四、社会权利
IV. Social Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
新中国成立初期，新疆民生基础极其薄弱。通过60多年的不懈努力，公民社会保障权、健康权和受教育权等社会权利的保障达到了前所未有的水平。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
Standards of living in Xinjiang were very low when the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. Following more than 60 years of unstinting effort, protection of the citizens’ rights to social security, health, and education has reached unprecedented levels, as evidenced in the following:文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
社会保障水平稳步提高。新中国成立后，政府投入大量资金，加强新疆社会保障制度建设，已形成广覆盖、保基本、多层次的社会保障体系。2016年新疆已全面建立了城乡居民和城镇职工大病保险制度，全民免费享受人身意外伤害保险。截至2016年年底，新疆企业职工基本养老保险参保人数达到342.19万人（不含机关事业单位养老保险制度改革后增加人数），农村基本养老保险参保人数达到539.58万人，城乡居民基本养老保险参保率稳定在95%以上；城镇基本医疗保险参保人数达到687.55万人，新型农村合作医疗参合人数达到1125.75万人，失业、工伤、生育保险参保人数达738.89万人次，社会保障卡累计发放1207万张，覆盖率达到55.4%。社会保障水平不断提高，到2016年，已连续12年增加企业退休人员基本养老金和提高工伤保险待遇，连续5年提高失业保险待遇。通过完善社会保险与物价水平挂钩联动机制，及时调整缴费基数。为减轻城镇个体工商户和灵活就业人员经济负担，2014年下调了这些人员的基本养老保险最低缴费基数。制定劳动者特别是进城务工人员参加城镇职工基本养老保险制度衔接政策。新型农村社会养老保险与城镇居民社会养老保险基础养老金标准实现一致，从最初的每人每月55元提高到115元。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
Social security has been improved. Once the People’s Republic was founded, the government provided generous funding to reinforce Xinjiang’s social security system. Now a multi-layered basic social security system with wide coverage is in place. In 2016, Xinjiang launched serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents and urban workers, and personal accident insurance was made available to all residents free of charge. By the end of 2016, each of the following goals had been achieved:文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
A total of 3.42 million employees were covered by basic old-age insurance (excluding those who joined the plan following the reform of old-age insurance in government bodies and public institutions).
A total of 5.40 million people had subscribed to rural basic old-age insurance, and the coverage of old-age insurance for urban and rural residents stood above 95 percent.
The basic medical insurance system covered 6.88 million people in urban areas, and 11.26 million rural residents had joined the new rural cooperative medical care system.
The total number of people participating in unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance reached 7.39 million.
The government had issued 12.07 million social security cards, covering 55.4 percent of Xinjiang residents.
The level of social security has been improved over the years. By 2016, the basic pension benefits for enterprise retirees had been increased for 12 years in a run. Corresponding figures for work-related injury insurance benefits and unemployment insurance benefits were 12 years and 5 years, respectively. Timely adjustments have been made to the contribution basis by linking social security with price levels. To ease the burden on urban small business owners and self-employed persons, their old-age insurance contribution bases were lowered in 2014. Policies have been enacted to ensure that workers, and especially migrant workers who come to work in cities, are able to join the urban basic old-age insurance scheme. The new rural social old-age insurance system has been brought into line with urban old-age insurance in terms of benefits received, from RMB55 to RMB115 per person per month.
社会救助制度发挥积极作用。新中国成立伊始，新疆就建立了针对城乡贫困居民的社会救助制度。2009年至2016年，城镇和农村居民平均最低生活保障标准，分别从每人每月172元和69元提高到384元和249.5元；农村五保户供养标准，从集中供养3036元/年、分散供养2280元/年，分别提高到6936元/年和4586元/年。各类收养性社会福利单位拥有床位4.4万张，收养各类人员2.6万人。截至2016年年底，95%的乡镇（街道）设立了“一站式”救助服务窗口，累计实施临时救助17.3万户次，支出救助资金18.5亿元。2016年新疆社会福利彩票募集福利事业资金12.61亿元，主要用于扶老、救孤、助残、济困等社会公益事业。2016年投入救灾及灾后重建资金7.36亿元，救助受灾群众477.9万人次。
The social assistance system is playing an active role. In Xinjiang, a social assistance system for needy urban and rural residents was established at the beginning of the PRC. Between 2009 and 2016, the monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased from RMB172 per capita to RMB384 per capita, while that of rural residents rose from RMB69 to RMB249.5. For rural households enjoying the “five guarantees” (access to proper food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral/educational expenses), subsidies for those living in nursing homes increased from RMB3,036 to RMB6,936 per year, and the subsidies for those living at home grew from RMB2,280 to RMB4,586 per year. Social welfare institutions of various types had 44,000 beds and 26,000 persons are under their care. By the end of 2016, 95 percent of villages, townships, and urban communities had opened “one-stop” assistance offices, spending RMB1.85 billion to help 173,000 households in need. In 2016 Xinjiang’s social welfare lotteries raised funds to the value of RMB1.26 billion, which were mainly spent on supporting the elderly, orphans, persons with disabilities, and people in need. In the same year a total of RMB736 million was allocated for disaster relief and reconstruction, providing assistance to 4.78 million victims of natural disasters.
健康权保障条件显著改善。新中国成立前，新疆医疗卫生事业落后，缺医少药，鼠疫、天花、霍乱等传染病肆虐，人民健康权利得不到基本保障。1949年只有医疗机构54个、病床696张，每万人拥有病床1.6张、医生0.19名。经过60多年发展，医疗卫生服务体系基本形成，医疗机构遍布城乡。截至2016年年底，已有各类卫生机构15721个，其中，各类医院707所，病床位14.45万张，医生5.1万人，护士5.6万人，每万人拥有医院床位数60.3张、执业医师21.2人，均高于全国平均水平。创新开展全科医师与居民签约服务，乡村医生签约定点为农牧民提供医疗服务。卫生防疫机构从无到有，已形成较为完善的城乡卫生防疫体系，重大传染病、地方病得到有效控制。健康水平持续提升，人口死亡率由1949年的20.82‰下降到2016年的4.26‰，人均预期寿命从30岁延长至72.35岁。自2016年始，城乡居民每年可享受一次免费健康体检。
There is marked improvement in ensuring access to healthcare. Before the PRC, Xinjiang’s medical services were in a poor state; there was a shortage of doctors and medicines, and epidemics of diseases, such as the plague, smallpox, and cholera, were commonplace. People had no guaranteed access to health care. In 1949, Xinjiang had only 54 medical institutions with 696 beds, placing the medical service capacity at 1.6 beds and 0.19 doctors per 10,000 people. After more than 60 years of development a basic medical care system has been established, with medical institutions covering urban and rural areas. By the end of 2016, there were 15,721 medical institutions of various kinds – including 707 hospitals with 144,500 beds – and 51,000 doctors, and 56,000 nurses. With 60.3 beds and 21.2 doctors serving every 10,000 persons, Xinjiang is now above the national average in terms of medical service capacity.
受教育权得到全面保障。1949年以前，新疆文化教育水平极低，普通民众基本没有受教育机会。新中国成立后，在中央支持下，新疆采取各种措施大力发展教育事业。从1949年到2016年，小学由1335所增加到3526所，中学由9所增加到1416所，中等职业学校由11所增加到167所（未含技工学校），普通高校由1所增加到41所。高校在校生由0.04万人增加到42.01万人，中等职业学校在校生由0.20万人增加到23.51万人。累计培养普通高校毕业生102.21万人。基本实现九年义务教育全覆盖，南疆3年学前教育、12年基础教育全覆盖。各类成人教育进一步发展，多层次、多形式的职业技术培训体系基本形成。教育投入支出比例占财政总收入的5%以上，并随着财政收入的增长持续提高。义务教育全面纳入公共财政保障范围，统一城乡义务教育阶段学校公用经费基准定额，并不断提高寄宿制学校、规模较小学校、北方取暖地区学校、特殊教育学校和随班就读残疾学生的公用经费补助水平。2016年拨付29.48亿元，为271.43万名农村义务教育阶段学生补助公用经费和取暖费，为45.2万名农村家庭经济困难寄宿生提供生活补助，为263万名农村义务教育阶段学生和城市部分中小学生提供免费教科书。在全区45个县和26所举办内初班学校实施了农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。举办内地新疆高中班、中职班，截至2016年年底，累计培养学生9.1万人。
The right to education is fully protected. Before 1949, the educational level in Xinjiang was very low, and the general public had very little chance of acquiring an education. Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has gone to great lengths to develop its education with support from the central government. From 1949 to 2016, the number of elementary schools has increased from 1,335 to 3,526, secondary schools from 9 to 1,416, secondary vocational schools from 11 to 167 (excluding skilled workers schools), and higher education institutions from 1 to 41. The number of university students has risen from 400 to 420,100, and secondary vocational school students have increased from 2,000 to 235,100. A total of 1,022,100 students have graduated from colleges and universities. The nine-year compulsory education is now generally available to all children. In southern Xinjiang, all children have access to three years of preschool education and a 12-year basic education. Further progress has been made in adult education, and a multi-layered and diverse vocational training system has been established. Expenditure on education accounts for over 5 percent of the total fiscal revenue, and continues to grow as government revenues increase. Compulsory education has been included in public finance, and schools offering compulsory education in both urban and rural areas now operate according to the same public expenditure baseline. Subsidies for boarding schools, smaller schools, schools in northern Xinjiang with winter heating, special education schools, and students with disabilities have risen steadily. In 2016, the government allocated RMB2.95 billion to subsidize the public expenditure and heating fees of 2.71 million students from rural families receiving compulsory education. It also provided living subsidies for 452,000 boarders from needy rural families, and distributed free textbooks to 2.63 million students receiving compulsory education in rural areas and some elementary and secondary school students in cities. In 45 counties and 26 schools running special classes for students from less developed areas in Xinjiang, a nutrition enhancement program has been introduced for compulsory-stage students from rural families. By the end of 2016, 91,000 students from Xinjiang had received high-school or secondary vocational education at special classes in more developed areas of the country.
五、文化权利
V. Cultural Rights
多年来，新疆持续提高基本公共文化服务均等化水平，广泛使用民族语言文字，着力保护文化遗产，有效维护了公民文化权利。
Xinjiang is committed to providing equal access to basic public cultural services, to using the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and to protecting cultural heritage, thereby safeguarding the citizens’ cultural rights.
基本公共文化服务均等化水平不断提高。新中国成立前，新疆仅有1个图书馆。经过60多年的努力，新疆公共文化服务事业得到长足发展。截至2016年年底，共有公共图书馆107个、博物馆90个、美术馆53个、文化馆119个、乡镇（街道）文化站1170个，并全部向社会免费开放。广泛开展全民阅读活动，农家书屋工程覆盖全部行政村。基本建成自治区、市（地、州）、县（市、区）、乡（镇、街道）四级公共文化服务体系。有广播电台6座，电视台10座，广播电视台93座，农村广播和电视综合人口覆盖率分别达到96.59%和96.91%。
Equal access to basic public cultural services is steadily improving. Before the founding of the PRC, there was only one library in Xinjiang. Thanks to efforts made since then, significant development has been made in the autonomous region’s public cultural service undertakings. By the end of 2016, there were 107 public libraries, 90 museums, 53 galleries, 119 cultural centers, and 1,170 township (community) cultural activity venues, all offering free access to the public. A Rural Library Project covering all administrative villages provides farmers with books, periodicals, newspapers and audio and video products. There is now a basic public cultural service system in place at four levels (the autonomous region, the cities (prefectures), the counties and the townships). There are six radio stations, 10 TV stations, and 93 radio and TV stations. Almost 97 percent of the rural population has access to radio and TV.
民族语言文字广泛使用。根据宪法规定，国家在依法保障推行通用语言文字的同时，充分保障各少数民族使用本民族语言文字的权利。民族语言文字在新疆司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播电视、互联网、社会公共事务等领域得到广泛使用。现有13家出版社使用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯六种语言文字出版图书、音像制品和电子出版物。公开发行报纸110种，其中少数民族文字报纸52种。发行期刊200种，其中少数民族文字期刊120种。用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古4种文字出版的新疆日报是中国使用文种最多的省级党委机关报。察布查尔报是世界仅有的锡伯文报纸。新疆人民广播电台现有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜5种语言的15套广播节目。新疆电视台现有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、柯尔克孜4种语言的12套电视节目，是全国播出频道、语种最多的省级电视台。
Spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities are widely used. The Constitution stipulates that the state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua in accordance with the law; meanwhile, it safeguards the rights of various ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press & publishing, radio & television, the Internet and social public affairs. Xinjiang now has 13 publishing houses publishing books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang publishes 110 newspapers, including 52 in ethnic minority languages, and 200 periodicals, including 120 in ethnic minority languages. Published in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Mongolian – the official provincial-level newspaper, Xinjiang Daily, boasts the most editions of different languages in China. Qapqal News is the world’s only newspaper published in the Xibe language. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station now provides 15 radio channels in five languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Mongolian and Kirgiz. Xinjiang TV provides 12 TV channels in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Kirgiz; it is, therefore the provincial-level TV station with the most channels and broadcasts in different languages throughout the country.
文化遗产得到有效保护。新中国成立之初，新疆省政府发布《关于保护文物古迹的通令》，重点保护库车县、拜城县千佛洞遗址。多年来，中央和地方政府投入资金对高昌故城、北庭故城遗址、喀什艾提尕尔清真寺等一大批文物古迹进行了修缮保护，抢救性保护修复了3000余件珍贵文物。截至2016年年底，新疆有世界文化遗产2处、国家级历史文化名城5座、国家级重点文物保护单位113处、自治区级文物保护单位558处，182家国有单位收藏保管可移动文物61.6万余件。新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、柯尔克孜史诗《玛纳斯》、维吾尔族麦西热甫分别列入联合国教科文组织“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”和“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”。新疆各民族均有代表性非遗项目列入国家级和自治区级非遗名录。
Cultural heritage has been effectively protected. Following the founding of the PRC, the government of the autonomous region (then a province) issued the Order on the Protection of Historical Sites, giving priority to the conservation of the Thousand Buddha Caves Sites in Kuqa County and Baicheng County. For many years, the central and local governments have funded the conservation and renovation of many historical and cultural sites in Xinjiang, including the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Site and Kashi’s Id Kah Mosque. More than 3,000 precious cultural relics have been conserved and renovated. By the end of 2016, Xinjiang had two world cultural heritages, five national historical and cultural cities, 113 cultural relic sites under state key protection, and 558 cultural relic sites under autonomous regional protection, with more than 616,000 tangible cultural relics being collected and kept in 182 state-owned units. Currently, Xinjiang has three projects on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding – the Art of Xinjiang Uygur Muqam, the Epic of Manas, and the Meshrep. All ethnic groups in Xinjiang possess intangible cultural heritage items at both autonomous region and/or state levels.
