二、公民权利
II. Civil Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
新疆坚持尊重和保护公民生命财产安全，切实维护公正审判权，促进公民自由表达，公民权利依法得到了充分尊重和有效保障。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
Xinjiang fully respects and effectively guarantees the civil rights of its citizens in accordance with the law, by respecting and protecting life and property, safeguarding the right to a fair trial, and promoting free expression.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
生命财产权受到尊重和保护。自20世纪90年代以来，暴力恐怖势力、民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力策划实施了一系列暴力恐怖犯罪活动，严重危害了各族人民的生命财产安全。其中，2009年乌鲁木齐“7·5”打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件，造成197人死亡、1700多人受伤；2014年昆明“3·01”火车站暴力恐怖事件，造成31人死亡、141人受伤。自治区采取一系列措施，颁布实施了《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国反恐怖主义法〉办法》，依法严厉打击暴力恐怖犯罪，加强社会面防控，推进治理体系和治理能力现代化，切实维护各族人民的生命财产安全。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
Life and property are respected and protected. Since the 1990s, violent terrorists, nationalist separatists, and religious extremists have plotted and committed a series of violent terrorist crimes, causing loss of life to and damaging the property of people of all ethnic groups. In 2009, the July 5 riot in Urumqi killed 197, injured more than 1,700, and caused colossal damage to property. The Kunming railway station terrorist attack of March 1, 2014 caused 31 deaths and injured another 141. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has taken a series of measures designed to strike against violent terrorist crimes, strengthen social protection and control, modernize the governance system and capacity, and safeguard the lives and property of all the people of Xinjiang, whatever their ethnic group. These measures include the promulgation and implementation of the Measures of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Enforcement of the Anti-Terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
公正审判权得到切实维护。新疆司法机关坚持罪刑法定、疑罪从无、证据裁判等原则，从侦查、检察、审判、执行等各环节充分保障公民获得公正审判的权利。依法保障犯罪嫌疑人、刑事被告人的辩护权。保障各民族公民使用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。实施《新疆维吾尔自治区法律援助试行办法》，切实维护困难群体获得法律援助的权利。有效保障赔偿请求人的合法权益，不断完善司法救助制度，保障困难群众获得诉讼救济权利。2016年，新疆各级人民法院共办结国家赔偿与司法救助案件298件，共计为生活困难群众缓、减、免诉讼费用2666.7万元。建立司法公开平台，发布案件审理、执行信息，充分保障公民司法知情权。2014年至2016年，新疆各级人民法院在中国裁判文书网共发布生效裁判文书21万余份。2016年，新疆共有律师4569人。
The right to fair trial is maintained. Judicial organs in Xinjiang uphold the principles of legally prescribed punishment, presumption of innocence, and evidentiary adjudication, and fully protect citizens’ right to fair trial at all stages from investigation to prosecution, to trial and execution. The right of suspects and criminal defendants to defense is guaranteed in accordance with the law. Citizens’ right to use the spoken and written languages of their own ethnic groups in legal proceedings is protected. By implementing the Interim Measures for Legal Assistance of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the right to legal assistance for disadvantaged groups is guaranteed. With constant improvement in the judicial relief system, the legitimate rights and interests of indemnity claimants are safeguarded, and the right to relief of disadvantaged groups is protected. In 2016, people’s courts at various levels in Xinjiang settled 298 state compensation and judicial relief cases, deferring, reducing or exempting the litigation costs to a value of RMB26.7 million. A platform for judicial openness was established to release information on judicial proceedings, so as to ensure the public’s right to information. From 2014 to 2016, people’s courts at various levels in Xinjiang released more than 210,000 effective judgment documents on China Judgments Online. In 2016, there were 4,569 lawyers in Xinjiang.
表达自由的权利得到有效保障。为落实宪法规定的公民表达自由，新疆在办好广播、电视、报纸、杂志等传统媒体的同时，大力开展互联网基础设施建设，搭建各种形式的网站（平台），使公民的表达渠道不断拓展，表达方式更加多样，表达诉求更加便捷，有效保障了公民的知情权、参与权和监督权。截至2016年年底，新疆网民人数由2002年的44.8万人增加到1296万人，增速位居全国第三；普及率达到54.9%，位居西部第一。
The right to freedom of expression is protected. To safeguard the public’s right to free expression as prescribed by the Constitution, and to expand, diversify, and improve access to the required channels, Xinjiang has created a wide range of Internet infrastructure and websites (or platforms), while continuing to promote traditional media, such as radio, television, newspapers and magazines. As a result, the citizens’ right to information, right to participation, and right of scrutiny are guaranteed. The number of netizens in Xinjiang rose from 448,000 in 2002 to 12,960,000 by the end of 2016. This growth rate ranked 3rd in China, with a rate of penetration of 54.9 percent, which ranked 1st in the western region.
三、经济权利
III. Economic Rights
多年来，新疆大力发展经济，努力把发展落实到改善民生、惠及当地和增进团结上，积极推动发展成果共享，有效保障公民各项经济权利，人民生活水平普遍提高。
Over the years, Xinjiang has maintained a constant focus on economic development. It thereby strives to improve standards of living, benefit the local economy, and encourage unity. It ensures that all the people share the fruits of development, and effectively protects the various economic rights of citizens. Public well-being has improved.
发展权利得到提升。新中国成立前，农区大部分土地被农奴主、地主所占有，牧区牛羊、水源和草场等被王公贵族、部落头领所控制，占总人口93%的农牧民没有基本生产生活资料。农业生产方式极其落后，主要靠坎土曼和二牛抬杠，生产水平极其低下。没有任何工业基础，钢钉、火柴等基本产品都不能生产，缺乏发展的基本条件。新中国成立后，新疆大力改善发展条件，逐步形成了现代农业生产能力，并建立起完备的工业体系，经济社会发生了翻天覆地的变化。1978年至2016年，新疆地区生产总值由39.07亿元增长至9617.23亿元，人均生产总值由313元增长至40427元，分别增长245.2倍和128.2倍；城镇居民人均可支配收入从319元增加到28463元，农村居民人均可支配收入从119元增加到10183元，分别增加了88.2倍和84.6倍。
The right to development has been promoted. Prior to the founding of the PRC, most of the farmland in Xinjiang was owned by serf owners and landlords, and most livestock, water sources and pasturelands were controlled by the nobility and tribal chiefs. Peasants and herdsmen, accounting for 93 percent of the local total population, did not even possess a basic livelihood and the means to work. At the time, Xinjiang’s production capability was extremely low, as agriculture, mainly based on kantumanhoes and ox-drawn plows, was wholly outdated. It had no industry, and could not even produce basic industrial items like steel nails and matches. It lacked the basic conditions for development. Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has improved its preconditions for development, and gradually set up a modern agricultural system and a comprehensive manufacturing industry. The autonomous region’s society and economy have been transformed. Since the launch of China’s reform and opening-up drive in 1978, Xinjiang’s GDP has soared from RMB3.9 billion to RMB961.7 billion in 2016. Its per-capita GDP has grown from RMB313 to RMB40,427 in the same period. The per-capita disposable income of urban residents has risen from RMB319 to RMB28,463 and that of rural residents from RMB119 to RMB10,183.
基本生活保障水平不断提升。新中国成立以来，新疆各族人民生活条件发生了根本性改变，高寒边远山区农牧民逐步结束了没有电和自来水、交通封闭的时代。城镇和农村居民家庭恩格尔系数分别由1980年的57.3%和60%左右，下降到2016年的29.1%和31.7%。全面推进通水、通电、通气建设，截至2016年年底，800万农村人口饮水安全问题得到解决，农村自来水普及率达72.5%以上。实施安居富民、定居兴牧、城镇保障性安居工程建设，1978年至2016年，城镇人均住宅建筑面积由3.5平方米增长到31.1平方米以上；1994年至2016年，农村人均住房面积由9.46平方米增长到25.7平方米以上。积极推进交通建设，公路通车里程由1978年的2.38万公里增长到2016年的18.21万公里，同期铁路通车里程由1435公里增长到5868公里。高速公路、高速铁路从无到有，分别实现通车里程4395公里和717公里。民用机场达到18个。行政村公路通畅率达97.06%，建制村通客车率达96%，公民的出行更加便捷。
A better quality of life has been guaranteed. Great improvements have been seen in the living conditions of people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Farmers and herdsmen living in high mountainous, and cold or remote areas have gradually been provided access to power, tap water and modern transport facilities. The Engel coefficient of urban households decreased from 57.3 percent in 1980 to 29.1 percent in 2016; that of rural households from 60 percent to 31.7 percent. The autonomous region has directed a considerable effort to infrastructure construction in tap water, power and gas. By the end of 2016, the eight million rural population was guaranteed access to safe drinking water, and 72.5 percent of rural households had access to tap water. A series of programs were in place, involving rural safe housing subsidy, nomadic settlement subsidy, and urban low-income housing. The per-capita living space of urban residents rose from 3.5 sq m in 1978 to more than 31.1 sq m in 2016, while that of rural residents increased from 9.46 sq m in 1994 to more than 25.7 sq m in 2016. Transport has also been improved and the people now have access to convenient and rapid traffic facilities. From 1978 to 2016, the kilometrage of roads open to powered vehicles increased from 23,800 km to 182,100 km, and rail kilometrage grew from 1,435 km to 5,868 km. Expressways and high-speed railways developed from scratch, reaching 4,395 km and 717 km, respectively. About 97 percent of administrative villages now have access to metalled roads, and 96 percent have access to bus services. There are 18 civil airports in Xinjiang.
贫困人口生存发展条件进一步改善。坚持精准扶贫、精准脱贫，切实做到扶持对象精准、项目安排精准、资金使用精准、措施到户精准、因村派人精准、脱贫成效精准，把南疆地区作为脱贫攻坚的主战场，加大财政扶贫资金投入力度，汇聚行业、社会、援疆等扶贫资源，大力推进就业扶贫“十大专项行动”，加快基础设施和基本公共服务建设步伐，贫困群众生产生活条件得到极大改善。截至2016年年底，贫困发生率下降至10%，有力保障了贫困人口生存权和发展权。
Further improvement has been made in the quality of life and daily living conditions of the impoverished. Xinjiang has implemented targeted and effective measures in poverty alleviation. Appropriate projects have been planned and carried out for the benefit of specific impoverished groups and even individual impoverished households. Aid workers have been assigned to villages according to specific conditions, and funds have been used effectively to achieve concrete results. Southern Xinjiang has been taken as the focus of the poverty-relief program. More funds and more social resources have been directed to the area. Ten special projects involving employment-based poverty reduction have been implemented. Infrastructure and basic public services have been improved. By the end of 2016, the incidence of poverty had dropped to 10 percent or less, thus better safeguarding the poor’s rights to life and development.
工作权利得到切实保障。为保障劳动者就业权利，新疆坚持就业优先，促进就业公平，多举措多渠道扩大就业。积极发展劳动密集型产业，促进中小微企业、民营企业和劳务输出企业发展，以转移就业、创业带动、产业就业等多种形式，确保稳定就业。2016年年底，城乡就业人数达到1263.11万人，其中，城镇新增就业人数45.5万人，城镇登记失业率为3.22%。大力发展职业教育，实施各类就业培训项目，加大对高校毕业生、城乡贫困家庭劳动力、城镇就业困难人员、农牧民富余劳动力、农村妇女等重点就业人群扶持力度。建立零就业家庭动态清零长效机制。逐步完善工资福利制度。健全劳动关系协调机制，全面加强劳动保障监察执法和劳动人事争议处理，发挥工会组织和职工维权机构作用，公民基本劳动权益得到有效维护。持续开展“安全生产年”行动，加强安全生产防控，着力解决制约安全生产的突出问题和深层矛盾，全社会整体安全水平全面提升，2016年各类生产安全事故死亡人数同比下降26.5%，亿元地区生产总值生产安全事故死亡率同比下降16.81%。不断加强职业病防治，目前新疆共有职业健康检查机构111家，职业病诊断机构41家，职业卫生培训率达到100%。
The right to work has been effectively guaranteed. To achieve this, Xinjiang has given priority to promoting equal employment opportunities, and encouraged different sectors to create more jobs through multiple measures. It has emphasized the development of labor-intensive industries and promoted the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises, private enterprises and labor export service enterprises. It has stabilized employment by means of employment transfer, start-up enterprises, and industrial employment. At the end of 2016, 12.63 million people in rural and urban areas of Xinjiang were employed and the registered urban unemployment rate was 3.22 percent, with 455,000 new jobs created in urban areas over the course of the year.
The autonomous region has made every effort to develop vocational education, and arranged a variety of employment training programs. It has provided growing support to key population groups, such as college graduates, impoverished families, urban residents who have difficulty in finding jobs, excess peasant and herdsman labor, and rural women. It has established a long-term mechanism to constantly ensure that every family has at least one member in work. It has gradually improved the salary and bonus system. The coordination mechanism for labor relations has been further enhanced. The government has strengthened scrutiny over the enforcement of laws and regulations on employees’ rights and employers’ duties and the handling of disputes over labor relations, given labor unions and employees’ rights protection organizations scope to play their due role, and effectively protected the basic right to work and the essential interests of the people. The Safe Production Year campaign has continued. The government has intensified workplace safety and the prevention and control of accidents, and tried hard to address prominent problems and deep-rooted issues that might create risks. The number of victims killed in workplace accidents fell by 26.5 percent between 2015 and 2016, and the workplace death rate per RMB100 million of GDP fell by 16.8 percent. Xinjiang has also improved the prevention and control of occupational diseases. There are now 111 occupational health examination organizations, and 41 occupational disease diagnosis organizations in the autonomous region, and all employees have received training in occupational health.
