五、妇女儿童老年人权利缺乏应有保障
V. Women, Children, Elders’ Rights Lack Proper Protection文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
2016年，美国妇女儿童老年人权利保障状况堪忧，女性收入大幅低于男性，频繁遭受性骚扰和性侵犯，儿童贫困率居高不下，虐待老年人事件时有发生。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
The situation of protection of rights of women, children and elders in the United States was worrisome in 2016. Women were paid much less compared to their male colleagues who do the same work, and they frequently fell victims to sexual harassment and assault. Poverty rate among children remained high and cases of elder abuse happened from time to time.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
性别收入差距明显。2016年，在工作量同等的情况下，美国女性的平均薪资仍然大幅低于男性。（注90）纽约市公共部门的性别薪资差距达18%；（注91）而在圣迭戈的主管层级人员中，男性薪资超过女性薪资的情况更加明显，女性要比男性平均每年少收入大约3.7万美元。（注92）据全国妇女法律中心对联邦劳动统计数据的分析，加利福尼亚州薪酬等于或低于最低工资的劳工六成是妇女。（注93）文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
Gender pay gaps remained large. Women were paid much less compared to their male colleagues who do the same work in 2016 (www.washingtonpost.com, March 8, 2016). An analysis found women with city government jobs in New York made 18 percent less than men (http://www.nydailynews.com, April 11, 2016). Gender pay gap among supervisor staff in San Diego was even wider. Women who work for San Diego County supervisors earned about 37,000 U.S. dollars less in pre-tax pay per year on average (www.sandiegouniontribune.com, August 14, 2016). Women comprised about 60 percent of California workers earning minimum wage or less, according to a review of federal labor statistics by the National Women’s Law Center (www.sandiegouniontribune.com, April 10, 2016).文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2098.html
性骚扰、性侵犯事件频繁发生。《今日美国》网站2016年7月7日报道，大约有四分之一的女性曾在工作中受到性骚扰。（注94）由于许多受害者因各种原因不敢提出指控，这种情况的实际数量可能会高得多。《纽约邮报》网站2016年7月14日报道，调查发现田纳西州议会议员达勒姆曾利用职务之便至少对22名女性实施性骚扰，其中包括实习生、游说者、雇员以及党工。（注95）在执法领域，美国警方不仅对性侵犯受害者权利保障不够，而且在处理性侵害案件过程中存在严重性别偏见。《纽约时报》网站2016年10月28日报道，巴尔的摩警方不仅蔑视性侵犯受害者的投诉，而且让试图举报性侵犯的妇女蒙受羞辱，指责或阻止她们辨认犯罪嫌疑人。更有甚者，有些警员以免于逮捕、现金或毒品为交换条件胁迫参与性交易的弱势群体为其提供性服务。（注96）《洛杉矶时报》2016年10月28日报道，在过去12个月里，贫民区居住的妇女有一半遭到过攻击，其中四分之一遭受过性侵犯。（注97）美国教育部民权办公室调查报告显示，截至2016年2月26日，美国有167所高校正在接受涉及性暴力问题的联邦调查。《华盛顿邮报》与凯泽家庭基金会2015年的联合民调显示，近两成的年轻女性在大学四年期间遭到过性侵犯。（注98）据加州大学圣克鲁兹分校针对200名研究生的调查，有32.6%的受访者表示他们曾遭到或知道有人曾遭到过性骚扰。（注99）中小学校园性暴力事件也不断发生，美国教育部在2015财年收到了65起有关基础教育学区处理校园性暴力的民权投诉，是上一年度的三倍。（注100）《迈阿密先驱报》网站2016年9月21日报道，一名16岁的高中女孩被同学性侵之后，反而因申诉被校方多次停课，而且在调查过程中遭到了二次心理伤害。（注101）
Sexual harassments and assaults took place frequently. The USA Today website reported on July 7, 2016 that roughly one in four women say they have been harassed on the job (www.usatoday.com, July 7, 2016). It said that with many victims too frightened to speak up, attorneys and employment experts said the actual number of such instances was likely far higher. The New York Post website on July 14, 2016 reported that an investigation found Tennessee lawmaker Jeremy Durham used his position to sexually harass at least 22 female interns, lobbyists, staff and political workers (nypost.com, July 14, 2016). In the law enforcement field, the U.S. police failed to provide adequate protection for sexual assault victims and are deeply dismissive of such people. The New York Times website on October 28 reported that Baltimore officers sometimes humiliated women who tried to report sexual assault and disregarded some complaints filed by certain victims. Some officers blamed victims or discouraged them from identifying their assailants. There were even complaints that some officers target members of a vulnerable population -- people involved in the sex trade -- to coerce sexual favors from them in exchange for avoiding arrest, or for cash or narcotics (www.nytimes.com, October 28, 2016). A Los Angeles Times report on October 28 said that nearly half of skid row women had been attacked in the previous 12 months; more than a quarter of them were sexually assaulted (www.latimes.com, October 28, 2016). As of February 26, 2016, federal investigations related to sexual violence were underway at 167 colleges and universities, according to the Education Department. A Washington Post-Kaiser Family Foundation poll in 2015 found that 20 percent of young women who attended college during a four-year span said they had been sexually assaulted (www.washingtonpost.com, March 5, 2016). A survey of Santa Cruz graduate students found that 32.6 percent of 200 respondents said they had been sexually harassed or knew someone who had been (www.latimes.com, March 2, 2016). Sexual violence also happened in primary and secondary schools. The Education Department in fiscal 2015 received 65 civil rights complaints related to K-12 school districts’ handling of sexual violence - triple the number the agency had received the year before (www.washingtonpost.com, January 17, 2016). The Miami Herald website on September 21 reported that after a 16-year-old girl told her high school she was sexually assaulted, her school failed to respond properly and she was further traumatized during the investigation. She was eventually suspended (www.miamiherald.com, September 21, 2016).
儿童权利缺乏充分保护。根据美国城市研究所2016年9月11日发布的研究报告，680万名10-17岁的青少年处于食品匮乏状态。一些青少年通过偷窃、色情活动、贩毒等手段来填饱肚子，有些青少年为了获取食物而故意使成绩下降，以便参加暑期的补习班来获得学校的午餐，甚至还有些儿童将入狱作为获得食物的备选方案。（注102）皮尤研究中心的调查显示，59%的人认为政府对穷人及儿童做得不够。（注103）美联社网站2016年10月14日报道，美国2016年上半年每隔一天就会发生一起未成年人因意外枪击死亡事件。（注104）据《今日美国》网站10月5日发表的研究报告，美国在19个州中有超过16万学生是学校体罚的受害者。（注105）得克萨斯州14000个儿童受虐案未能及时处理，该州儿童保护服务组织未能在预期时间内探视处理儿童家暴事件，造成多名儿童在立案后仍难逃被虐身亡。（注106）
Protection for children’s rights was inadequate. The U.S. Urban Institute on September 11, 2016 released a report noting that an estimated 6.8 million people aged 10 to 17 are food insecure. When faced with acute food insecurity, some youths engaged in criminal behavior such as selling drugs and stealing items to resell for cash. Some youths sold sex for money to pay for food. In a few communities, teens talked about going to jail or failing school (so they could attend summer classes and get school lunch) as viable strategies for ensuring regular meals (www.urban.org, September 11, 2016). A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that about 59 percent of people said the government does not do enough for poor people or for children (www.pewsocialtrends.org, February 4, 2016). An Associated Press website report on October 14 said that during the first six months of 2016, minors died from accidental shootings at a pace of one every other day (bigstory.ap.org, October 14, 2016). USA Today website reported on October 5 that a new research suggested that more than 160,000 children in 19 states are the victims of corporal punishment in schools each year (www.usatoday.com, October 5, 2016). In mid-September, more than 14,000 kids in Texas had not been seen by child abuse investigators within state-mandated timeframe after a report of abuse. Some children died in child abuse cases were already on the Child Protective Services radar (www.mystatesman.com, October 4, 2016).
老年人处境艰难。《基督教科学箴言报》网站2016年6月15日报道，美国全国老人防虐中心估计每年有约500万老年人遭到虐待，其中90%是被家庭成员尤其是他们的子女虐待。虐待的形式有的是口头的，有的是经济上的，还有的是身体或者性虐待。（注107）老年妇女的贫困状况尤其堪忧。国家退休安全研究所的报告显示，在65岁及以上的年龄段，妇女比男性的贫困率高出80%，75岁至79岁的女性贫困人数是男性的3倍。（注108）
Elders lived in difficulties. A report at the Christian Science Monitor website on June 15 said that according to estimates of the U.S. National Center on Elder Abuse, of the 5 million older adults abused each year, 90 percent are abused by family members, and half are the person’s children. Abuse can be verbal, financial, physical, or sexual (www.csmonitor.com, June, 15, 2016). The situation for elderly women was even worrisome. The National Institute on Retirement Security reported that women are 80 percent more likely than men to be impoverished at age 65 and older. Women at age 75 to 79 are three times more likely (www.chicagotribune.com, July 10, 2016).
六、粗暴侵犯他国人权
VI. Gross Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries
2016年，美国依然粗暴侵犯他国人权，空袭造成大量平民伤亡，海外监听项目侵犯他国公民隐私权，在世界多处设立监狱非法关押虐待囚犯。
In 2016, the United States continued to trample on human rights in other countries, causing tremendous civilian casualties. Its overseas monitoring projects infringed on the privacy of citizens of other countries and the United States set up detention camp that illegally detained and tortured prisoners in many places on the globe.
空袭行动造成大量平民伤亡。空中战争跟踪组织统计，2014年8月8日至2016年12月19日，美国空袭伊拉克7258次，空袭叙利亚5828次，造成733起平民死亡的事件，共导致4568-6127名平民死亡。（注109）《洛杉矶时报》网站2016年12月2日报道，美国在阿富汗楠格哈尔省进行的空袭行动中造成了至少15名平民死亡，遭到联合国谴责。（注110） 2009年以来，美国无人机攻击仅在巴基斯坦、也门和索马里就造成超过800平民伤亡。（注111）
Air strikes caused a large number of civilian casualties. According to Airwars, a project aimed at tracking air strikes in the Middle East, the United States had repeatedly organized coalition forces to launch air strikes against military forces in Iraq and Syria since August 8, 2014. As of December 19, 2016, the United States launched 7,258 air strikes in Iraq and 5,828 in Syria, causing 733 incidents with an estimated number of civilian deaths between 4,568 and 6,127 (www.airwars.org, December 19, 2016). According to a report by the website of Los Angeles Times on December 2, a U.S. airstrike killed at least 15 civilians in Afghanistan’s Nangarhar province (www.latimes.com, December 2, 2016). Since 2009, the upper limit of the civilian death toll from U.S. drones stood at more than 800 people in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia (www.theguardian.com, July 1, 2016).
非法关押和虐待他国囚犯问题迟迟未得到解决。美国政府早在2009年就承诺在一年之内关闭关塔那摩监狱，但直到2016年12月4日，仍然有59名囚犯关押其中。（注112）《华盛顿邮报》2016年6月14日报道，美国公民自由联盟以“违反信息自由”将中央情报局告上法庭，迫使其公布50份解密文件。其中一份文件显示，在中央情报局设在阿富汗的“盐坑”监狱中，嫌疑人拉曼被关在冰冷的牢房，身上被不断浇水，最终死于体温过低。（注113）另一份题为《身体压力描述》的报告显示，中央情报局曾使用包括“扇耳光”“戴成人尿片进行羞辱”“害虫噬咬”“假装活埋”等方式虐待囚犯。2016年11月，国际刑事法院首席检察官在一份报告中指出，美国军队和中央情报局在阿富汗境内对被拘留者施加酷刑的做法，很有可能已经犯下了战争罪行。（注114）
The issue of illegal detention and torturing prisoners of other countries remained unsolved. The U.S. government promised to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2009, but as of December 4, 2016, there were 59 detainees at Guantanamo Bay (www.cnn.com, December 4, 2016). According to a report by the Washington Post on June 14, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit against the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on violating “Freedom of Information” and forced the CIA to release 50 declassified documents. A declassified report revealed in a CIA prison in Afghanistan known as the Salt Pit, militant Gul Rahman was placed in an “extremely cold” cell, suffered from pouring water to his body, and was determined to have died of hypothermia while in detention (www.washingtonpost.com, June 16, 2016). In a document titled “Description of Physical Pressures,” the CIA tortured detainees including a facial slap, use of diapers, “insects,” and “mock burial.” In November 2016, the International Criminal Court’s chief prosecutor said in a report that the U.S. armed forces and the CIA may have committed war crimes by torturing detainees in Afghanistan (www.csmonitor.com, November 15, 2016).
继续进行大规模海外监听。美国情报部门长期监听他国国家元首和其他领导人、外交机构和普通民众。自2013年6月斯诺登曝光美国的“棱镜”项目以来，美国监听其他国家和国际组织领导人、普通民众和相关企业的范围仍在不断扩大，技术手段日益翻新，受到强烈批评。2016年，美国中央情报局通过投资有关私人公司，加大了对各国公民在推特、脸谱、Instagram等社交媒体上发表言论的监控力度。（注115）位于纽约市中心的一座无窗大厦是美国国家安全局在曼哈顿的秘密监听中心，不仅监听美国国内通讯，而且针对国际货币基金组织、世界银行和其他至少38个国家采取监听行动。（注116）美国国家安全局在大楼内运营代号为“Titanpointe”的间谍中心，利用大楼内美国国际电话电报公司的设备，监测进出美国的电话、传真及网络信息，截取包含邮件、聊天、Skype电话、密码以及网络浏览历史信息的卫星数据。美国的上述行为遭到了国际社会的广泛批评。
The United States continued overseas monitoring projects in a large scale. The U.S. intelligence agencies placed long-term monitoring of head and leaders of other states, diplomatic institutions and common people. Since National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden leaked the U.S. surveillance programs to the new media in June 2013, the United States continuously extended the scale to monitor head and leaders of other states, common people and related enterprises with updated technologies which draw sharp criticism. In 2016, the CIA invested in firms to mine Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and other social media (theintercept.com, April 15, 2016). A windowless Manhattan skyscraper appeared to be a secret location used for NSA surveillance program that targeted not only domestic communication but also the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and at least 38 countries (www.independent.co.uk, November 17, 2016). A spy base named Titanpointe in NSA building used equipment with companies such as AT&T and spied on phone calls, fax messages and internet data, intercepting satellite data including emails, chats, Skype calls, passwords, and internet browsing histories. The United States drew vast criticism from the international community.
