六、环境权利
VI. Environmental Rights文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
新疆坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，坚持环保优先、生态立区和可持续发展，坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，不断改善生态环境，促使人与自然和谐共生，有效保障人民的环境权利。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
Xinjiang upholds the basic national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment. Giving priority to environmental protection, it pursues ecology-friendly and sustainable development on the path toward a future of economic development where life is prosperous and a healthy environment is conserved, so as to constantly promote harmony between man and nature and effectively ensuring the people’s environmental rights.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
生态环境保护制度进一步完善。颁布实施《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国水土保持法〉办法》《乌鲁木齐市大气污染防治条例》《野生植物保护条例》《湿地保护条例》《煤炭石油天然气开发环境保护条例》等30余部地方性法规规章，两次修订《环境保护条例》。实施《新疆维吾尔自治区水功能区划》。加快推进《新疆环境功能区划》修编工作，为生态保护红线的划分提供基础技术依据。已形成生态保护、污染防治、辐射环境监管、危险废物及核安全监控管理体系。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
Framework of eco-environmental protection has been further improved. Over 30 local regulations and rules, including the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Implementation of the Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Regulations of Urumqi City on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, Regulations on Wild Plants Protection, Regulations on Wetland Protection, and Regulations on the Environmental Protection for the Development of Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas have been promulgated and implemented. The Regulations on Environmental Protection have been amended twice. Water Function Zoning of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has been implemented, and work on creating and revising the Environmental Function Zoning of Xinjiang has been accelerated, which will provide a basic technical foundation for the drawing of ecological red lines. A framework of ecological protection, pollution control, radioactive environment monitoring, and monitoring of hazardous waste and nuclear safety is in place.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/2853.html
生态建设扎实推进。实施天然林保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、防沙治沙、生态治理和修复、野生动植物保护等工程，不断改善生态环境，构建生态安全屏障。2016年以来，明确严禁“高耗能、高污染、高排放”项目进新疆，实行能源、矿产资源开发自治区政府“一支笔”审批制度，实行环境保护“一票否决制度”。截至2016年年底，绿洲森林覆盖率达到23.5%，草原综合植被盖度达到41.3%，林网有效保护了95%的农田，年均治理“三化”草地2000万亩，沙化土地年扩展速度下降到82.8平方公里，79条重要河流水质优良比例达到94%，湿地总面积超过394万公顷，有世界自然遗产1处、国家级湿地公园28个、国家和自治区级自然保护区29个。
Solid progress has been made in ecological development. Xinjiang has carried out a number of projects, including natural forest protection, returning farmland to forest or grassland, returning grazing land to grassland, prevention and control of desertification, ecological management and restoration, and wildlife protection, to constantly improve the ecological environment and create secure zones for ecological security. Since 2016, projects involving high energy consumption, serious pollution, and high emissions have been strictly prohibited in Xinjiang. A “one-chop” examination system has been enforced for the development of energy and mineral resources before approval obtained from the government of the autonomous region, besides a “one-veto” system for issues concerning environmental protection. As of the end of 2016, oasis forest coverage had reached 24 percent, grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage had reached 41 percent, and the forest network was providing effective protection to 95 percent of the farmland. Every year, Xinjiang improves 20 million mu (approximately 1,333,333 ha) of grassland suffering from degradation, desertification and salinization, reducing the expansion of desertified land to 82.8 sq km a year. Of the 79 major rivers, 94 percent have high water quality. Wetlands total more than 3.94 million hectares in area. There are 29 state- and autonomous region-level nature reserves, 28 state-level wetland parks, and one world natural heritage.
城市人居环境持续改善。全面推进城市生态修复，加快城市生态园林建设和城市湿地资源保护，不断提升城市绿化品质和综合服务功能。截至2015年年底，城市建成区绿地率达到34.9%，绿化覆盖率达到37.47%，人均公园绿地面积达到11.5平方米，有国家和自治区级园林城市20个，国家和自治区级园林县城44个，国家级城市湿地公园1个。
Urban living environment continues to improve. Xinjiang has worked to promote urban ecological restoration in an all-round manner, to speed up construction of urban ecological gardens and urban wetland resources, and to continuously enhance the quality of urban green space and comprehensive service functions. As of the end of 2015, the greening rate of urban built-up areas had reached 35 percent, the green coverage rate had reached 37 percent, and per-capita park green area had reached 11.5 sq m. There are 20 state- and autonomous region-level garden cities, 44 state- and autonomous region-level green countytowns, and one state-level urban wetland park.
环境污染治理措施有力。加大污染防治力度，强化水污染防治，推动工业集聚区污水集中处理设施建设和城镇污水处理及再生利用设施建设。加快推进垃圾处置设施建设步伐，提高处置能力和达标排放水平。
Effective measures have been adopted for pollution control. Xinjiang has intensified efforts in pollution prevention and control, strengthened water pollution prevention and control, and built centralized sewage treatment facilities in industrial agglomeration areas, as well as urban sewage treatment and recycling facilities. It has accelerated the pace of constructing waste disposal facilities, and improved the disposal capacity and level of up-to-standard discharge.
节能减排效果明显。积极调整优化产业结构和能源消费结构，发展循环经济和节能环保产业。2016年风电、光伏发电投产规模分别达到1775万千瓦和892.6万千瓦，位居全国第2位和第1位。严格实行落后产能淘汰制度，累计淘汰火电、炼铁、炼钢、水泥、焦化等行业落后产能2100万吨，实现节能量约418万吨标准煤。“十二五”期间，二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化学需氧量和氨氮排放强度同比“十一五”期间分别下降39%、38%、44%和43%，全面完成国家下达的四项主要污染物排放总量控制目标任务。加大资金投入，支持工业、建设、交通、公共机构等重点领域和关键环节节能减排工作。新建住宅全面执行节能65%强制性标准，累计实施既有居住建筑供热计量及节能改造9514万平方米。加快发展城市公共交通，引导居民绿色出行。强化大型公共建筑节能监管，累计有59家公共机构列入国家节约型公共机构示范单位。全面落实脱硫除尘电价政策。启动排污权有偿使用和交易试点，积极探索建立环境资源有偿使用的市场调节机制。2016年新疆排污权交易储备中心正式挂牌成立，排污权使用和交易试点工作开始走向制度化。
Obvious results have been seen in energy conservation and emission reduction. Xinjiang has actively adjusted and optimized energy consumption and the industrial configuration, and developed a circular economy and energy-conserving and environment-friendly industries. In 2016, its wind and photovoltaic generation capacity reached 17.75 million kilowatts and 8.93 million kilowatts, respectively, ranking second and first among China’s provincial-level administrative divisions. A strict system for mothballing outdated capacity has been implemented, which has decommissioned a total of 21 million tons of outdated capacity in thermal power, iron and steel, cement, coking and other sectors, and saved energy equivalent to about 4.18 million tons of standard coal. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen decreased by 39 percent, 38 percent, 44 percent and 43 percent respectively compared to the previous five-year plan period, showing that Xinjiang has achieved the national targets for controlling the discharge of these four major pollutants. Xinjiang has also given more financial support to energy conservation and emission reduction in industry, construction, transport, public institutions and other key sectors. A mandatory standard of 65 percent reduction in energy consumption has been followed for newly built houses, and 95 million sq m of existing residential buildings have gone through transformation in heating metering and energy conservation. Xinjiang has developed urban public transport, and encouraged residents to use green means of transport. It has strengthened energy efficiency supervision in large public buildings, and 59 public institutions have been included in the national list of energy efficiency demonstration units. A policy of special electricity prices for power plants with desulfurizing and dedusting equipment has been fully implemented. Xinjiang has launched a pilot program of paid use and trading of emissions permits, and actively explored a market regulation mechanism for paid use of environmental resources. In 2016, the Xinjiang Emissions Trading Reserve Center was formally established, marking institutionalization of the pilot work of the use and trade of emissions permits.
环境监察机制逐步健全。自2015年始，每年对30%以上的州（地、市）和5%县（市、区）开展环境执法稽查。实施“网格化”环境监管，确定重点监管对象，划分监管等级，确立监管人员案件质量终身负责制。对环境投诉举报实行“首问首接责任制”，开通12369环保举报热线。启动典型环境违法案件曝光机制，加强重点污染企业环保信用评价和信息公开，定期公开违法违规单位的整改情况和执法内容。
Mechanism of environmental monitoring has been improved. Since 2015, inspection of environmental law enforcement has been carried out in more than 30 percent of prefectures (districts or cities) and 5 percent of counties (cities or districts at the same level). A “grid” of environmental supervision has been established in which key objects for supervision are determined and levels of supervision are classified, and a system that supervisors shoulder a life-long responsibility for case quality has been established. Regarding environment-related complaints and reports, a responsibility system has been implemented, in which the first person who receives the complaint/report shall make sure the case is handled properly. A 12369 hotline for reporting environmental problems has been opened. A mechanism of exposing typical cases of environmental violation has been launched. Publicity concerning environmental credit evaluation and information about polluting enterprises has been strengthened, and information on rectification and enforcement actions against those violating laws and rules is regularly publicized.
环境违法行为受到惩处。强化政府和企业的环保责任，加大对环境违法的处罚和责任追究力度。摸底排查并全面清理违法违规建设项目。建立环保部门与公安、法院、检察院、监察机关联席会议制度，实行案件移送、联合调查、案情通报、信息共享。邀请公民、法人和其他组织参与监督环境执法，实现执法全过程公开。
Illegal activities detrimental to the environment are punished. Xinjiang has strengthened environmental protection responsibilities for government and enterprises, and strengthened the investigation and punishment of those responsible for illegal activities detrimental to the environment. It has conducted thorough investigations into and comprehensive clean-up of construction projects violating relevant laws and rules. It has established a joint meeting system between environmental protection departments and police, courts, procuratorates, and supervisory departments for joint investigation, case briefing, case transfer, and information sharing. It has also invited citizens, legal persons and other organizations to participate in supervision in relation to environmental law enforcement, making public the whole process of law enforcement.
七、宗教信仰自由权利
VII. Right to Freedom of Religious Belief
在新疆，国家坚持保护合法、制止非法、遏制极端、抵御渗透、打击犯罪的原则，全面贯彻落实宗教信仰自由政策，正常宗教活动受到法律保护，公民宗教信仰自由得到依法保障。
Subject to the basic principles of “protecting the lawful, banning the unlawful, containing the extremist, resisting penetration, and punishing crime,” the state and the autonomous region fully implement the policy of freedom of religious belief, protecting normal religious activities and ensuring the public’s freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law.
宗教信仰自由得到尊重保护。宪法规定：“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。”国务院颁布的《宗教事务条例》和新疆制定的《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教事务条例》，体现了这一宪法精神。信仰或不信仰宗教，信仰这种宗教或那种宗教，完全由公民自主选择。公民不因信仰宗教或不信仰宗教而受到歧视和不公正待遇。侵犯公民宗教信仰自由要承担相应的法律责任。依法加强宗教事务管理，宗教活动场所和正常宗教活动受到保护。实行有组织、有计划的朝觐政策，加强服务保障，确保朝觐活动安全有序。
Freedom of religious belief is respected and protected. It is stipulated in the Constitution of China, “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.” This principle is also reflected in the Regulations on Religious Affairs promulgated by the State Council and the Regulations on Religious Affairs of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is up to the individual concerned to make his or her free decision to believe in or not to believe in any religion, and to believe in one religion or another. Citizens shall not subject to discrimination or unfair treatment because they believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. Anyone who encroaches on the citizens’ freedom of religious belief shall bear legal liability. Xinjiang has strengthened its management of religious affairs in accordance with the law, protecting venues for lawful religious activities. It has implemented a policy for planning and organizing pilgrimages to Mecca, and has strengthened services to ensure that all such pilgrimages are safe and orderly.
正常宗教需求得到满足。以多种语言文字翻译出版发行伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍，仅《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》等就达176万余册。成立《新疆穆斯林》杂志社，出版维吾尔、汉、哈萨克三种文本杂志。开办维吾尔、汉两种语言文字的新疆穆斯林网。宗教团体举办信教公民宗教知识、礼仪培训班，满足信教公民学习和了解宗教知识的愿望。
Normal religious needs have been satisfied. Xinjiang has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity in multiple languages. It has printed and distributed 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari. Xinjiang Muslims, a periodical established in 2015, publishes in Uygur, Han Chinese, and Kazak. An internet portal for Xinjiang’s Muslims is available in Uygur and Han Chinese. Religious organizations have organized training courses on religious knowledge and etiquette for citizens with religious beliefs.
宗教团体合法权益得到有效维护。新疆现有宗教团体112个，政府帮助宗教团体改善条件，支持宗教团体发挥作用。不断完善培训体系，培养后备宗教教职人员，对宗教教职人员进行系统培训，提高综合素质，提升宗教团体自我管理水平。政府经常组织教职人员赴内地学习交流，开阔视野，提升素养。中央政府支持新疆伊斯兰教经学院扩建校舍，改善教学环境，扩大招生规模。
Legitimate rights of religious organizations have been effectively safeguarded. Xinjiang has 112 religious organizations, which receive help from the government to improve their conditions and allow them to play a broader role. Steady improvements have been made in the training system to cultivate clerics, by offering them systemic training, enhancing their overall qualities, and raising religious organizations’ capacity of self-management. The government organizes trips for Xinjiang’s clerics to study in the more developed parts of China and exchange with their counterparts there, so that they may broaden their vista and improve their overall qualities. The central government supports the Xinjiang Islamic Institute in expanding its campus, improving teaching conditions, and enrolling more students.
对外宗教交流不断深入。新疆宗教界代表多次参加国际学术交流会和研讨会。教职人员和宗教院校学生多次在国际上举办的《古兰经》诵读比赛中获奖。2001年以来，先后选派70多名经学院校学生和教职人员赴埃及、巴基斯坦等国高校留学深造，并设立奖学金奖励优秀学员。组织有宗教界人士参加的出访团多次赴国外访问交流，向国际社会介绍新疆经济社会发展、宗教信仰自由状况，增进相互了解和友谊。
Overseas religious exchanges have been conducted in increasing depth. Xinjiang’s religious circles have sent delegations to international academic exchanges and seminars, and its clerics and students at religious institutes have won prizes in competitions for reciting the Quran. Since 2001, Xinjiang has sent more than 70 clerics and students from the Islamic Institute to study at institutions of higher learning in Egypt, Pakistan, and other countries, and has set up scholarships to award those who achieve outstanding performance. It has organized delegations of religious figures to visit other countries, briefing the international community on Xinjiang’s socioeconomic development and its freedom of religious belief, so as to enhance mutual understanding and friendship.
依法遏制宗教极端思想渗透。受国际宗教极端主义思潮影响，近些年来，宗教极端主义在新疆滋生蔓延。宗教极端势力歪曲宗教教义，蛊惑蒙骗公众，强迫他人接受宗教极端思想，大肆制造暴恐活动，残害包括宗教人士和信教公民在内的各族无辜群众。为保障公民宗教信仰自由，新疆持续开展去极端化工作，实施《新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例》，依法加强宗教事务管理，防范和打击宗教极端，有效遏制了宗教极端主义渗透蔓延的态势。
Penetration of religious extremism has been curbed in accordance with the law. Influenced by international religious extremism, religious extremism has been spreading in Xinjiang in recent years. Extremist forces distort Islamic theology, bewitching the public, and force their extremist ideas onto others. They have masterminded large-scale incidents of violence and terrorism, injuring and killing innocent people of any ethnic group, even their fellow Islamic clerics and Muslims. To ensure citizens’ right to freedom of religious belief, Xinjiang has worked hard to combat extremism. It has implemented the Regulations on Anti-extremism of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, strengthened management of religious affairs in accordance with the law, and prevented and neutralized religious extremism, effectively curbing its spread.
