them, including gouging out eyes, cutting out tongues, and cutting off hands or feet. Serfs and slaves were controlled by serf owners in all aspects of their lives, from marriage to movement. They were burdened with heavy taxes and usurious loans, and forced into unpaid labor, and in spite of their year-round toil they would not be provided with sufficient food or clothing.
近代以来，英国两次武装入侵西藏，严重破坏中国的主权和领土完整，践踏西藏人民的生存权，损害西藏人民的经济社会等各项权利。帝国主义势力一手炮制所谓“西藏独立”问题，干涉中国内政，扶植西藏地方分裂势力，对抗中央政府。历史证明，所谓“西藏独立”问题完全是帝国主义侵略中国的产物。
After the Opium Wars in the mid-19th century, the United Kingdom invaded Xizang on two occasions, posing a significant threat to China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. This violated and damaged the rights of the local people, including their right to subsistence and their social and economic rights. Later, imperialist forces interfered in China’s internal affairs by concocting the idea of “Tibet independence” and propped up local separatist forces who defied the central government. The history of the region demonstrates clearly that “Tibet independence” is a product of imperialist aggression against China.
1951年5月23日，中央人民政府和当时的西藏地方政府全权代表在北京签订了《中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》（简称《十七条协议》），宣告西藏和平解放，使西藏摆脱了帝国主义势力的侵略及其政治、经济羁绊，有力维护了中国的国家主权、统一和领土完整，为西藏与全国一起实现共同进步和发展创造了基本前提，为西藏人权事业的发展奠定了坚实基础。
On May 23, 1951, in Beijing, the plenipotentiaries of the Central People’s Government and the local government of Xizang signed the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Xizang on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Xizang, also referred to as the 17-Article Agreement. This agreement marked the peaceful liberation of the region, freeing Xizang from imperialist aggression and political and economic control. It effectively safeguarded the national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of China, and created the necessary conditions for Xizang to progress and develop along with the rest of the country, laying firm foundations for the region’s human rights cause in the process.
——民主改革实现西藏各族人民当家作主
– Democratic reform enabled the people of all ethnic groups in Xizang to become masters of their own destinies.
和平解放后，中央对西藏投入大量财力、物力和人力支持，推动了西藏经济、社会、文化事业发展。然而，西藏反动上层为了维护农奴主阶级的既得利益和特权，根本反对改革，企图永远保持封建农奴制，蓄意破坏《十七条协议》，策划实施了一系列分裂祖国的活动，并于1959年3月10日发动全面武装叛乱，图谋把西藏从祖国分裂出去。为维护国家统一和西藏人民的根本利益，中央人民政府采取果断措施，与西藏人民一道坚决平息了叛乱，并进行了一场彻底摧毁封建农奴制度的民主改革运动。
After the peaceful liberation, the central government provided Xizang with a huge input of fiscal, material and human resources that helped to propel the region’s economic, social and cultural development. However, local upper-class reactionary forces opposed any reform in the region, in an attempt to preserve serfdom and sustain their vested interests and privileges. These forces plotted a series of activities to split Xizang from China, in blatant violation of the 17-Article Agreement, and their actions ultimately led to a full-scale insurrection on March 10, 1959. To safeguard China’s national unity and the fundamental interests of the people of Xizang, the Central People’s Government, together with the local people, took decisive measures to quell the insurrection and implemented democratic reform in the region, effectively eradicating feudal serfdom.
民主改革废除了政教合一制度，实现了政教分离，西藏社会制度发生了根本性变化；废除了生产资料封建领主所有制，确立了农牧民个体所有制；废除了对“三大领主”的人身依附，农奴和奴隶获得人身自由和法律上的平等地位。随后西藏各地开展普选，选举产生了基层各级权力机关和政府，广大农奴和奴隶彻底改变了昔日“会说话的工具”的地位，第一次获得了当家作主的民主权利，成为新西藏的主人。1965年9月，西藏自治区成立，西藏实现从政教合一的封建农奴制转向人民民主的社会主义制度的历史性跨越，开始全面实行民族区域自治制度，大批翻身农奴和奴隶担任了自治区各级政权机关的领导职务。民主改革是推动西藏社会发展和人权进步的划时代重大历史事件，也是人类文明发展史和世界人权史上具有重大意义的进步。
Reform in Xizang resulted in the annulment of theocracy and the separation of religion and government – a fundamental change in Xizang’s social system. The right of feudal serf owners to own the means of production was abolished, and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established. Personal bondage of serfs and slaves to officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks was abolished, and they were instead awarded personal freedom and equal legal status. A general election was held across Xizang, in which agencies of state power and governments at various levels in the region were elected. For the first time, former serfs and slaves were no longer regarded as “talking tools”, but instead as the masters of their own destiny and of the new Xizang.
In September 1965, the Xizang Autonomous Region was founded, signifying a historic shift from theocratic feudal serfdom to socialism characterized by people’s democracy. The region began to exercise comprehensive regional ethnic autonomy, and a large number of liberated serfs and slaves earned leading posts in agencies of state power at various levels of the region. This democratic reform was an epoch-making event shaping Xizang’s social development and human rights cause and a significant advance in human civilization and global human rights.
——改革开放为西藏人权事业发展注入强大动力
– Reform and opening up has provided a powerful driving force for human rights development in Xizang.
改革开放极大地解放和发展了社会生产力，也为西藏人权事业发展注入了强大动力，西藏在改革开放的广阔天地中走上了与全国同步发展的轨道，各项人权迈上了高速发展的快车道。
Reform and opening up has helped not only unleash and develop productive forces across Xizang, but also provide a powerful driving force for human rights in the region. As a result, Xizang has achieved synchronous development with the rest of the country, while at the same time making rapid progress in all aspects of its human rights.
从改革开放至党的十八大召开前，党中央根据西藏实际，先后召开了五次西藏工作座谈会，适时确定了新时期西藏工作的指导思想、主要任务和发展规划，确立了西藏从加快发展到跨越式发展再到在科学发展的轨道上推进跨越式发展、从基本稳定到长治久安的战略目标。制定了一系列加快西藏发展的特殊优惠政策和措施，形成了国家直接投资建设项目、中央政府实行财政补贴、全国进行对口支援的全方位支持格局，有力推动了西藏经济发展和社会进步，显著提高了西藏人民的生活水平，充分保证了民族区域自治权利的实现。
The CPC Central Committee held five national meetings on Xizang in the period between the launch of reform and opening up in 1978 and the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012. These meetings played a crucial role in defining the guiding principles, major tasks and development plans for Xizang during that period, ultimately leading to the formation of the strategic goals that allowed the region to develop rapidly in stages – picking up speed, advancing in leaps and bounds, and following a sustainable path, and to achieve lasting peace after securing basic stability.
During these meetings, a series of special favorable policies and measures for speeding up the development of Xizang were formulated. This led to the birth of a mechanism for all-round aid for Xizang in which the central government would directly invest in construction projects in the region and provide financial subsidies, while other parts of the country would provide paired-up aid. This mechanism provided a powerful impetus for economic development and social progress in Xizang that improved the lives of local people and ensured the realization of their rights to regional ethnic autonomy.
——新时代开启西藏人权事业全面发展新篇章
– The new era has opened a new chapter of all-round human rights development in Xizang.
党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央心系西藏各族人民，从全面建成小康社会、实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦的总要求出发，制定了西藏发展和稳定的大政方针。习近平总书记亲自为西藏工作把舵定向、谋篇布局，党中央先后召开第六次、第七次西藏工作座谈会，明确新形势下西藏工作的指导思想和目标任务，确立了新时代党的治藏方略，规划实施了中央政府支持西藏的一大批重点建设项目，制定了惠及西藏各族人民的一系列特殊优惠政策，开启了西藏人权事业全面发展新篇章。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee, with Xi Jinping at its core, has attached great importance to the wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups in Xizang. They have formulated major policies for Xizang’s development and stability in line with the overall goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, achieving the Two Centenary Goals, and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. General Secretary Xi Jinping has set the direction and made overall plans for the work in Xizang. At the sixth and seventh national meetings on Xizang, the CPC Central Committee defined the guiding principles, objectives and tasks under the new circumstances, and outlined the CPC guidelines for governing Xizang in the new era. It was decided at these meetings that the central government would support a large number of key construction projects in Xizang, and a series of special preferential policies were enacted to benefit all ethnic groups in the region. These decisions opened a new chapter of all-round human rights development in Xizang.
在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，西藏各族干部群众团结一心、艰苦奋斗，西藏人权事业取得全方位进步、历史性成就。新时代的西藏，社会大局持续稳定向好、经济建设全面快速发展、人民生活水平不断提高、民族和睦宗教和顺、文化事业繁荣进步、生态安全屏障日益坚实、依法治藏全面推进，西藏各族人民与全国人民一道迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，踏上了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。
Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core, officials and people of all ethnic groups in Xizang have worked hard as one and achieved all-round progress and historic success in advancing human rights across the region. In the new era, significant progress has been made in stabilizing the social environment and achieving rapid economic growth, which has led to a better life for the local people, amity among all ethnic groups and religions, cultural prosperity, sound systems for safeguarding the eco-environmental security, and comprehensive progress in law-based governance. Together with the rest of the country, the people of Xizang have witnessed the tremendous transformation of the Chinese nation, from standing up and becoming better off to growing in strength, and now embarking on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects.
在推进西藏人权事业发展的实践中，中国共产党和中国政府把马克思主义人权观同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，总结团结带领西藏各族人民尊重和保障人权的成功实践，积累了推动西藏人权事业发展的基本经验：
In promoting human rights in Xizang, the CPC and the Chinese government have integrated the Marxist perspective on human rights with China’s actual conditions and the best of traditional culture. In reviewing successful experience in leading all ethnic groups of Xizang in respecting and protecting human rights, the CPC and the Chinese government have accumulated the following basic experience:
坚持中国共产党领导。全心全意为人民服务是中国共产党的根本宗旨，中国共产党始终代表最广大人民根本利益，与人民休戚与共、生死相依。尊重和保障人权是中国共产党人的不懈追求。西藏人权事业能取得全方位进步、历史性成就，最根本的是有中国共产党的坚强领导。只有坚持中国共产党的领导，才能真正实现和保障西藏人民当家作主，才能维护好、发展好西藏人民的根本利益，才能为西藏的长治久安和高质量发展提供根本保证。
Upholding the leadership of the CPC. The fundamental purpose of the CPC is to serve the people wholeheartedly. The Party has always represented the fundamental interests of all Chinese people; it stands with them in the best and the hardest of times and shares a common destiny with them. Respecting and protecting human rights is an ongoing quest of China’s Communists, and the strong leadership of the CPC is the fundamental source of the all-round progress and historic achievements in human rights in Xizang. Only by upholding this leadership can the people of Xizang become and remain the masters of their own affairs, can their fundamental interests be safeguarded and advanced, and can there be long-term stability and high-quality development in the region.
坚持尊重人民主体地位。人民性是中国人权发展道路最显著的特征。人权不是一部分人或少数人享有的特权，而是广大人民群众享有的普惠性人权。中国共产党和中国政府坚持以人民为中心的人权理念，充分激发西藏各族人民积极性、主动性、创造性，让人民成为人权事业发展的主要参与者、促进者、受益者。
Respecting and ensuring the principal status of the people. “For the people” is the distinguishing feature of the Chinese path of human rights protection. Human rights are not exclusive privileges reserved for a single group of people, but rather universal rights for all. By taking a people-centered approach to human rights, the CPC and the Chinese government have boosted local people’s enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and have enabled them to become the dominant participants in, contributors to, and beneficiaries of human rights progress in the region.
坚持从西藏实际出发。中国共产党和中国政府立足西藏实际，走中国特色、西藏特点的发展路子，抓好稳定、发展、生态、强边四件大事，把改善民生、凝聚人心作为经济社会发展的出发点和落脚点。坚持所有发展都赋予民族团结进步的意义，都赋予维护统一、反对分裂的意义，都赋予改善民生、凝聚人心的意义，都有利于提升各族人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感。
Basing our work on Xizang’s realities. Based on the real conditions in the region, the CPC and the Chinese government have adopted a development model with Chinese characteristics that respects Xizang’s regional features. This approach allows them to fulfill four main tasks in the region – ensuring stability, facilitating development, protecting the eco-environment, and strengthening the borders – while focusing on improving people’s lives and strengthening unity in social and economic development. The Party and the Chinese government uphold that the region’s development serves to benefit ethnic unity and progress, safeguard national unity and oppose separatism, improve people’s lives, and build social consensus. This will give all the people in Xizang a greater sense of gain, fulfillment and security.
坚持以生存权、发展权为首要的基本人权。生存是享有一切人权的基础，人民幸福生活是最大的人权。中国共产党和中国政府坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把保障西藏人民的生存权、实现西藏人民的发展权作为第一要务，坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，着力解决西藏各族人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，着力解决发展不平衡不充分问题，努力实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展。
Focusing on basic human rights, primarily the rights to subsistence and development. Subsistence is the foundation of all human rights, and living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. The CPC and the Chinese government adhere to a people-centered development philosophy by which they prioritize protecting the rights of the people of Xizang to subsistence and realizing their rights to development. Committed to the principle that development is for the people and by the people and the people share the benefits, they focus on addressing the most pressing and immediate issues that concern the local people the most, and on resolving the problem of imbalanced and insufficient development, so as to achieve higher-quality development that is more efficient, equitable, sustainable and secure.
坚持以安全守护人权。西藏是重要的国家安全屏障和生态安全屏障，是维护祖国统一，反对民族分裂的重点地区。中国共产党和中国政府把维护祖国统一、加强民族团结作为西藏工作的着眼点和着力点，把反分裂和维护国家安全作为保障民生的基础工作，推动西藏社会大局持续稳定向好，确保边疆巩固、边境安全，以安全稳定的环境为人权事业发展创造良好条件，奠定坚实基础。
Protecting human rights through maintaining security. Xizang plays an important role in protecting national and eco-environmental security, and is a key region in the country’s efforts to safeguard national unity and combat separatist forces. Focusing on safeguarding national unity and strengthening solidarity among all ethnic groups, the CPC and the Chinese government consider that countering separatist activities and preserving national security are essential to the people’s wellbeing. This approach has ensured sustained and steady social development for Xizang and stable and secure border areas. A safe and stable environment creates favorable conditions and serves as a solid foundation for the development of human rights in the region.
坚持依法保障人权。法治是人权最有效的保障。西藏坚持依法治藏，维护宪法法律权威，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，实现西藏各族人民当家作主，享有平等参与管理国家事务和自主管理本地区、本民族事务的权利。坚持法律面前人人平等，把尊重和保障人权贯穿西藏立法、执法、司法、守法各个环节，不断提升西藏人权法治化保障水平，维护社会公平正义。
Protecting human rights in accordance with the law. The rule of law is the most effective guarantee for human rights. By upholding law-based governance, the autonomous region ensures that the authority of the Constitution and the law is maintained. By these means, it has upheld and improved the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and ensured that the people of all ethnic groups in the region exercise the right as masters of the region and enjoy the rights to participate in the administration of state affairs equally and to administer their own regional and ethnic affairs. Predicated on the principle that everyone is equal before the law, the Xizang government has strengthened human rights protection throughout the process of legislation, law enforcement, judicature, and the observance of the law, as part of its effort to provide legal protection for human rights and defend social fairness and justice in the region.
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